treatments-xml/data/03/9D/87/039D879EF13DFF85FCB5B17B44AEF9DF.xml

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<mods:title id="A6DE22A717088E17B6E36EB6CE611A33">A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13DFF8DFACDB166424BF921" authority="Gray, 1844" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="18" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13DFF8DFACDB166424BF921" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="167">NON-CHRYSEMYS</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13DFF8BFCD8B1A2440EFC19" blockId="18.[809,1425,1716,1891]" lastBlockId="20.[146,763,197,924]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="18" pageNumber="167">
All modern non- 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13DFF8DFC06B1A2420AF94B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1015,1148,1716,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="18" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13DFF8DFC06B1A2420AF94B" box="[1015,1148,1716,1737]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="167">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deirochelyines in the current study were included in the phylogenetic analysis from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13DFF8DFC1AB1E742B0F885" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1003,1222,1777,1799]" pageId="18" pageNumber="167" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
. Most of these relationships were also discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13DFF8DFB22B00643E7F8A7" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1235,1425,1808,1830]" pageId="18" pageNumber="167" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
and will not be restated here. However, better resolution (i.e. fewer polytomies) is achieved in several parts of the tree. Within 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFE9BB19244C8F91B" authority=", Jasinski (2018 a)" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[362,702,1668,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFE9BB192479FF91B" box="[362,489,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13CFF8CFE08B19244C8F91B" author="Jasinski SE" box="[505,702,1668,1690]" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
found 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFF52B1B444F3F935" authority="Barbour &amp; Carr, 1940" authorityName="Barbour &amp; Carr" authorityYear="1940" box="[163,645,1698,1720]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decorata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFF52B1B447F3F935" box="[163,389,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys decorata</emphasis>
Barbour &amp; Carr, 1940
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFD61B1B4443FF954" authority="Schmidt, 1928" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1928" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stejnegeri" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD61B1B447E4F955" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1928
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFD7BB1D747A6F977" authority="Bonnaterre, 1789" authorityName="Bonnaterre" authorityYear="1789" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrapen">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD7BB1D74775F977" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys terrapen</emphasis>
Bonnaterre, 1789
</taxonomicName>
to form a polytomy in their strict consensus tree (Jasinski, 2018: fig. 12) but found 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFF52B0084755F8B0" authorityName="Barbour &amp; Carr" authorityYear="1940" box="[163,291,1821,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decorata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFF52B00846C2F8B1" box="[163,180,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFF30B00B4755F8B0" box="[193,291,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">decorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFEB8B008443EF8B1" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1928" box="[329,584,1821,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stejnegeri" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFEB8B008472CF8B1" box="[329,346,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFE96B008443EF8B1" box="[359,584,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">stejnegeri stejnegeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFD94B0084493F8B1" authorityName="Bonnaterre" authorityYear="1789" box="[613,741,1821,1843]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrapen">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD94B0084400F8B1" box="[613,630,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD75B0084493F8B1" box="[644,741,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">terrapen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in their 50% majority rule consensus tree (see Jasinski, 2018: fig. S74). The present study finds 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFD80B04D4485F8ED" authorityName="Barbour &amp; Carr" authorityYear="1940" box="[625,755,1882,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="decorata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD80B04D44F4F8F2" box="[625,642,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFD61B04C4485F8ED" box="[656,755,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">decorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFCB2B1924248F91B" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1928" box="[835,1086,1668,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stejnegeri" subSpecies="stejnegeri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFCB2B1924522F91B" box="[835,852,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFC91B1924248F91B" box="[864,1086,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">stejnegeri stejnegeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFBA8B19242A1F91B" authorityName="Bonnaterre" authorityYear="1789" box="[1113,1239,1668,1689]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrapen">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFBA8B192421CF91B" box="[1113,1130,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFB86B19242A1F91B" box="[1143,1239,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">terrapen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in both the strict consensus (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13CFF8CFC32B1B44270F935" box="[963,1030,1698,1720]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[146,225,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-156@18.[142,1428,195,1339]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon.Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924791/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and 50% majority rule consensus (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13CFF8CFCB2B1D745F3F954" box="[835,901,1729,1751]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[159,1446,195,1331]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) trees. Both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13CFF8CFBEEB1D74296F954" author="Jasinski SE" box="[1055,1248,1729,1751]" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
and the present study find a sister relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFAD2B1F642ECF891" authority="Hartweg, 1939" authorityName="Hartweg" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaigeae" subSpecies="gaigeae">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFAD2B1F6459AF896" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae</emphasis>
Hartweg, 1939
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFB22B1E842F4F8B0" authority="Wied-Neuwied, 1839" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="scripta" subSpecies="elegans">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFB22B1E845F9F8B0" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys scripta elegans</emphasis>
Wied-Neuwied, 
<quantity id="4CCC9B6DF13CFF8CFBBAB00B42F4F8B0" box="[1099,1154,1821,1842]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67106" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" unit="in" value="1839.0">1839</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in the 50% majority rule consensus trees, while they are part of a polytomy with a clade of fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFBDAB04C42D0F8ED" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[1067,1190,1882,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFBDAB04C42D0F8ED" box="[1067,1190,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and modern southern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B7D3470CFF59" box="[146,378,197,219]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B7D34761FF58" box="[146,279,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the strict consensus trees. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFF63B7F24715FF7B" author="Jasinski SE" box="[146,355,228,250]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
recovered 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE05B7F247BCFE9A" authority="Schoepff, 1793" authorityName="Schoepff" authorityYear="1793" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="terrapin" subSpecies="terrapin">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE05B7F2468BFE9A" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys terrapin terrapin</emphasis>
Schoepff, 1793
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE00B61547C5FEB4" authority="Carr &amp; Marchand, 1942" authorityName="Carr &amp; Marchand" authorityYear="1942" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE00B615448CFE95" box="[497,762,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys barbouri</emphasis>
Carr &amp; Marchand, 1942
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE2FB637473AFED7" authority="LeSueur, 1817" authorityName="LeSueur" authorityYear="1817" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geographica">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE2FB637448CFEB4" box="[478,762,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys geographica</emphasis>
LeSueur, 1817
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE80B6564787FEF6" authority="Gray, 1831" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1831" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudogeographica" subSpecies="pseudogeographica">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE80B6564718FEF1" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica</emphasis>
Gray, 1831
</taxonomicName>
) for a 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFDCFB64844B1FEF1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[574,711,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFDCFB64844B1FEF1" box="[574,711,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B66B4765FE10" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[146,275,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B66B4765FE10" box="[146,275,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. The present study recovers these three modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEC9B68A4466FE30" box="[312,528,412,434]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEC9B68A47C0FE33" box="[312,438,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in a polytomy, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B6AC476FFE4D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[146,281,442,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B6AC476FFE4D" box="[146,281,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to this clade in the strict consensus tree. The 50% majority rule consensus tree recovers the same relationships of the three 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFDD6B6EE448FFD8C" box="[551,761,504,526]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFDD6B6EE44D4FD8F" box="[551,674,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
as 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFF45B5004701FDAE" author="Jasinski SE" box="[180,375,534,556]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE32B501443DFDA9" authorityName="Carr &amp; Marchand" authorityYear="1942" box="[451,587,534,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE32B50147A0FDAE" box="[451,470,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE14B500443DFDA9" box="[485,587,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">barbouri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD11B5014753FDC8" authorityName="LeSueur" authorityYear="1817" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geographica">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD11B5014485FDAE" box="[736,755,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B5234753FDC8" box="[146,293,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">geographica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE96B523470CFDC8" box="[359,378,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE7AB52047EFFDC9" box="[395,409,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE5AB52344E5FDC8" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[427,659,565,586]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudogeographica">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE5AB52344E5FDC8" box="[427,659,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">pseudogeographica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD2AB5204716FDEB" authorityName="Schoepff" authorityYear="1793" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="terrapin" subSpecies="terrapin">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD2AB5204484FDC9" box="[731,754,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B5424716FDEB" box="[146,352,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">terrapin terrapin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFDDAB54244DAFDEB" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[555,684,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFDDAB54244DAFDEB" box="[555,684,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B5644707FD0A" box="[146,369,626,648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B5644762FD05" box="[146,276,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
maintain the same intrageneric relationships (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEC4B58746BDFD47" authority="Le Conte, 1830" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1830" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="concinna" subSpecies="concinna">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEC4B58744FFFD25" box="[309,649,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys concinna concinna</emphasis>
Le Conte, 1830
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF07B5A64420FD47" authority="Carr, 1938" authorityName="Carr" authorityYear="1938" box="[246,598,688,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelson">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF07B5A647B8FD47" box="[246,462,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys nelson</emphasis>
Carr, 1938
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD86B5A647A1FD66" authority="Le Conte, 1830" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1830" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubriventris">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD86B5A64769FD61" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys rubriƲentris</emphasis>
Le Conte, 1830
</taxonomicName>
)) as in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFDC3B5D84485FD66" author="Jasinski SE" box="[562,755,718,740]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
. Intergeneric relationships among non- 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD87B5FB448CFC80" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[630,762,749,770]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD87B5FB448CFC80" box="[630,762,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deirochelyines also agree between the two studies and in both the strict consensus and 50% majority rule consensus trees, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE60B45F4463FCDC" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[401,533,841,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE60B45F4463FCDC" box="[401,533,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to other 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD37B45C4767FCFF" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">nonChrysemys</emphasis>
members of the subfamily (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD90B47E4494FCFF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[609,738,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD90B47E4494FCFF" box="[609,738,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (( 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF53B490475FFC19" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[162,297,902,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF53B490475FFC19" box="[162,297,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEB7B49147B7FC1E" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[326,449,903,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEB7B49147B7FC1E" box="[326,449,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) + 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE17B4904417FC19" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[486,609,902,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE17B4904417FC19" box="[486,609,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F13CFF8CFF52B2474789F9D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" startId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" targetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13CFF8CFF52B2474789F9D0" blockId="19.[163,1443,1361,1618]" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFF52B247477DFAE4" bold="true" box="[163,267,1361,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13CFF8CFEDFB2BF479BFA3D" author="Spinks PQ &amp; Thomson RC &amp; McCartney-Melstad E &amp; Shaffer HB" box="[302,493,1449,1471]" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" pagination="85 - 97" refId="ref28659" refString="Spinks PQ, Thomson RC, McCartney-Melstad E, Shaffer HB. 2016. Phylogeny and temporal diversification of the New World pond turtles (Emydidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and EVolution 103: 85 - 97." type="journal article" year="2016">
Spinks 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFE8AB2BC47D8FA3D" box="[379,430,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
(2016
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13CFF8CFC8DB2BF425BFA3D" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[892,1069,1449,1471]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Clemmys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="19" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13CFF8CFC8DB2BF425BFA3D" box="[892,1069,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="168">Clemmys guttata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13BFF8BFF46B4CF4406FB8D" blockId="20.[183,724,985,1039]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFF46B4CF4710FC72" baselines="1004,1003" box="[183,358,985,1010]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Phylogenetic" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">PHYLOGENETIC</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFE9CB4CA446AFC72" baselines="1003" box="[365,540,988,1008]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="relationships" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">RELATIONSHIPS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFDD2B4CA4436FC72" baselines="1003" box="[547,576,988,1008]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFDB9B4CA44E3FC72" baselines="1003" box="[584,661,988,1008]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="fossil" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">FOSSIL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFD6AB4CA47D0FB8D" baselines="1003,1004,1033,1034" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="non-Chrysemys" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD6AB4CA47D0FB8D" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">NON-CHRYSEMYS</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFE5FB4ED4406FB8D" baselines="1034" box="[430,624,1019,1039]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="deirochelyines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">DEIROCHELYINES</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13BFF8BFF63B336420FFBF1" blockId="20.[146,763,1056,1906]" lastBlockId="20.[810,1427,197,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
All fossil non- 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEBFB33647A1FBB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[334,471,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEBFB33647A1FBB7" box="[334,471,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deirochelyines in the current study were also included in the phylogenetic analysis from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFECCB34B4474FBF0" author="Jasinski SE" box="[317,514,1117,1139]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
except for two fossil species currently inferred to belong to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD86B36A448CFB13" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[631,762,1148,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD86B36A448CFB13" box="[631,762,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF6AB38D476BFB32" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[155,285,1179,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF6AB38D46DBFB32" box="[155,173,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF4FB38D476BFB32" box="[190,285,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE91B38D4478FB2D" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[352,526,1178,1200]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE91B38D4704FB32" box="[352,370,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE72B38C4478FB2D" box="[387,526,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Among the fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B3AF47F7FB4D" box="[146,385,1209,1231]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B3AF476FFB4C" box="[146,281,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, the only difference between 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFF63B3CE472DFB6F" author="Jasinski SE" box="[146,347,1240,1262]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
and the present study is a sister relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE5EB3E1443CFA89" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[431,586,1270,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haugrudi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE5EB3E147B6FA8E" box="[431,448,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE25B3E0443CFA89" box="[468,586,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">haugrudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD83B3E04458FAA9" authority="Weaver &amp; Robertson, 1967" authorityName="Weaver &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1967" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inflata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD83B3E04695FAA8" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys inflata</emphasis>
Weaver &amp; Robertson, 1967
</taxonomicName>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD8BB20344FBFAC8" authority="Weaver &amp; Robertson, 1967" authorityName="Weaver &amp; Robertson" authorityYear="1967" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platymarginata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD8BB203473CFACB" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys platymarginata</emphasis>
Weaver &amp; Robertson, 1967
</taxonomicName>
as sister to this clade. The south-eastern and mid-western fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF24B26747DCFA05" box="[213,426,1393,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF24B2674727FA04" box="[213,337,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Trachemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
clades recovered by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFD68B267469CFA27" author="Jasinski SE" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
are again recovered. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFE1DB28644D9FA27" author="Jasinski SE" box="[492,687,1424,1446]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
found 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF63B2B944F4FA46" authority="Ehret &amp; Bourque, 2011" authorityName="Ehret &amp; Bourque" authorityYear="2011" box="[146,642,1454,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerneri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B2B9471DFA41" box="[146,363,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys kerneri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFE83B2B844F4FA46" author="Ehret DJ &amp; Bourque JR" box="[370,642,1454,1476]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="575 - 587" refId="ref23385" refString="Ehret DJ, Bourque JR. 2011. An extinct map turtle Graptemys (Testudines, Emydidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 575 - 587." type="journal article" year="2011">Ehret &amp; Bourque, 2011</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as part of a polytomy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEAEB2DB44B2FA61" authorityName="Schoepff" authorityYear="1793" box="[351,708,1485,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="terrapin" subSpecies="terrapin">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEAEB2DB44B2FA61" box="[351,708,1485,1507]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys terrapin terrapin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF05B2FA47B9F980" box="[244,463,1516,1538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF05B2FA4705F983" box="[244,371,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in their strict consensus tree and sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEACB11C4793F99D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[349,485,1546,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEACB11C4793F99D" box="[349,485,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD91B11D44AAF9A2" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[608,732,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD91B11D44AAF9A2" box="[608,732,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their 50% majority rule consensus tree. The current analysis recovers 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFEABB15E47BCF9DF" authorityName="Ehret &amp; Bourque" authorityYear="2011" box="[346,458,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerneri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFEABB15E471BF9DF" box="[346,365,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE88B15E47BCF9DF" box="[377,458,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">kerneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in an unresolved polytomy with modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFED6B171478EF9FE" box="[295,504,1638,1660]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFED6B17147D4F9FE" box="[295,418,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Graptemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the strict consensus tree and sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFE98B1934785F918" authorityName="Carr &amp; Marchand" authorityYear="1942" box="[361,499,1669,1691]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE98B193470AF918" box="[361,380,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFE7DB1934785F918" box="[396,499,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">barbouri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a clade in the 50% majority rule consensus tree. This agrees with the original hypothesis of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFE6AB1D444CDF95A" author="Ehret DJ &amp; Bourque JR" box="[411,699,1730,1752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="575 - 587" refId="ref23385" refString="Ehret DJ, Bourque JR. 2011. An extinct map turtle Graptemys (Testudines, Emydidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31: 575 - 587." type="journal article" year="2011">Ehret &amp; Bourque (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, who inferred 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFF0EB1F7470CF974" authorityName="Ehret &amp; Bourque" authorityYear="2011" box="[255,378,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerneri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF0EB1F74764F974" box="[255,274,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFED2B1F7470CF974" box="[291,378,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">kerneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was most closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD11B1F7468EF897" authorityName="Carr &amp; Marchand" authorityYear="1942" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbouri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD11B1F74485F974" box="[736,755,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFF63B016468EF897" box="[146,248,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">barbouri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and with the recent hypothesis by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFD6EB01646AAF8B1" author="Vlachos E" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
. Also similar to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFE50B0084412F8B1" author="Jasinski SE" box="[417,612,1822,1844]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFD82B0084785F8D1" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="reticularia" subSpecies="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFD82B00847FCF8D0" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys reticularia reticularia</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
in Sonnini &amp; Latreille, 1801 groups with three fossil species, including two previously referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBB8B7D342A1FF58" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1097,1239,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBB8B7D342A1FF58" box="[1097,1239,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB03B7D3437DFF58" box="[1266,1291,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C.</emphasis>
’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFAECB7D0432FFF59" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1309,1369,198,219]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAECB7D0432FFF59" box="[1309,1369,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCDBB7F242EBFF7B" authority="Hay, 1908" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[810,1181,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCDBB7F24254FF7B" box="[810,1058,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys floridana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFBDBB7F242EBFF7B" author="Hay OP" box="[1066,1181,228,249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" refId="ref24361" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil turtles of North America. Publication No. 75. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington." type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), and one previously referred to ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC42B6144244FE95" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[947,1074,258,279]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC42B6144244FE95" box="[947,1074,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ (‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBBCB615422BFE9A" box="[1101,1117,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB80B61442B2FE95" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1137,1220,258,279]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB80B61442B2FE95" box="[1137,1220,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). While the strict consensus tree recovers a polytomy between these four species, the 50% majority rule consensus tree finds a clade of ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC1BB649458CFEF6" box="[1002,1018,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBFEB6484215FEF1" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1039,1123,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBFEB6484215FEF1" box="[1039,1123,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB7DB6494333FEF1" box="[1164,1349,350,372]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="reticularia" subSpecies="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB7DB64942E9FEF6" box="[1164,1183,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB5FB64942CFFEF6" box="[1198,1209,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">r</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB39B6484333FEF1" box="[1224,1349,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">reticularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFA85B64943F0FEF6" box="[1396,1414,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCDBB6684515FE11" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[810,867,382,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCDBB6684515FE11" box="[810,867,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC72B6684267FE10" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[899,1041,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC72B66845E0FE11" box="[899,918,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC54B66B4267FE10" box="[933,1041,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">floridana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)). In both their strict consensus and 50% majority rule consensus trees, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFADBB68A4509FE4D" author="Jasinski SE" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
recovered a clade of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB9AB6AD4282FE4D" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1131,1268,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB9AB6AD4208FE52" box="[1131,1150,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB7AB6AC4282FE4D" box="[1163,1268,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">floridana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAEFB6AD4358FE52" box="[1310,1326,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFAB1B6AC43E7FE4D" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1344,1425,442,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAB1B6AC43E7FE4D" box="[1344,1425,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCA1B6CF4514FE6C" box="[848,866,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC87B6CC45D9FE6D" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[886,943,474,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC87B6CC45D9FE6D" box="[886,943,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC21B6CC42FFFE6C" box="[976,1161,473,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="reticularia" subSpecies="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC21B6CC4595FE6D" box="[976,995,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC03B6CC458BFE6D" box="[1010,1021,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">r</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBFDB6CF42FFFE6C" box="[1036,1161,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">reticularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)). ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB5EB6CF4358FE6C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1199,1326,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB5EB6CF4358FE6C" box="[1199,1326,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFACDB6CC4303FE6D" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[1340,1397,474,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFACDB6CC4303FE6D" box="[1340,1397,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistently found to be a derived member of this clade, while ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC3AB50145ADFDAE" box="[971,987,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC02B500423CFDA9" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1011,1098,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC02B500423CFDA9" box="[1011,1098,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistently found as a basal member, either as sister to the other OTUs or, at least, sister to a derived subclade within this clade. Regardless of the interrelationships of the clade, all four OTUs are consistently recovered together. This is here inferred to mean all four taxa probably represent species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBE3B5D842E2FD61" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1042,1172,718,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBE3B5D842E2FD61" box="[1042,1172,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAE6B5D94351FD66" box="[1303,1319,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFACBB5D843FDFD61" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1338,1419,718,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFACBB5D843FDFD61" box="[1338,1419,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This would be different from its original assignment in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCBCB41A45A5FCA3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[845,979,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCBCB41A45A5FCA3" box="[845,979,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFBF4B41A42F8FCA3" author="Hay OP" box="[1029,1166,780,801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" refId="ref24361" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil turtles of North America. Publication No. 75. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington." type="book" year="1908">Hay (1908)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFB20B41A4505FCC2" author="Seidel ME &amp; Smith HM" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="242 - 248" refId="ref28336" refString="Seidel ME, Smith HM. 1986. Chrysemys, Pseudemys, Trachemys (Testudines: Emydidae): did Agassiz have it right? Herpetologica 42: 242 - 248." type="journal article" year="1986">Seidel &amp; Smith (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC3FB43C423AFCBD" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[974,1100,810,831]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC3FB43C423AFCBD" box="[974,1100,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFB89B43C4350FCC2" author="Jackson DR" box="[1144,1318,810,832]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="655 - 659" refId="ref24827" refString="Jackson DR. 1976. The status of the Pliocene turtles Pseudemys caelata Hay and Chrysemys carri Rose and Weaver. Copeia 1976: 655 - 659." type="journal article" year="1976">Jackson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFAC4B43C4500FCDD" author="Jackson DR" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="655 - 659" refId="ref24827" refString="Jackson DR. 1976. The status of the Pliocene turtles Pseudemys caelata Hay and Chrysemys carri Rose and Weaver. Copeia 1976: 655 - 659." type="journal article" year="1976">Jackson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
specifically investigated the relationships of ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCBCB47E452BFCFF" box="[845,861,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC82B47E45BEFCFF" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[883,968,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC82B47E45BEFCFF" box="[883,968,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFBFCB47E42C9FCFF" author="Jackson DR" box="[1037,1215,872,894]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="35 - 55" refId="ref24855" refString="Jackson DR. 1978. Evolution and fossil record of the chicken turtle Deirochelys, with a re-evaluation of the genus. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 20: 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1978">Jackson (1978)</bibRefCitation>
studied fossils of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCDBB49045DDFC19" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[810,939,902,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCDBB49045DDFC19" box="[810,939,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but neither study thoroughly investigated how ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC99B4B0450EFC39" box="[872,888,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">P</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC7FB4B34595FC38" baseAuthorityName="Hay" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[910,995,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caelata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC7FB4B34595FC38" box="[910,995,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">caelata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB79B4B0435CFC38" box="[1160,1322,933,955]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB79B4B042EDFC39" box="[1160,1179,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB5AB4B3435CFC38" box="[1195,1322,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">reticularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, instead focusing on comparing the species with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFAFEB4D243E7FC5B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[1295,1425,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAFEB4D243E7FC5B" box="[1295,1425,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCAAB4F445A0FC75" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[859,982,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCAAB4F445A0FC75" box="[859,982,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While its basal position in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFAE1B4F443E7FC75" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1296,1425,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAE1B4F443E7FC75" box="[1296,1425,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be due to less material available of the OTU, its inclusion in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC06B30942F0FBB6" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1015,1158,1055,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC06B30942F0FBB6" box="[1015,1158,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is convincing. These relationships will be further explored in a larger scale study on emydid systematics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F13BFF8AFC94B3B94223FE10" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13BFF8BFC94B3B942D5FB64" blockId="20.[869,1366,1199,1254]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFC94B3B94262FB45" baselines="1218,1218" box="[869,1044,1199,1224]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Phylogenetic" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">PHYLOGENETIC</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFBEAB3A542BCFB45" baselines="1218" box="[1051,1226,1203,1223]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="relationships" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">RELATIONSHIPS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFB23B3A54299FB45" baselines="1218" box="[1234,1263,1203,1223]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFB07B3A54320FB45" baselines="1218" box="[1270,1366,1203,1223]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="modern" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">MODERN</smallCapsWord>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBE9B3D842D5FB64" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1048,1187,1230,1254]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13BFF8BFBE9B3D842D5FB64" baselines="1247,1249" box="[1048,1187,1230,1254]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Chrysemys" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBE9B3D842D5FB64" box="[1048,1187,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">CHRYSEMYS</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13BFF8AFCDBB3E047D4FCDD" blockId="20.[810,1427,1270,1906]" lastBlockId="21.[163,780,197,863]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">
The four modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC1EB3E0421CFA89" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1007,1130,1270,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC1EB3E0421CFA89" box="[1007,1130,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa were included in the phylogenetic analysis. As noted above the taxonomic level of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC77B2224275FACB" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[902,1027,1332,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC77B22245EEFACB" box="[902,920,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC57B2224275FACB" box="[934,1027,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been suggested as a separate species by some authors (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFB68B24443FDFAEA" author="Starkey DE &amp; Shaffer HB &amp; Burke RL &amp; Forstner MRJ &amp; Iverson JB &amp; Janzen FJ &amp; Rhodin AGJ &amp; Ultsch GR" box="[1177,1419,1362,1384]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="119 - 128" refId="ref28697" refString="Starkey DE, Shaffer HB, Burke RL, Forstner MRJ, Iverson JB, Janzen FJ, Rhodin AGJ, Ultsch GR. 2003. Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of Pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) complex. EVolution 57: 119 - 128." type="journal article" year="2003">
Starkey 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAF2B2454336FAE5" box="[1283,1344,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFCDBB2644585FA04" author="Jensen EL &amp; Govindarajulu P &amp; Russello MA" box="[810,1011,1393,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="261 - 274" refId="ref25930" refString="Jensen EL, Govindarajulu P, Russello MA. 2014. When the shoe doesn't fit: applying conservation unit concepts to western painted turtles at their northern periphery. ConserVation Genetics 15: 261 - 274." type="journal article" year="2014">
Jensen 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC8CB26445C4FA04" box="[893,946,1393,1415]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFC0CB2674242FA05" author="Jensen EL &amp; Govindarajulu P &amp; Russello MA" box="[1021,1076,1393,1415]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="314 - 324" refId="ref25968" refString="Jensen EL, Govindarajulu P, Russello MA. 2015. Genetic assessment of taxonomic uncertainty in painted turtles. Journal of Herpetology 49: 314 - 324." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
), while others have maintained it as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBE7B2864219FA27" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1046,1135,1424,1445]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBE7B286425EFA27" box="[1046,1064,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBC7B2864219FA27" box="[1078,1135,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB8FB28642E6FA27" box="[1150,1168,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB6FB28642DAFA27" box="[1182,1196,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB4BB2864360FA27" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1210,1302,1424,1445]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB4BB2864360FA27" box="[1210,1302,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; e.g. 
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). Some, including the 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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) have listed it as a ‘species or subspecies’, waiting on future studies to more clearly determine its taxonomic level and relationships. The present phylogenetic analysis found the four 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFC03B15E420CF9DF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1010,1146,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC03B15E420CF9DF" box="[1010,1146,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa (or the 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFADCB15E43E7F9DF" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1325,1425,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFADCB15E4349F9DF" box="[1325,1343,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAA2B15E43E7F9DF" box="[1363,1425,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex) to form an unresolved polytomy in the strict consensus tree. In the 50% majority rule consensus tree, the clade was recovered as 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB51B1B2430DF93B" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1184,1403,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="marginata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB51B1B242C4F93B" box="[1184,1202,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB31B1B2430DF93B" box="[1216,1403,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">picta marginata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ (
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCC3B1D54532F95A" box="[818,836,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCA3B1D54516F95A" box="[850,864,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC9FB1D445DFF955" box="[878,937,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">bellii</emphasis>
+ (
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC20B1D54595F95A" box="[977,995,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFC00B1D54589F95A" box="[1009,1023,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFBFCB1D54230F95A" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1037,1094,1731,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFBFCB1D54230F95A" box="[1037,1094,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB94B1D54201F95A" box="[1125,1143,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB74B1D542E5F95A" box="[1157,1171,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB53B1D44289F955" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1186,1279,1730,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB53B1D44289F955" box="[1186,1279,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)). There has been mention that subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFB66B1F74364F974" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1175,1298,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB66B1F74364F974" box="[1175,1298,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unique morphologically (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13BFF8BFBE8B0164361F897" author="Vamberger M &amp; Ihlow F &amp; Asztalos M &amp; Dawson JE &amp; Jasinski SE &amp; Praschag P &amp; Fritz U" box="[1049,1303,1792,1814]" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref30029" refString="Vamberger M, Ihlow F, Asztalos M, Dawson JE, Jasinski SE, Praschag P, Fritz U. 2020. So different, yet so alike: North American slider turtles (Trachemys scripta). Vertebrate Zoology 70: 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="2020">
Vamberger 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFB6DB01642A2F897" box="[1180,1236,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
), although this suggests that, at least morphologically, 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFAA8B009431DF8B6" box="[1369,1387,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFA8DB00943FCF8B6" box="[1404,1418,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCDBB02B45F3F8D0" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[810,901,1853,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCDBB02B45F3F8D0" box="[810,901,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should still be considered a subspecies within 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13BFF8BFCDBB04A45F6F8F3" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[810,896,1884,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="20" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCDBB04A454AF8F3" box="[810,828,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13BFF8BFCB9B04A45F6F8F3" box="[840,896,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="169">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the morphological differences are not more extreme than between the other subspecies. Both trees recover 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFEF1B7F2472CFF7B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[256,346,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFEF1B7F24764FF7B" box="[256,274,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFED1B7F2472CFF7B" box="[288,346,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or the 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE49B7F24464FF7B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[440,530,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE49B7F247BCFF7B" box="[440,458,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE29B7F24464FF7B" box="[472,530,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex) as sister to other modern deirochelyine genera. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFDB7B6144573FE9A" author="Jasinski SE" box="[582,773,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, while only including 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE59B637443AFEB5" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[424,588,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE59B63747CCFEB4" box="[424,442,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE3BB634443AFEB5" box="[458,588,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">picta picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF52B6564753FED7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,293,320,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF52B6564753FED7" box="[163,293,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa, also found 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE0BB656440AFED7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[506,636,320,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE0BB656440AFED7" box="[506,636,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be basal among deirochelyines. However, he found 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD89B649457DFEF6" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[632,779,351,372]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="picta" subSpecies="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD89B64944FCFEF6" box="[632,650,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD64B649457DFEF6" box="[661,779,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">picta picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be part of a polytomy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE1CB66B4418FE10" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[493,622,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE1CB66B4418FE10" box="[493,622,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Deirochelys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF52B68A4738FE30" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[163,334,412,434]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
in their strict consensus tree and sister to all modern deirochelyines other than 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD75B6AC47C2FE6C" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="reticularia" subSpecies="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD75B6AC47C2FE6C" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Deirochelys reticularia reticularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their 50% majority rule consensus tree. As the current analysis focuses more on 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF35B5004749FDA9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[196,319,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF35B5004749FDA9" box="[196,319,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its position as sister to all other modern deirochelyines seems more probable. The relatively more derived nature of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE34B54244A1FDEB" box="[453,727,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticularia">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE34B54244A1FDEB" box="[453,727,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Deirochelys reticularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been mentioned before (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFDD5B56444BEFD0A" author="Jackson DR" box="[548,712,626,648]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="35 - 55" refId="ref24855" refString="Jackson DR. 1978. Evolution and fossil record of the chicken turtle Deirochelys, with a re-evaluation of the genus. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany 20: 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
), and this makes the basal position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFDE0B58744FAFD24" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[529,652,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFDE0B58744FAFD24" box="[529,652,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in relation to it not wholly unexpected. This basal position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF52B5D84757FD61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,289,718,739]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF52B5D84757FD61" box="[163,289,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as sister to other modern deirochelyines, has been found in other studies, including 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFD77B5FB4758FCA3" author="Stephens PR &amp; Wiens JJ" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="577 - 610" refId="ref28751" refString="Stephens PR, Wiens JJ. 2003. Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 577 - 610." type="journal article" year="2003">Stephens &amp; Wiens (2003</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 1) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFE5DB41A44F5FCA3" author="Spinks PQ &amp; Thomson RC &amp; Lovely GA &amp; Shaffer HB" box="[428,643,780,802]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="56" refId="ref28620" refString="Spinks PQ, Thomson RC, Lovely GA, Shaffer HB. 2009. Assessing what is needed to resolve a molecular phylogeny: simulations and empirical data from emydid turtles. BMC EVolutionary Biology 9: 56." type="journal article" year="2009">
Spinks 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFDF1B41A4441FCA3" box="[512,567,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
when using cytochrome 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFEDBB43C474EFCBD" box="[298,312,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">b</emphasis>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFE82B43C443CFCC2" author="Spinks PQ &amp; Thomson RC &amp; Lovely GA &amp; Shaffer HB" box="[371,586,810,832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="56" refId="ref28620" refString="Spinks PQ, Thomson RC, Lovely GA, Shaffer HB. 2009. Assessing what is needed to resolve a molecular phylogeny: simulations and empirical data from emydid turtles. BMC EVolutionary Biology 9: 56." type="journal article" year="2009">
Spinks 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE39B43D4788FCBD" box="[456,510,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
for a seven-locus nuclear DNA data set.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13AFF8AFF19B48D446AFC50" blockId="21.[232,710,923,978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFE6FB489443BFC31" baselines="942" box="[414,589,927,947]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="relationships" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">RELATIONSHIPS</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFDA4B4894404FC31" baselines="942" box="[597,626,927,947]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFD88B48944B0FC31" baselines="942" box="[633,710,927,947]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="fossil" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">FOSSIL</smallCapsWord>
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE60B4AC446AFC50" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[401,540,954,978]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFE60B4AC446AFC50" baselines="971,973" box="[401,540,954,978]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Chrysemys" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE60B4AC446AFC50" box="[401,540,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">CHRYSEMYS</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13AFF8AFF52B4F54223FE10" blockId="21.[163,780,994,1906]" lastBlockId="21.[827,1443,197,403]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">
‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF58B4F4475DFC75" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[169,299,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF58B4F4475DFC75" box="[169,299,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFECAB4F447DBFC75" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[315,429,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFECAB4F447DBFC75" box="[315,429,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in nearly the same position in both the strict consensus (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFDA6B31744EEFB94" box="[599,664,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[146,225,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-156@18.[142,1428,195,1339]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon.Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924791/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and 50% majority rule (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFEA6B33647EDFBB7" box="[343,411,1056,1078]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[159,1446,195,1331]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) consensus trees, sister to all deirochelyines except 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE41B3284447FBD1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[432,561,1086,1107]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE41B3284447FBD1" box="[432,561,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the latter, and part of a polytomy at the base of the non- 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD7CB34B457DFBF0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[653,779,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD7CB34B457DFBF0" box="[653,779,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deirochelyine clade in the former. This is distinct from its placement by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFE42B38C4415FB32" author="Vlachos E" box="[435,611,1178,1200]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, who found it to lie in a polytomy with modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFDDAB3AF457DFB4D" box="[555,779,1209,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFDDAB3AF44DCFB4C" box="[555,682,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Pseudemys</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
Its current phylogenetic position, unique from recognized deirochelyine genera, was also reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFF36B20347FDFAA8" author="Jasinski SE" box="[199,395,1301,1323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="4338" refId="ref25285" refString="Jasinski SE. 2018 a. A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the Late Hemphillian (Late Miocene / Early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines. PeerJ 6: e 4338." type="journal article" year="2018">Jasinski (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
, although he found it to lie in a polytomy at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE5EB222442AFAC8" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[431,604,1332,1354]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
. Regardless, its phylogenetic position suggests it represents a unique genus of deirochelyine; however, naming a new genus for this species is currently being withheld until a more complete phylogenetic analysis of emydids, including both modern and fossil OTUs, is conducted. In the strict consensus tree (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFDFCB2FA4425F983" box="[525,595,1516,1538]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[146,225,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-156@18.[142,1428,195,1339]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon.Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924791/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD9CB2FA4497F983" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[621,737,1516,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD9CB2FA4409F983" box="[621,639,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD61B2FA4497F983" box="[656,737,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD03B2FA475CF99D" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD03B2FA4572F983" box="[754,772,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF52B11C475CF99D" box="[163,298,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE98B11D4791F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[361,487,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE98B11D470DF9A2" box="[361,379,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE7BB11D4791F9A2" box="[394,487,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all found to be part of an unresolved polytomy, with a clade of modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF52B15E4755F9DF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[163,291,1608,1629]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF52B15E4755F9DF" box="[163,291,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at the base of the tree. However, in the 50% majority rule consensus tree (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFDC6B170440EF9FE" box="[567,632,1638,1660]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[159,1446,195,1331]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) these three taxa form a clade that is also part of a polytomy with a modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFEE8B1B247E1F93B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[281,407,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFEE8B1B247E1F93B" box="[281,407,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade at the base of the tree. In this latter tree, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFEAFB1D547ACF95A" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[350,474,1731,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFEAFB1D54706F95A" box="[350,368,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE8EB1D547ACF95A" box="[383,474,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD97B1D544A5F955" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[614,723,1730,1752]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD97B1D544A5F955" box="[614,723,1730,1752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C. timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFD02B1D5475EF974" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFD02B1D54573F95A" box="[755,773,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFF52B1F7475EF974" box="[163,296,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFE5BB1F74453F975" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[426,549,1761,1783]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE5BB1F747CAF974" box="[426,444,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFE3BB1F44453F975" box="[458,549,1762,1783]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by far the oldest fossil in the present study (approximately 35 Mya), its position either in an unresolved polytomy at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFF0CB02B47DBF8D1" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[253,429,1853,1875]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
(in the strict consensus tree) or in a clade with two other fossil taxa previously referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC3FB7D34225FF58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[974,1107,197,218]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC3FB7D34225FF58" box="[974,1107,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in the 50% majority rule consensus tree) is not completely expected. This is mainly in respect to a potentially long ghost lineage from the Late Chadronian NALMA to the occurrences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCABB6564271FED7" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[858,1031,320,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCABB656451AFED7" box="[858,876,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC8CB6564271FED7" box="[893,1031,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Late Hemphillian-earliest Blancan NALMA and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFBB0B64942D9FEF1" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1089,1199,350,372]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFBB0B6494225FEF6" box="[1089,1107,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB90B64842D9FEF1" box="[1121,1199,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean NALMA.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32E6503F13AFF85FC4DB6D944AEF9DF" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13AFF8AFC4DB6D94354FE65" blockId="21.[956,1314,463,488]" box="[956,1314,463,488]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFC4DB6D94270FE65" baselines="482,482" box="[956,1030,463,488]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Basal" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">BASAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFBFDB6C5422FFE65" baselines="482" box="[1036,1113,467,487]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="fossil" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">FOSSIL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F13AFF8AFB91B6C54354FE65" baselines="482" box="[1120,1314,467,487]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="deirochelyines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">DEIROCHELYINES</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F13AFF89FCCAB6EE44E2FCC2" blockId="21.[827,1444,504,1906]" lastBlockId="22.[145,762,197,832]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">
This basal deirochelyine clade, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFAD5B6EE45EFFDAE" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFAD5B6EE45EFFDAE" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC58B5014222FDA9" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[937,1108,534,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC58B50145CDFDAE" box="[937,955,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC3AB5004222FDA9" box="[971,1108,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFB65B5014370FDA9" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1172,1286,534,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB65B50142D0FDAE" box="[1172,1190,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB47B5004370FDA9" box="[1206,1286,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, may be due to a more ‘unspecialized’ morphology. This basal morphology can make placing taxa near the root less conclusive. This is noted in the placement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFAC9B56543D4FD05" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1336,1442,626,648]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFAC9B565433CFD0A" box="[1336,1354,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFAA7B56443D4FD05" box="[1366,1442,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a basal emydine by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F13AFF8AFBA0B5874374FD24" author="Vlachos E" box="[1105,1282,657,679]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, although he noted the fragmentary nature of the 
<typeStatus id="548F882AF13AFF8AFB08B5A6435AFD47" box="[1273,1324,688,709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
specimen [YPM (PU) 10853] makes its current placement more ambiguous and more information is needed. Based on the dataset, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC0FB41A42B4FCA3" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1022,1218,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Clemmys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC0FB41A42B4FCA3" box="[1022,1218,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Clemmys guttata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a basal member of the sister 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC39B43C424BFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[968,1085,810,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Emydinae">Emydinae</taxonomicName>
, it is not unexpected that basal OTUs in the present phylogenetic analysis are located basally near its root. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFBB5B47E42B0FCFF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1092,1222,872,893]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFBB5B47E42B0FCFF" box="[1092,1222,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a rather unspecialized (or more generalized) morphology, particularly in comparison to deirochelyines such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCCAB4D245C1FC5B" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[827,951,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCCAB4D245C1FC5B" box="[827,951,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC03B4D24219FC5B" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[1010,1135,964,985]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC03B4D24219FC5B" box="[1010,1135,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Taxa that tend to possess more ‘extreme’ morphologies, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFAFCB4F443EAFC75" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1293,1436,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Malaclemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFAFCB4F443EAFC75" box="[1293,1436,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Malaclemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCCAB31745CAFB94" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[827,956,1025,1046]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Graptemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCCAB31745CAFB94" box="[827,956,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Graptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC0BB317420CFB94" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[1018,1146,1025,1046]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC0BB317420CFB94" box="[1018,1146,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tend to be recovered as monophyletic in more derived clades. While several fossil taxa previously referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFB1BB3284306FBD1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1258,1392,1086,1107]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB1BB3284306FBD1" box="[1258,1392,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also recovered at the base of the deirochelyine tree, these fossil taxa do not form a clade with modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCCAB38C45CDFB2D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[827,955,1178,1199]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCCAB38C45CDFB2D" box="[827,955,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and their inclusion in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFB23B38C4324FB2D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1234,1362,1178,1199]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB23B38C4324FB2D" box="[1234,1362,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would currently make the genus polyphyletic or paraphyletic, depending on which consensus tree was utilized. If the 50% majority rule consensus tree is correct, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFA7BB3E145E1FAA9" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFA7BB3E143EAFA8E" box="[1418,1436,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCCAB20045E1FAA9" box="[827,919,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC54B203423DFAA8" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[933,1099,1301,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC54B20345C1FAA8" box="[933,951,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC37B203423DFAA8" box="[966,1099,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFB79B2034280FAA8" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1160,1270,1301,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB79B20342ECFAA8" box="[1160,1178,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB59B2034280FAA8" box="[1192,1270,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are part of an extinct lineage of basal deirochelyines that is sister to the rest of the family (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFBC6B2444200FAE5" box="[1079,1142,1362,1384]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[163,241,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[162,1443,198,1328]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[159,1446,195,1331]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the 50% majority rule consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon. Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and the bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924793" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924793/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). However, the monophyly of this group is lost in the strict consensus tree (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF13AFF8AFAA7B26743E3FA04" box="[1366,1429,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[146,225,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,198,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-156@18.[142,1428,195,1339]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of deirochelyine emydids supported by this study based on morphological data constrained by a molecular backbone. See text and Supporting Information (Data S1–S4) for details. Intergeneric relationships of modern taxa constrained based on molecular phylogenetic analysis presented by Spinks et al. (2016: fig. 5). Analysis includes the emydine Clemmys guttata as the outgroup. The tree presented represents the strict consensus tree of deirochelyine relationships found in the phylogenetic analysis of 246 characters within 35 deirochelyines (ingroup taxa). Thickened bars indicate age ranges for fossil taxa. † refers to a fossil or extinct taxon.Tree length equals 881 steps, consistency index equals 0.413, retention index equals 0.515. Numbers beside branches provide the Bremer supports (first) and bootstrap values (second). Numbers are shown for branches with bootstrap values greater than 50." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924791/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). This would suggest basal taxa with more generalized or ‘simpler’ morphologies group together at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCA8B2DB427DFA61" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[857,1035,1485,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
even though they are not, or may not be, part of a single genus or lineage. Although they have been considered members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFAD0B11C43D5F99D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1313,1443,1546,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFAD0B11C43D5F99D" box="[1313,1443,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
before, it may be more likely that they represent unique fossil lineages with basal morphologies among deirochelyines. They have been considered members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFCA9B19345A1F918" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[856,983,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCA9B19345A1F918" box="[856,983,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as they possess shared characteristics of the genus (see diagnosis above for referral of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFA7BB1B245B2F955" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFA7BB1B243EAF93B" box="[1418,1436,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFCCAB1D445B2F955" box="[827,964,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFC1EB1D44207F955" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1007,1137,1730,1751]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFC1EB1D44207F955" box="[1007,1137,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but this may be due to the basal morphology of modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFB3BB1F7433DF974" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1226,1355,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF13AFF8AFB3BB1F7433DF974" box="[1226,1355,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="170">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among deirochelyines, causing these taxa to converge near or at the base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFBF3B00842C2F8B6" authorityName="AGASSIZ" authorityYear="1857" box="[1026,1204,1822,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Deirochelyinae">Deirochelyinae</taxonomicName>
. This may also have implications for our understanding of not only the base of the subfamily, but the base of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF13AFF8AFADEB04A43D5F8F0" authorityName="BELL" authorityYear="1825" box="[1327,1443,1884,1906]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="21" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emydidae</taxonomicName>
as well. While this suggests that these taxa should potentially be moved to a new genus, characteristics discussed in the diagnosis show multiple similarities with the current understanding of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD99B6374487FEB4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[616,753,289,310]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD99B6374487FEB4" box="[616,753,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the addition of other fossil deirochelyines could affect the morphological relationships among OTUs. Therefore, these taxa are still considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF60B68A4779FE33" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[145,271,412,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF60B68A4779FE33" box="[145,271,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until other fossil taxa and more data are included. Regardless, there is still a significant ghost lineage present after 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FE7CB6CF447EFE6D" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[397,520,473,495]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FE7CB6CF47E9FE6C" box="[397,415,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FE5CB6CC447EFE6D" box="[429,520,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of approximately 25 Myr, and even that is to a fossil species of ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD89B6EE4482FD8F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[632,756,504,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD89B6EE4482FD8F" box="[632,756,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ (‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF6FB50146C6FDAE" box="[158,176,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF33B501468FFDAE" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1978" box="[194,249,535,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Deirochelys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carri">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF33B501468FFDAE" box="[194,249,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">carri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the latest Clarendonian. Fragmentary fossils have been found in this gap [e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD9AB52344B2FDC9" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[619,708,565,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD9AB523440BFDC8" box="[619,637,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD7DB52044B2FDC9" box="[652,708,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF60B542477BFDEB" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[145,269,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF60B542477BFDEB" box="[145,269,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(indeterminate species), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FDDFB54246BEFD0A" author="Weems RE &amp; George RA" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="570 - 588" refId="ref30374" refString="Weems RE, George RA. 2013. Amphibians and nonmarine turtles from the Miocene Calvert Formation of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (USA). Journal of Paleontology 87: 570 - 588." type="journal article" year="2013">Weems &amp; George, 2013</bibRefCitation>
], but nothing more complete has been recovered to help provide us with more understanding of what is happening at this time. More fossils of deirochelyines within this gap, particularly those that are more complete, are vital for understanding the evolution of the subfamily, particularly the evolution of more basal forms, like 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FEFEB43D47F1FCC2" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[271,391,811,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEFEB43D4757FCC2" box="[271,289,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEDFB43D47F1FCC2" box="[302,391,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to more derived forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F139FF89FED7B46B4412FC16" blockId="22.[294,612,893,916]" box="[294,612,893,916]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FED7B46B47C6FC16" authority="THROUGH" authorityName="THROUGH" box="[294,432,893,916]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F139FF89FED7B46B47C6FC16" baselines="910,911" box="[294,432,893,916]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Chrysemys" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FED7B46B47C6FC16" box="[294,432,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">CHRYSEMYS</emphasis>
</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F139FF89FE46B4964453FC16" baselines="911" box="[439,549,896,916]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="through" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">THROUGH</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F139FF89FDDDB4964412FC16" baselines="911" box="[556,612,896,916]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="time" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">TIME</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F139FF89FF60B4B342E1FB4C" blockId="22.[145,762,933,1906]" lastBlockId="22.[809,1426,197,1905]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">
As the genus is currently understood, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD84B4B3448EFC38" box="[629,760,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD84B4B3448EFC38" box="[629,760,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents the oldest deirochelyine genus, originating in at least the Middle Chadronian NALMA (35.7–34.7 Mya) with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FEFCB31747F3FB95" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[269,389,1025,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEFCB3174769FB94" box="[269,287,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEDDB31447F3FB95" box="[300,389,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this I consider 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FDADB31744A2FB95" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[604,724,1025,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FDADB3174418FB94" box="[604,622,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD8AB31444A2FB95" box="[635,724,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD10B31746AAFBB7" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD10B3174485FB94" box="[737,755,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF60B33646AAFBB7" box="[145,220,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FEE5B33647C6FBB7" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[276,432,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEE5B3364750FBB7" box="[276,294,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEC3B33647C6FBB7" box="[306,432,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to represent 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FDB7B33644C9FBB7" box="[582,703,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FDB7B33644C9FBB7" box="[582,703,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the knowledge that these may eventually be found to be part of a different genus or genera. However, more data may also provide more resolution and show these taxa to be part of a monophyletic clade with modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF03B3AF4707FB4C" box="[242,369,1209,1230]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF03B3AF4707FB4C" box="[242,369,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Regardless, they agree with the characteristics considered diagnostic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FDB8B3CE44B4FB6F" box="[585,706,1240,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FDB8B3CE44B4FB6F" box="[585,706,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and will remain in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FEDEB3E047DEFA89" box="[303,424,1270,1291]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEDEB3E047DEFA89" box="[303,424,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until further study potentially determines whether these species lie elsewhere. Our earliest evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FE89B2224783FACB" box="[376,501,1332,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FE89B2224783FACB" box="[376,501,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, therefore, is from the Chadronian, as the climate was cooling from Eocene greenhouse conditions (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FE36B267441EFA04" author="Graham A" box="[455,616,1393,1415]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" refId="ref24155" refString="Graham A. 1999. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic history of North American Vegetation. Oxford: Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1999">Graham, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FD85B26746B1FA27" author="Woodburne MO" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="315 - 343" refId="ref30506" refString="Woodburne MO. 2004. Global events and the North American mammalian biochronology. In: Woodburne MO, ed. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. Biostratigraphy and geochronology. New York: Columbia University Press, 315 - 343." type="book chapter" year="2004">Woodburne, 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FF23B28647F5FA27" author="Katz ME &amp; Miller KG &amp; Wright JD &amp; Wade BS &amp; Browning JV &amp; Cramer BS &amp; Rosenthal Y" box="[210,387,1424,1445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="329 - 334" refId="ref26163" refString="Katz ME, Miller KG, Wright JD, Wade BS, Browning JV, Cramer BS, Rosenthal Y. 2008. Stepwise transition from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse. Nature Geoscience 1: 329 - 334." type="journal article" year="2008">
Katz 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FEFCB2864734FA27" box="[269,322,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FE7FB2864420FA27" author="Zachos JC &amp; Dickens GR &amp; Zeebe RE" box="[398,598,1424,1446]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="279 - 283" refId="ref30659" refString="Zachos JC, Dickens GR, Zeebe RE. 2008. An Early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451: 279 - 283." type="journal article" year="2008">
Zachos 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FE11B2864460FA27" box="[480,534,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FD93B28646BFFA46" author="Hansen J &amp; Sato M &amp; Russell G &amp; Kharecha P" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="20120294" refId="ref24326" refString="Hansen J, Sato M, Russell G, Kharecha P. 2013. Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 371: 20120294." type="journal article" year="2013">
Hansen 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD4FB2864485FA27" box="[702,755,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Current fossil evidence shows that 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FD8DB2B8448FFA41" box="[636,761,1454,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD8DB2B8448FFA41" box="[636,761,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and deirochelyines show up as the climate was changing and after a significant turnover from an Eocene turtle fauna represented by different taxa such as trionychids to others such as testudinoids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FDC2B13F4484F9BC" author="Hutchison JH" box="[563,754,1577,1599]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="451 - 467" refId="ref24685" refString="Hutchison JH. 1992. Western North American reptile and amphibian record across the Eocene / Oligocene boundary and its climatic implications. In: Prothero DR, Burggren WA, eds. Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic eVolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 451 - 467." type="book chapter" year="1992">Hutchison, 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FF60B15E46BCF9DC" author="Hutchison JH" box="[145,202,1608,1630]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
). While testudinoids diversify significantly in North America during this time (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FDA6B17046BEF918" author="Lichtig AJ &amp; Lucas SG &amp; Jasinski SE" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="161 - 176" refId="ref26363" refString="Lichtig AJ, Lucas SG, Jasinski SE. 2021. Complete specimens of the Eocene testudinoid turtles Echmatemys and Hadrianus and the North American origin of tortoises. Neae Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 82: 161 - 176." type="journal article" year="2021">
Lichtig 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FD47B1714484F9F9" box="[694,754,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
), emydids do not appear (based on current fossil evidence) to diversify as much until closer to the Hemphillian NALMA, after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). During this time, while some taxa maintain a more basal deirochelyine morphology (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF60B009477AF8B6" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[145,268,1823,1844]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF60B00946D5F8B6" box="[145,163,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF40B009477AF8B6" box="[177,268,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), others show a more derived morphology (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FF3BB02B4410F8D1" authority="Hutchison, 1996" authorityName="Hutchison" authorityYear="1996" box="[202,614,1853,1875]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudograptemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FF3BB02B47EFF8D0" box="[202,409,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Pseudograptemys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FE53B02B4410F8D1" author="Hutchison JH" box="[418,614,1853,1875]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), with more extreme and pronounced notching along the carapacial rim. It is also noted that although 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB50B7D34312FF58" authorityName="Hutchison" authorityYear="1996" box="[1185,1380,197,218]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudograptemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB50B7D34312FF58" box="[1185,1380,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Pseudograptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been considered one of the earliest emydids (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FCADB6144265FE9A" author="Hutchison JH" box="[860,1043,258,280]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FBD6B6154299FE95" author="Joyce WG &amp; Parham JF &amp; Lyson TR &amp; Warnock RCM &amp; Donoghue PCJ" box="[1063,1263,258,280]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="612 - 634" refId="ref26094" refString="Joyce WG, Parham JF, Lyson TR, Warnock RCM, Donoghue PCJ. 2013. A divergence dating analysis of turtles using fossil calibrations: an example of best practices. Journal of Paleontology 87: 612 - 634." type="journal article" year="2013">
Joyce 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB9AB61542D5FE95" box="[1131,1187,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
more recently found it to lie outside of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB91B63742A7FEB5" authorityName="BELL" authorityYear="1825" box="[1120,1233,289,311]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emydidae</taxonomicName>
phylogenetically, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FC95B6564250FED7" author="Vlachos E" box="[868,1062,320,342]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="3 - 94" refId="ref30104" refString="Vlachos E. 2018. A review of the fossil record of North American turtles of the clade Pan-Testudinoidea. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 59: 3 - 94." type="journal article" year="2018">Vlachos (2018)</bibRefCitation>
considered it a geoemydid synonymous with 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBF3B6484331FEF1" box="[1026,1351,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FBF3B64842E1FEF1" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1906" box="[1026,1175,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Echmatemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Echmatemys</taxonomicName>
latiƲertebralis
</emphasis>
Cope, 1877. However, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FC14B66B42C7FE10" authorityName="Hutchison" authorityYear="1996" box="[997,1201,381,402]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudograptemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC14B66B42C7FE10" box="[997,1201,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Pseudograptemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct from 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FA89B66843FCFE11" box="[1400,1418,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FCD8B68A45A7FE33" box="[809,977,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">latiƲertebralis</emphasis>
based on several features, including: the inguinal buttress suture confined to the posterior of costal 5 (near the costal 5–6 suture) while it spans the costal 5–6 suture in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FBB2B6EE42A3FD8F" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1906" box="[1091,1237,504,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Echmatemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBB2B6EE42A3FD8F" box="[1091,1237,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Echmatemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The geoemydid 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FCD8B501454DFDAE" box="[809,827,535,556]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FCB6B5004592FDA9" box="[839,996,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">latiƲertebralis</emphasis>
is currently undergoing further study and this potential synonymization will be re-evaluated there (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FC2EB54242C8FDEB" author="Lichtig AJ &amp; Lucas SG &amp; Jasinski SE" box="[991,1214,596,618]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="161 - 176" refId="ref26363" refString="Lichtig AJ, Lucas SG, Jasinski SE. 2021. Complete specimens of the Eocene testudinoid turtles Echmatemys and Hadrianus and the North American origin of tortoises. Neae Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 82: 161 - 176." type="journal article" year="2021">
Lichtig 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBCAB5424201FDEB" box="[1083,1143,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB26B5424320FDEB" box="[1239,1366,596,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB26B5424320FDEB" box="[1239,1366,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first shows up near the western portion of its modern range (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF139FF89FCC0B58745FDFD24" box="[817,907,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
) in Pennington County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FB5BB5874338FD25" box="[1194,1358,657,679]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F139FF89FAABB58743E6FD24" box="[1370,1424,657,678]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FCC0B5A645CDFD47" author="Clark J" box="[817,955,688,710]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="261 - 350" refId="ref22961" refString="Clark J. 1937. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Chadron Formation in the Big Badlands of South Dakota. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25: 261 - 350." type="journal article" year="1937">Clark, 1937</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FC3AB5A642FAFD47" author="Hutchison JH" box="[971,1164,687,710]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). It is also noted that several fossil specimens have been referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FAECB5D943E7FD66" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[1309,1425,719,740]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAECB5D94359FD66" box="[1309,1327,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAC8B5D943E7FD66" box="[1337,1425,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Orellan and Whitneyan of 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FB19B5FB43E6FC81" box="[1256,1424,749,771]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FCC0B41A459AFCA3" author="Hutchison JH" box="[817,1004,779,802]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="337 - 353" refId="ref24734" refString="Hutchison JH. 1996. Chapter 16. Testudines. In: Prothero DR, Emry RJ, eds. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. New York: Columbia University Press, 337 - 353." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hutchison, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting this taxon persisted for several million years. The next fossil taxon referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FCB9B45F45B1FCDC" box="[840,967,841,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FCB9B45F45B1FCDC" box="[840,967,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FC1CB45F423EFCDD" authorityName="Weems &amp; George" authorityYear="2013" box="[1005,1096,841,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="isoni">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC1CB45F4589FCDC" box="[1005,1023,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBFEB45C423EFCDD" box="[1039,1096,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">isoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Hemingfordian of 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FCD8B47145FCFCFF" box="[809,906,871,893]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, when grasslands became more prevalent in North America. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FC18B490428EFC19" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1001,1272,902,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC18B490428EFC19" box="[1001,1272,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows up in the Late Hemphillian-Early Blancan NALMA when fossil emydids become more common and temperatures continue to cool after the MMCO. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB46B4F443FDFC75" authorityName="Hay" authorityYear="1908" box="[1207,1419,994,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB46B4F443FDFC75" box="[1207,1419,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from the Pleistocene of 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FBC6B31742DEFB95" box="[1079,1192,1025,1047]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
, is also closer to the western portion of the modern range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FAE1B30943E7FBB6" box="[1296,1425,1055,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAE1B30943E7FBB6" box="[1296,1425,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and closer to the fossil localities of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB4FB328434EFBD6" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1937" box="[1214,1336,1086,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB4FB32842A6FBD1" box="[1214,1232,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB2FB329434EFBD6" box="[1246,1336,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">antiqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Global temperatures would have been fluctuating during this time and temperatures often would have been cooler in this region compared to today with multiple glacial cycles (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FC53B3AF42FFFB4C" author="Augustin L &amp; Barbante C &amp; Barnes PRF &amp; Barnola JM &amp; Bigler M &amp; Castellano E &amp; Cattani O &amp; Chappellaz J &amp; Jensen D &amp; Delmonte B &amp; Dreyfus G &amp; Durand G &amp; Falourd S &amp; Fischer H &amp; Fluckiger J &amp; Hansson ME &amp; Huybrechts P &amp; Jugie G &amp; Johnsen SJ &amp; Jouzel J &amp; Kaufmann P &amp; Kipfstuhl J &amp; Lambert F &amp; Lipenkov YY &amp; Littot GC &amp; Longinelli A &amp; Lorrain R &amp; Maggi V &amp; Masson-Delmotte V &amp; Miller H &amp; Mulvaney R &amp; Oerlemans J &amp; Oerter H &amp; Orombelli G &amp; Parrenin F &amp; Peel DA &amp; Petit J-R &amp; Raynaud D &amp; Ritz C &amp; Ruth U &amp; Schwander J &amp; Siegenthaler U &amp; Souchez R &amp; Stauffer B &amp; Steffensen JP &amp; Stenni B &amp; Stocker TF &amp; Tabacco IE &amp; Udisti R &amp; Van der Wal RSW &amp; Van den Broeke M &amp; Weiss J &amp; Wilhelms F &amp; Winther J-G &amp; Wolff EW &amp; Zucchelli M" box="[930,1161,1209,1231]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="623 - 628" refId="ref22176" refString="Augustin L, Barbante C, Barnes PRF, Barnola JM, Bigler M, Castellano E, Cattani O, Chappellaz J, Dahl- Jensen D, Delmonte B, Dreyfus G, Durand G, Falourd S, Fischer H, Fluckiger J, Hansson ME, Huybrechts P, Jugie G, Johnsen SJ, Jouzel J, Kaufmann P, Kipfstuhl J, Lambert F, Lipenkov YY, Littot GC, Longinelli A, Lorrain R, Maggi V, Masson-Delmotte V, Miller H, Mulvaney R, Oerlemans J, Oerter H, Orombelli G, Parrenin F, Peel DA, Petit J-R, Raynaud D, Ritz C, Ruth U, Schwander J, Siegenthaler U, Souchez R, Stauffer B, Steffensen JP, Stenni B, Stocker TF, Tabacco IE, Udisti R, Van der Wal RSW, Van den Broeke M, Weiss J, Wilhelms F, Winther J-G, Wolff EW, Zucchelli M. 2004. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 429: 623 - 628." type="journal article" year="2004">
Augustin 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBE1B3AF4231FB4C" box="[1040,1095,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F139FF87FCB0B3C147EDF918" blockId="22.[809,1426,197,1905]" lastBlockId="24.[145,761,197,1905]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">
While the fossil record is incomplete, based on our current data the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FBA6B3E042D9FA8E" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1111,1199,1270,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBA6B3E042D9FA8E" box="[1111,1199,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has expanded over the past 16 Myr. Fossils currently referred to the modern species 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FC2EB2224240FACB" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[991,1078,1332,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC2EB2224587FACB" box="[991,1009,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC0FB2224240FACB" box="[1022,1078,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been recovered from the Barstovian NALMA through the Saintaugustinean NALMA (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF139FF89FC50B2674584FA04" box="[929,1010,1393,1415]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A-G, see Supporting Information (Data S1 -S4) and references therein). Early 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FAC6B28643E6FA27" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1335,1424,1424,1445]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAC6B286433FFA27" box="[1335,1353,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAA6B28643E6FA27" box="[1367,1424,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fossils have thus far been found in the mid-western 
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F139FF89FCD8B2DB45AAFA60" box="[809,988,1485,1507]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">United States</collectingCountry>
, near the southern portion of the current range of 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC03B2FA4272F983" box="[1010,1028,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBE2B2FA4257F983" box="[1043,1057,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">p</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBC0B2FD421BF982" box="[1073,1133,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">bellii</emphasis>
, namely 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FB2BB2FD4338F983" box="[1242,1358,1515,1537]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
, with a southern expansion to 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FBB7B11D42EDF9A2" box="[1094,1179,1547,1568]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Kansas</collectingRegion>
by the Clarendonian NALMA (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF139FF89FC69B13F4581F9BC" box="[920,1015,1577,1599]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). The Hemphillian NALMA sees an eastern expansion to 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FBD7B15142F4F9DF" box="[1062,1154,1607,1629]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Indiana</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF139FF89FB62B1514282F9DF" box="[1171,1268,1607,1629]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
), followed by a significant southern expansion of the genus in the Blancan NALMA (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF139FF89FBF6B193421CF918" box="[1031,1130,1669,1691]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FB09B1934325F918" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1272,1363,1669,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FB09B193437CF918" box="[1272,1290,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FAE8B1934325F918" box="[1305,1363,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does extend into western 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FBEDB1B24216F93B" box="[1052,1120,1700,1721]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Texas</collectingRegion>
near the Rio Grande and Pecos rivers as 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC19B1D4458CF955" box="[1000,1018,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBFBB1D5426EF95A" box="[1034,1048,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">p</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBD8B1D44210F955" box="[1065,1126,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">bellii</emphasis>
and the eastern portion as 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FCBAB1F7452BF974" box="[843,861,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC9CB1F7450DF974" box="[877,891,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">p</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FC7AB1F7459CF974" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1857" box="[907,1002,1761,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsalis">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FC7AB1F7459CF974" box="[907,1002,1761,1782]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">dorsalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it currently does not reach nearer the interior of the state. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF139FF89FBBFB1E94379F897" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1102,1295,1791,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF139FF89FBBFB1E94379F897" box="[1102,1295,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Chrysemys picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also not currently native to 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FBE1B008421FF8B6" box="[1040,1129,1822,1844]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Florida</collectingRegion>
. Nevertheless, the genus has been identified from the Blancan NALMA of both Scurry County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF139FF89FC1AB04A4247F8F3" box="[1003,1073,1884,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="22" pageNumber="171">Texas</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F139FF89FBB5B04A4294F8F3" author="Rogers KL" box="[1092,1250,1883,1905]" pageId="22" pageNumber="171" pagination="163 - 200" refId="ref27815" refString="Rogers KL. 1976. Herpetofauna of the Beck Ranch local fauna (Upper Pliocene: Blancan) of Texas. Publications of the Museum of Michigan State UniVersity, Paleontological Series 1: 163 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1976">Rogers, 1976</bibRefCitation>
) and Alachua County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF1AB7D34748FF59" box="[235,318,197,219]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Florida</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FEBAB7D04451FF58" author="Bourque J &amp; Hulbert R &amp; Bloch J" box="[331,551,197,219]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="51" refId="ref22668" refString="Bourque J, Hulbert R, Bloch J. 2007. An extinct painted turtle (Testudines: Emydidae) from the Late Pliocene (Blancan) of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 51 A." type="journal article" year="2007">
Bourque 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FE40B7D04790FF58" box="[433,486,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). The Irvingtonian NALMA has fossils recovered from Alleghany County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF60B6144772FE9A" box="[145,260,258,280]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Maryland</collectingRegion>
, showing a smaller expansion east towards its modern distribution (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FE56B6374470FEB4" box="[423,518,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). The Rancholabrean NALMA sees a significant increase in the number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FF60B649469CFEF6" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[145,234,351,372]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FF60B649469CFEF6" box="[145,234,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fossils identified and their geographic range (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FF68B66B468AFE10" box="[153,252,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
). Other North American turtle groups (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FF60B68A4752FE30" box="[145,292,412,434]" class="Reptilia" family="Chelydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chelydridae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FEC1B68A47BBFE30" box="[304,461,412,434]" class="Reptilia" family="Trionychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Trionychidae</taxonomicName>
) have also been found to have increased their geographic range during the Rancholabrean (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FE7EB6CC44BBFE6D" author="Moscato DA &amp; Jasinski SE" box="[399,717,473,495]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="163 - 168" refId="ref27280" refString="Moscato DA, Jasinski SE. 2016. First record of fossil chelydrid and trionychid turtles (Testudines) from the Pleistocene of Sonora, Mexico. Neae Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 74: 163 - 168." type="journal article" year="2016">Moscato &amp; Jasinski, 2016</bibRefCitation>
) or potentially recolonized areas as temperatures became warmer (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FED5B50047A5FDAE" author="Jasinski SE" box="[292,467,534,556]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="46 - 59" refId="ref25077" refString="Jasinski SE. 2013 b. Review of the fossil Trionychidae (Testudines) from Alabama, including the oldest record of trionychid turtles from eastern North America. Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 31: 46 - 59." type="journal article" year="2013">Jasinski, 2013b</bibRefCitation>
). These 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FDC0B50044DAFDA9" box="[561,684,534,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FDC0B50044DAFDA9" box="[561,684,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fossils show some slight increases in their previous range, particularly to the south in places like Bartow County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF60B564469DFD0A" box="[145,235,626,648]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Georgia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FF0BB56447EFFD0A" author="Holman JA" box="[250,409,626,648]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="154 - 166" refId="ref24428" refString="Holman JA. 1967. A Pleistocene herpetofauna from Ladds, Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgia Academy of Science 25: 154 - 166." type="journal article" year="1967">Holman, 1967</bibRefCitation>
) and Colbert County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FD63B564448EFD0A" box="[658,760,626,648]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Alabama</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FF68B58747CAFD24" author="Holman JA &amp; Andrews KD" box="[153,444,657,679]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="44 - 52" refId="ref24509" refString="Holman JA, Andrews KD. 1994. North American Quaternary cold-tolerant turtles: distributional adaptations and constraints. Boreas 23: 44 - 52." type="journal article" year="1994">Holman &amp; Andrews, 1994</bibRefCitation>
) and farther east in Smyth/ 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF60B5A64756FD44" box="[145,288,688,710]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Washington</collectingRegion>
County, 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FE7CB5A64786FD44" box="[397,496,688,710]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Virginia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FDF2B5A646BFFD66" author="Holman JA &amp; Andrews KD" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="44 - 52" refId="ref24509" refString="Holman JA, Andrews KD. 1994. North American Quaternary cold-tolerant turtles: distributional adaptations and constraints. Boreas 23: 44 - 52." type="journal article" year="1994">Holman &amp; Andrews, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Fossils from 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FE83B5D8479CFD66" box="[370,490,718,740]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FE0BB5D84487FD66" author="Smith KS &amp; Cifelli RL" box="[506,753,718,740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref28558" refString="Smith KS, Cifelli RL. 2000. A synopsis of the Pleistocene vertebrates of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological SurVey Bulletin 147: 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="2000">Smith &amp; Cifelli, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) suggest a reduction in their range after the Blancan NALMA, although not yet reduced to the extent of their modern range (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FE61B43C4797FCC2" box="[400,481,810,832]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E-H). The Santarosean NALMA also has numerous 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FE2DB45F4442FCDD" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[476,564,841,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FE2DB45F4442FCDD" box="[476,564,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fossils and most are from within the current range, except for farther range extension to the south-east in 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FDB4B490448EFC1E" box="[581,760,902,924]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FF3DB4B3478AFC38" author="Bentley CC &amp; Knight JL" box="[204,508,933,955]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="3 - 33" refId="ref22484" refString="Bentley CC, Knight JL. 1998. Turtles (Reptilia: Testudines) of the Ardis local fauna Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of South Carolina. Brimleyana 25: 3 - 33." type="journal article" year="1998">Bentley &amp; Knight, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and farther north into 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF39B4D24741FC58" box="[200,311,964,986]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Michigan</collectingRegion>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FE88B4D24469FC5B" author="Holman JA" box="[377,543,964,986]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="345 - 351" refId="ref24473" refString="Holman JA. 1992. Late Quaternary herpetofauna of the central Great Lakes region, U. S. A.: zoogeographical and paleoecological implications. Quaternary Science ReVieaes 11: 345 - 351." type="journal article" year="1992">Holman, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FDC8B4D244EDFC5B" box="[569,667,964,986]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10F</figureCitation>
). There also appears to be a significant range extension at this time into Nova Scotia (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FDF2B31746BEFBB4" author="Holman JA &amp; Clouthier SG" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="210 - 215" refId="ref24535" refString="Holman JA, Clouthier SG. 1995. Pleistocene herpetofaunal remains from the East Milford mastodon site (ca. 70,000 - 80,000 BP), Halifax County, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32: 210 - 215." type="journal article" year="1995">Holman &amp; Clouthier, 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, there is further reduction in their range in the southern mid-west portion of their range, showing more reduction towards their current range. Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FECFB36A47EBFB13" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[318,413,1148,1169]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FECFB36A4726FB13" box="[318,336,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FE90B36A47EBFB13" box="[353,413,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Saintaugustinean NALMA show further expansion north into southern Ontario (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FF0BB3AF472AFB4C" box="[250,348,1209,1231]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10G</figureCitation>
). Without more fossils we currently are uncertain when 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FE72B3CE4474FB6F" box="[387,514,1240,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FE72B3CE4474FB6F" box="[387,514,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
expanded to several other areas of its current range, including those regions to the north-west, such as 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FE4CB2034431FAA9" box="[445,583,1301,1323]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Washington</collectingRegion>
, the north such as Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and farther south, such as 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FF1AB244472AFAEA" box="[235,348,1362,1384]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF137FF87FE9AB24447BAFAE5" box="[363,460,1362,1384]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-22@23.[159,1445,195,1386]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 10. Fossil occurrencesof C.picta through time, with the modern range shown indarker grey(see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of C. picta based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of C. picta currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus Chrysemys based on fossil species unique from C. picta, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘C.’ aeilliamsi and a potential new Chrysemys species, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘C.’ aeilliamsi probably does not represent Chrysemys (see text) and the potential novel species of Chrysemys has not been thoroughly studied (see Bourque et al., 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
). While some of this range expansion through time may change as more fossils are found and identified, it is also plausible that the modern species 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FEB4B2B947EDFA46" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[325,411,1455,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FEB4B2B94721FA46" box="[325,343,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FE92B2B947EDFA46" box="[355,411,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been static for 16 Myr, and is likely that some of these fossils, particularly older ones, will be re-identified to different species in time. Nevertheless, current data shows the species making larger range expansions during the Hemphillian and Santarosean, although the Santarosean expansion may be largely due to more material being available (i.e. Pull of the Recent).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F138FF88FF52B29E440BF97C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924795" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924795" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924795/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" startId="23.[163,241,1416,1438]" targetBox="[162,1442,198,1383]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F138FF88FF52B29E440BF97C" blockId="23.[163,1443,1416,1790]" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FF52B29E4763FA1F" bold="true" box="[163,277,1416,1438]" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Fossil occurrences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FE07B29E4434FA1C" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[502,578,1416,1438]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE07B29E4434FA1C" box="[502,578,1416,1438]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
through time, with the modern range shown in darker grey (see/compare with Figure 1). A, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FE9AB2B047CCFA3E" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[363,442,1446,1468]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE9AB2B047CCFA3E" box="[363,442,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Barstovian to the Clarendonian NALMAs. B, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FF52B2D54684FA5B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[163,242,1475,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FF52B2D54684FA5B" box="[163,242,1475,1497]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Clarendonian to the Hemphillian NALMAs. C, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FB03B2D54337FA5B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1266,1345,1475,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FB03B2D54337FA5B" box="[1266,1345,1475,1497]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Hemphillian to the Blancan NALMAs. D, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FC0FB2F6423BFA74" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1022,1101,1504,1526]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FC0FB2F6423BFA74" box="[1022,1101,1504,1526]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian NALMAs. E, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FCFBB2E8452FF996" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[778,857,1534,1556]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FCFBB2E8452FF996" box="[778,857,1534,1556]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean NALMAs. F, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FDADB10D44DAF9B3" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[604,684,1563,1585]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FDADB10D44DAF9B3" box="[604,684,1563,1585]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Rancholabrean to the Santarosean NALMAs. G, movement of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FE31B12E4467F9CC" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[448,529,1592,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE31B12E4467F9CC" box="[448,529,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil occurrences from the Santarosean to the Saintaugustinean NALMAs. H, extensions to the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FE2DB140445BF9EE" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[476,557,1622,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE2DB140479AF9EE" box="[476,492,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE08B140445BF9EE" box="[505,557,1622,1644]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently temporally unknown based on lack of fossil evidence. I, range extensions of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FEDEB16547D5F90B" box="[303,419,1651,1673]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FEDEB16547D5F90B" box="[303,419,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fossil species unique from 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FCC1B16545F5F90B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[816,899,1651,1673]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FCC1B1654536F90B" box="[816,832,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FCBFB16545F5F90B" box="[846,899,1651,1673]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with numbered arrows showing these extensions temporally as beginning with 1 followed by 2 and finally 3. Note: Alachua County, Florida, is shown in (I) representing the fossil localities of ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE90B1B84707F946" box="[353,369,1710,1732]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FE73B1B84793F946" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[386,485,1710,1732]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE73B1B84793F946" box="[386,485,1710,1732]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a potential new 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FD32B1B845F1F946" box="[707,903,1710,1732]" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FD32B1B84542F946" box="[707,820,1710,1732]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">Chrysemys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, although it is not considered part of the expansion as ‘ 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FF32B1DD46A5F962" box="[195,211,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">C</emphasis>
.’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FF12B1DD4730F962" baseAuthorityName="Rose &amp; Weaver" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[227,326,1739,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeilliamsi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FF12B1DD4730F962" box="[227,326,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">aeilliamsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably does not represent 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FD80B1DD4494F962" box="[625,738,1739,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FD80B1DD4494F962" box="[625,738,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see text) and the potential novel species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF138FF88FB58B1DD436CF962" box="[1193,1306,1739,1760]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FB58B1DD436CF962" box="[1193,1306,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been thoroughly studied (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F138FF88FE6EB1FE4419F97C" author="Bourque J &amp; Hulbert R &amp; Bloch J" box="[415,623,1768,1790]" pageId="23" pageNumber="172" pagination="51" refId="ref22668" refString="Bourque J, Hulbert R, Bloch J. 2007. An extinct painted turtle (Testudines: Emydidae) from the Late Pliocene (Blancan) of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 51 A." type="journal article" year="2007">
Bourque 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF138FF88FE0FB1FF4444F97C" box="[510,562,1768,1790]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F137FF87FF58B1B245B0FAEA" blockId="24.[145,761,197,1905]" lastBlockId="24.[809,1426,197,1906]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FF58B1B2470DF93B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[169,379,1700,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FF58B1B2470DF93B" box="[169,379,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently the most widely distributed turtle in North America (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FD64B1D54769F974" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) suggesting it can deal with a wide range of conditions physiologically. Even so, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FDB2B1E944C9F896" box="[579,703,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FDB2B1E944C9F896" box="[579,703,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not range significantly far south (approximately 
<geoCoordinate id="EE00504FF137FF87FD43B008449AF8B1" box="[690,748,1822,1843]" degrees="28" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" precision="55555" value="28.0">28°N</geoCoordinate>
), and particularly tends to avoid more humid climates like those in 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FEDEB04D47FFF8F3" box="[303,393,1883,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Florida</collectingRegion>
. It is more often found toward the mid-west and north-east of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3237618F137FF87FB4EB7D34328FF58" box="[1215,1374,197,219]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">United States</collectingCountry>
and is known to prefer slow-moving shallow freshwater habitats with soft bottoms, plentiful aquatic vegetation and basking sites (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FBC9B6374343FEB4" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[1080,1333,289,311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). These habitats often come in the form of lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes and slow-moving rivers. Females normally begin to ovulate in the spring and often lay multiple clutches of eggs per year, and average temperatures during incubation, particularly during the middle third, are especially important as they influence the sex of the offspring. Temperature-dependent sex determination is well documented in turtles and other vertebrates, such as some fish and other reptiles (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FB33B52343FDFDC8" author="Bull JJ &amp; Vogt RCD" box="[1218,1419,565,587]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="1186 - 1188" refId="ref22808" refString="Bull JJ, Vogt RCD. 1979. Temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles. Science 206: 1186 - 1188." type="journal article" year="1979">Bull &amp; Vogt, 1979</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FCD8B5424584FDEB" author="Ewert MA &amp; Jackson DR &amp; Nelson CE" box="[809,1010,595,617]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="3 - 15" refId="ref23521" refString="Ewert MA, Jackson DR, Nelson CE. 1994. Patterns of temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles. Journal of Experimental Zoology 270: 3 - 15." type="journal article" year="1994">
Ewert 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FC87B54245D8FDEA" box="[886,942,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FC0FB5454353FDEB" author="Valenzuela N &amp; Lance VA" box="[1022,1317,595,617]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref30008" refString="Valenzuela N, Lance VA, eds. 2004. Temperature-dependent sex determination in Vertebrates. Washington: Smithsonian Books." type="book" year="2004">Valenzuela &amp; Lance, 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FAC3B5454590FD05" author="Mitchell NJ &amp; Janzen FJ" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="129 - 140" refId="ref26993" refString="Mitchell NJ, Janzen FJ. 2010. Temperature-dependent sex determination and contemporary climate change. Sexual DeVelopment 4: 129 - 140." type="journal article" year="2010">Mitchell &amp; Janzen, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Typically, temperatures of 23–27 °C produce male offspring in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FB68B587436AFD24" box="[1177,1308,657,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB68B587436AFD24" box="[1177,1308,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas temperatures outside this range result in females (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FCD8B5D94261FD61" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[809,1047,718,740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, locations without the proper temperatures can result in monotypic sexes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FCD8B41A45F7FCA3" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[809,897,780,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FCD8B41A45F7FCA3" box="[809,897,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
offspring, and nonviable populations moving forward. Fossil occurrences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FB78B43C4294FCC2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1161,1250,810,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB78B43C42EDFCBD" box="[1161,1179,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB58B43D4294FCC2" box="[1193,1250,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be used to track temperatures and general habitats through time in North America, at least for particular times of the year. Fossil localities with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FBB5B49042E0FC1E" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1092,1174,902,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FBB5B4904220FC19" box="[1092,1110,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FBAEB49142E0FC1E" box="[1119,1174,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be inferred to have been slow-moving, shallow freshwater habitats with optimum temperatures at least lying near those that could produce male offspring, with variation resulting in female offspring. Although, again, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FB52B3174281FB94" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1187,1271,1025,1046]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB52B31742C3FB94" box="[1187,1205,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB31B3174281FB94" box="[1216,1271,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can deal with more variable temperatures, it could result in smaller windows for reproduction and in the possibility of fewer clutches annually (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FBEEB34B42E7FBF0" author="Moll EO" box="[1055,1169,1117,1139]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" pagination="307 - 318" refId="ref27174" refString="Moll EO. 1973. Latitudinal and intersubspecific variation in reproduction of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. Herpetologica 29: 307 - 318." type="journal article" year="1973">Moll, 1973</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FB6AB34B43FDFBF0" author="Nussbaum RA &amp; Brodie ED Jr &amp; Storm RM" box="[1179,1419,1117,1139]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref27439" refString="Nussbaum RA, Brodie ED Jr, Storm RM. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northaeest. Moscow: University Press of Idaho." type="book" year="1983">
Nussbaum 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FAE6B34B433AFBF0" box="[1303,1356,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
, 1983
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FCD8B36A4261FB12" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[809,1047,1147,1169]" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FB4FB36D4341FB12" box="[1214,1335,1147,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FB4FB36D4341FB12" box="[1214,1335,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been found farther south in locations like 
<collectingRegion id="49F0F86AF137FF87FB04B38C4331FB32" box="[1269,1351,1178,1200]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Florida</collectingRegion>
where temperatures are too warm to produce consistent male offspring. However, its occurrences farther south during the Blancan NALMA suggests cooler temperatures during this time, and cooling during this time period has been found in benthic δ 
<superScript id="7C419BC0F137FF87FB95B2254202FABD" attach="both" box="[1124,1140,1331,1343]" fontSize="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">18</superScript>
O records (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F137FF87FAECB22245CEFAEA" author="Lisiecki LE &amp; Raymo ME" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" refId="ref26449" refString="Lisiecki LE, Raymo ME. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ 18 O records. Paleoceanography 20: PA 1003." type="journal volume" year="2005">Lisiecki &amp; Raymo, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F137FF86FCB0B26744FAFAFC" blockId="24.[809,1426,197,1906]" lastBlockId="25.[163,779,1231,1406]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">
Although 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FC42B2674259FA04" box="[947,1071,1393,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FC42B2674259FA04" box="[947,1071,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not found in lower latitudes (approximately 
<geoCoordinate id="EE00504FF137FF87FC03B2864247FA27" box="[1010,1073,1424,1445]" degrees="28" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" precision="55555" value="28.0">28°N</geoCoordinate>
) and warmer temperatures today, testudinoids, and particularly emydids, appear to have undergone geographic and adaptive radiations at particularly warmer periods in the past, such as during the Early Eocene and Middle Miocene. Cooler temperatures and changing climates following these periods would lead to range reduction in these turtles. Even though 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF137FF87FBDBB17042DCF9F9" box="[1066,1194,1638,1659]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="24" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF137FF87FBDBB17042DCF9F9" box="[1066,1194,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="173">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not deal with higher temperatures as efficiently as some turtle taxa, their reproductive strategies are still contingent on temperatures not becoming too cool, implying their range would also be reduced due to cooler temperatures. Range reduction could also lead to less habitable ecosystems, effectively leading to isolation of allopatric populations. This vicariance would then lead to speciation and the diversification seen in the fossil record of emydids. Biogeographical vicariance provides a possible explanation to the origination of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FF3CB21A4736FAA0" authorityName="BELL" authorityYear="1825" box="[205,320,1292,1314]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Emydidae</taxonomicName>
and a time of high speciation in the Late Miocene into the Pliocene. More fossils and a better understanding of fossil taxa already described are needed to further evaluate this hypothesis.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4B6600F136FF86FF52B37C4575FB1F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7924797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924797/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" startId="25.[163,241,1130,1152]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1100]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F136FF86FF52B37C4575FB1F" blockId="25.[163,1443,1130,1181]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FF52B37C4761FBFD" bold="true" box="[163,279,1130,1152]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Life reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FDF6B37C4483FB02" authority="Jasinski, 2023" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[519,757,1130,1152]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FDF6B37C4483FB02" box="[519,757,1130,1152]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27357E1F136FF86FD0AB37C4531FB02" box="[763,839,1130,1152]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
at the Gray Fossil Site in north-eastern Tennessee during the latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene by Sergey Krasovskiy.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F136FF86FF3EB2AC444BFA72" blockId="25.[207,734,1466,1520]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F136FF86FF3EB2AC47FDFA50" baselines="1485,1485" box="[207,395,1466,1491]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Palaeobiology" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">PALAEOBIOLOGY</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F136FF86FE63B2A847B7FA50" baselines="1485" box="[402,449,1470,1490]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">AND</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F136FF86FE39B2A844A8FA50" baselines="1485" box="[456,734,1470,1490]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="palaeoenvironmental" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D6DA054F136FF86FE81B2CA444BFA72" baselines="1515" box="[368,573,1500,1520]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="interpretations" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">INTERPRETATIONS</smallCapsWord>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F136FF85FF52B1174409FD66" blockId="25.[163,780,1537,1896]" lastBlockId="26.[145,762,197,1630]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">
Unsurprisingly, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FEADB114478AF994" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[348,508,1537,1559]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FEADB114478AF994" box="[348,508,1537,1559]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is interpreted as living in a similar environment to that preferred by modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FF52B129476EF9D6" box="[163,280,1599,1620]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FF52B129476EF9D6" box="[163,280,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and with a similar natural history (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF136FF86FD64B12944ABF9D6" box="[661,733,1599,1621]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="25.[163,241,1130,1152]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1100]" captionTargetId="figure-443@25.[163,1443,195,1100]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 11. Life reconstruction of Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. at the Gray Fossil Site in north-eastern Tennessee during the latest Miocene-earliest Pliocene by Sergey Krasovskiy." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924797" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924797/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). As the GFS is interpreted as a pond deposit with multiple sediment-filled sinkholes (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FDFFB16A449EF910" author="Shunk AJ &amp; Driese SG &amp; Clark GM" box="[526,744,1660,1682]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="265 - 278" refId="ref28465" refString="Shunk AJ, Driese SG, Clark GM. 2006. Latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene sedimentation and climate record derived from paleosinkhole fill deposits, Gray Fossil Site, northeastern Tennessee, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 231: 265 - 278." type="journal article" year="2006">
Shunk 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FD94B16B44D7F913" box="[613,673,1660,1682]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; J. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FF52B18D4708F932" author="Whitelaw JL &amp; Mickus K &amp; Whitelaw MJ &amp; Nave J" box="[163,382,1691,1713]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="32" refId="ref30411" refString="Whitelaw JL, Mickus K, Whitelaw MJ, Nave J. 2008. Highresolution gravity study of the Gray Fossil Site. Geophysics 73: B 25 - B 32." type="journal article" year="2008">
Whitelaw 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FEFEB18D4737F932" box="[271,321,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
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; M. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FE59B18D44F2F932" author="Whitelaw MJ &amp; Shunk AJ &amp; Liutkus CM" box="[424,644,1691,1713]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref30443" refString="Whitelaw MJ, Shunk AJ, Liutkus CM. 2011. Formation, structure, and fill of the Gray Fossil Site Basin. In: Schubert BS, Mead JI, eds. Gray Fossil Site. 10 years of research. Johnson City: Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, 87 - 92." type="book chapter" year="2011">
Whitelaw 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FDE5B18D4430F932" box="[532,582,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FD7CB18D46A1F94C" author="Zobaa MK &amp; Zavada MJ &amp; Whitelaw MJ &amp; Shunk MS &amp; Ikuenobe FE" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="433 - 444" refId="ref30724" refString="Zobaa MK, Zavada MJ, Whitelaw MJ, Shunk MS, Oboh- Ikuenobe FE. 2011. Palynology and palynofacies analyses of the Gray Fossil Site, eastern Tennessee: their role in understanding the basin-fill history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 308: 433 - 444." type="journal article" year="2011">
Zobaa 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FD22B18D4573F932" box="[723,773,1691,1712]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
)with a woodland or woodland savannah environment in the vicinity, and discrete wet and dry seasons (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FD34B1CE4768F88E" author="Ochoa D &amp; Whitelaw M &amp; Liu Y-S &amp; Zavada MS" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="36 - 48" refId="ref27466" refString="Ochoa D, Whitelaw M, Liu Y-S (C), Zavada MS. 2012. Palynology of Neogene sediments at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee, USA: floristic implications. ReVieae of Palaeobotany and Palynology 184: 36 - 48." type="journal article" year="2012">
Ochoa 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FF52B1E146ADF88E" box="[163,219,1783,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FEDDB1E04714F88E" author="Ochoa D &amp; Zavada MS &amp; Liu Y-S &amp; Farlow JO" box="[300,354,1782,1804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="239 - 254" refId="ref27511" refString="Ochoa D, Zavada MS, Liu Y-S, Farlow JO. 2016. Floristic implications of two contemporaneous inland Upper Neogene sites in the eastern US: Pipe Creek Sinkhole, Indiana, and the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee (USA). PalaeobiodiVersity and PalaeoenVironments 96: 239 - 254." type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
), it agrees with some of the normally preferred environments of modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FDEEB00344E0F8A8" box="[543,662,1813,1834]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FDEEB00344E0F8A8" box="[543,662,1813,1834]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FD3DB0004720F8CB" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The lower triturating surface of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FD02B0224756F8E5" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FD02B0224573F8CB" box="[755,773,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FF52B0444756F8E5" box="[163,288,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is slightly wider than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FDC8B04544FBF8EA" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[569,653,1875,1896]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FDC8B045443CF8EA" box="[569,586,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FDA6B04544FBF8EA" box="[599,653,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not as wide as those in some other emydids such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FAD4B3D843EAFB61" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1856" box="[1317,1436,1230,1251]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Pseudemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FAD4B3D843EAFB61" box="[1317,1436,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Pseudemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As the lower jaws of turtles can be indicative of diet (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FCCAB21A426DFAA3" author="Jasinski SE &amp; Sullivan RM &amp; Lichtig AJ &amp; Lucas SG &amp; Dodson P" box="[827,1051,1292,1314]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="311 - 318" refId="ref25750" refString="Jasinski SE, Sullivan RM, Lichtig AJ, Lucas SG, Dodson P. 2018. Baenid (Baenidae: Testudines) lower jaws from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Neae Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 79: 311 - 318." type="journal article" year="2018">
Jasinski 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC51B21B45AEFAA3" box="[928,984,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), a wider triturating surface could indicate durophagy or more surface area for grinding foods such as plant material. The diets of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FB0AB25F4307FADC" box="[1275,1393,1353,1374]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB0AB25F4307FADC" box="[1275,1393,1353,1374]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also often vary throughout ontogeny, so comparing the jaws and triturating surfaces of different ontogenetically-aged individuals would be useful for determining changes in diet as 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FC7FB2D2425AFA5B" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[910,1068,1476,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC7FB2D245D6FA5B" box="[910,928,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC5CB2D2425AFA5B" box="[941,1068,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
age (i.e. grow older), particularly as modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FC44B2F4425BFA75" box="[949,1069,1506,1527]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC44B2F4425BFA75" box="[949,1069,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to alter its diet through ontogeny (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FC1BB1144299F994" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[1002,1263,1537,1559]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). More cranial material, of varying sizes, is needed before this can be determined, but for now it is likely that 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FB2EB1294302F9D1" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1247,1396,1598,1620]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB2EB1294286F9D6" box="[1247,1264,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB0AB1284302F9D1" box="[1275,1396,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a similar diet to 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FC19B14B424EF9F1" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1000,1080,1629,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC19B14B458FF9F0" box="[1000,1017,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FBF5B148424EF9F1" box="[1028,1080,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, potentially with a slightly higher percentage of plant material. Freshwater ecosystems frequently support multiple turtle species living together (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FC9BB1AF4589F94C" author="Holman JA" box="[874,1023,1721,1743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="345 - 351" refId="ref24473" refString="Holman JA. 1992. Late Quaternary herpetofauna of the central Great Lakes region, U. S. A.: zoogeographical and paleoecological implications. Quaternary Science ReVieaes 11: 345 - 351." type="journal article" year="1992">Holman, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FBFBB1AF42B5F94D" author="Smith GR &amp; Iverson JB &amp; Rettig JE" box="[1034,1219,1721,1743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="180 - 185" refId="ref28585" refString="Smith GR, Iverson JB, Rettig JE. 2006. Changes in a turtle community from a northern Indiana lake: a long-term study. Journal of Herpetology 40: 180 - 185." type="journal article" year="2006">
Smith 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FBA3B1AC42F3F94C" box="[1106,1157,1721,1743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; Jasinski 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FADDB1AC4329F94C" box="[1324,1375,1721,1743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FCCAB1CE427AF96F" author="Sullivan RM &amp; Jasinski SE &amp; Lucas SG" box="[827,1036,1752,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="337 - 387" refId="ref28881" refString="Sullivan RM, Jasinski SE, Lucas SG. 2013. Re-assessment of Late Campanian (Kirtlandian) turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland and Kirtland formations, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA. In: Brinkman DB, Holroyd PA, Gardner JD, eds. Morphology and eVolution of turtles. Dordrecht: Springer, 337 - 387." type="book chapter" year="2013">
Sullivan 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FC6BB1CE45B8F96F" box="[922,974,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FBE7B1CE4352F96F" author="Anthonysamy WJB &amp; Dreslik MJ &amp; Mauger D &amp; Phillips CA" box="[1046,1316,1752,1774]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="269 - 278" refId="ref22062" refString="Anthonysamy WJB, Dreslik MJ, Mauger D, Phillips CA. 2014. A preliminary assessment of habitat partitioning in a freshwater turtle community at an isolated preserve. Copeia 2014: 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="2014">
Anthonysamy 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB43B1CE4290F96F" box="[1202,1254,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FADEB1CE4519F88E" author="Ferri V &amp; Battisti C &amp; Soccini C &amp; Santoro R" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" pagination="250 - 257" refId="ref23623" refString="Ferri V, Battisti C, Soccini C, Santoro R. 2020. A hotspot of xenodiversity: first evidence of an assemblage of nonnative turtles in a suburban wetland in central Italy. Lakes &amp; ReserVoirs: Research &amp; Management 25: 250 - 257." type="journal article" year="2020">
Ferri 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FA9BB1CE43EBF96F" box="[1386,1437,1752,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
), often with habitat partitioning. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FB28B1E043FDF88E" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1241,1419,1782,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB28B1E043FDF88E" box="[1241,1419,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Chrysemys picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually the most abundant turtle in the suitable habitats within its range (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F136FF86FBD4B0224367F8CB" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[1061,1297,1844,1866]" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). However, it has been noted that when 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF86FBA9B04542DEF8EA" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[1112,1192,1875,1896]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FBA9B04542DEF8EA" box="[1112,1192,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF136FF85FB2FB0444688FF59" authority="Thunberg" authorityName="Thunberg" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="175" order="Testudines" pageId="25" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scripta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF136FF86FB2FB04443D5F8EA" box="[1246,1443,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="174">Trachemys scripta</emphasis>
Thunberg
</taxonomicName>
in Schoepff, 1792 occur in the same localities, 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF60B7F24697FF7B" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[145,225,228,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B7F24697FF7B" box="[145,225,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C. picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in definitively smaller numbers (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FD4AB7F2477EFE9A" author="Bodie JR &amp; Semlitsch RD &amp; Renken RB" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="444 - 456" refId="ref22600" refString="Bodie JR, Semlitsch RD, Renken RB. 2000. Diversity and structure of turtle assemblages: associations with wetland characters across floodplain landscape. Ecography 23: 444 - 456." type="journal article" year="2000">
Bodie 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B61546B1FE95" box="[145,199,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
, 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FEE5B6144456FE9A" author="Lindeman PW &amp; Scott AF" box="[276,544,258,280]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="206 - 208" refId="ref26407" refString="Lindeman PW, Scott AF. 2001. Over three decades of persistence of a small and apparently isolated population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in a Kentucky reservoir. Chelonian ConserVation and Biology 4: 206 - 208." type="journal article" year="2001">Lindeman &amp; Scott, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FDDDB61446BEFEB5" author="Dreslik MJ &amp; Phillips CA" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="149 - 164" refId="ref23358" refString="Dreslik MJ, Phillips CA. 2005. Turtle communities in the Upper Midwest, USA. Journal of Freshaeater Ecology 20: 149 - 164." type="journal article" year="2005">Dreslik &amp; Phillips, 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Dreslik 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEC2B634471BFEB4" box="[307,365,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FE31B63444C6FEB4" author="Jaeger CP &amp; Cobb VA" box="[448,688,289,311]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="59 - 67" refId="ref24889" refString="Jaeger CP, Cobb VA. 2012. Comparative spatial ecologies of female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Chelonian ConserVation and Biology 11: 59 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012">Jaeger &amp; Cobb, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). This also seems to be the case at the GFS, where 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FD70B656448FFED7" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[641,761,320,341]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FD70B656448FFED7" box="[641,761,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens (i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FEB0B64947BBFEF1" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[321,461,350,372]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haugrudi">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEB0B6494724FEF6" box="[321,338,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE90B64847BBFEF1" box="[353,461,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">haugrudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) currently far outnumber 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF60B66B477CFE10" box="[145,266,381,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B66B477CFE10" box="[145,266,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens (i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FE4AB66B4421FE10" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[443,599,381,403]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE4AB66B47BBFE10" box="[443,461,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE28B66B4421FE10" box="[473,599,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Additionally, when 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF22B68A473DFE33" box="[211,331,412,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF22B68A473DFE33" box="[211,331,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FE73B68A478FFE33" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[386,505,412,433]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE73B68A478FFE33" box="[386,505,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur, there appears to be some habitat partitioning between the genera, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF60B6CF477EFE6C" box="[145,264,473,494]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B6CF477EFE6C" box="[145,264,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tending to prefer shallower habitats closer to shore while 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FEE2B6EE47FEFD8F" authorityName=", Jasinski" authorityYear="2018" box="[275,392,504,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEE2B6EE47FEFD8F" box="[275,392,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
select more open water areas (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FF60B5014719FDAE" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[145,367,534,556]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FE88B5014427FDAE" author="Jaeger CP &amp; Cobb VA" box="[377,593,534,556]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="59 - 67" refId="ref24889" refString="Jaeger CP, Cobb VA. 2012. Comparative spatial ecologies of female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Chelonian ConserVation and Biology 11: 59 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012">Jaeger &amp; Cobb, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). It is likely this was also occurring at the GFS and other fossil localities where these taxa co-occurred. Further work is being done on the spatial relationships of fossils at the GFS, and the concentrations of particular taxa in different locations may have additional implications on hypothesizes for habitat partitioning between different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B3688F135FF85FF58B5FB44AEF9DF" blockId="26.[145,762,197,1630]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">
The raised anteromedial portion of the carapace, including the nuchal, is distinct between 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FD11B41A4764FCBD" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FD11B41A4764FCBD" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C. corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FEB8B43D47E8FCC2" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[329,414,811,832]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEB8B43D472DFCC2" box="[329,347,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE97B43D47E8FCC2" box="[358,414,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This, combined with the more extreme morphology of the anterior of the carapace in the former (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF135FF85FEB3B47E47F3FCFF" box="[322,389,872,894]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), are potentially important for sexual display and dimorphism. Although modern 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF60B4B34779FC38" box="[145,271,933,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B4B34779FC38" box="[145,271,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Chrysemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not known to use head movements in courtship (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FECFB4D2444EFC5B" author="Ernst CH &amp; Lovich JE" box="[318,568,964,986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" refId="ref23497" refString="Ernst CH, Lovich JE. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press." type="book" year="2009">Ernst &amp; Lovich, 2009</bibRefCitation>
), this behaviour has been documented in other turtles (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FD78B4F446BFFB94" author="Liu Y-X &amp; Davy CM &amp; Shi H-T &amp; Murphy RW" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="84 - 100" refId="ref26550" refString="Liu Y-X, Davy CM, Shi H-T, Murphy RW. 2013. Sex in the half-shell: a review of the functions and evolution of courtship behavior in freshwater turtles. Chelonian ConserVation and Biology 12: 84 - 100." type="journal article" year="2013">
Liu 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FD49B4F54485FC75" box="[696,755,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Differences in courtship behaviour between 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FD10B3174763FBB7" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FD10B3174485FB94" box="[737,755,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF60B3364763FBB7" box="[145,277,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FEA1B33647DFFBB7" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[336,425,1056,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEA1B3364714FBB7" box="[336,354,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE81B33647DFFBB7" box="[368,425,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would have been one way to avoid interspecific crossbreeding. The more extreme nature of the anterior carapace of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FDEFB34B44B6FBF0" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[542,704,1117,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FDEFB34B4446FBF0" box="[542,560,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FDCFB34B44B6FBF0" box="[574,704,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have also helped the species avoid crossbreeding. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B79F135FF85FF60B38C47DBFB32" author="Moldowan PD &amp; Brooks RJ &amp; Litzgus JD" box="[145,429,1178,1200]" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" pagination="142" refId="ref27136" refString="Moldowan PD, Brooks RJ, Litzgus JD. 2020 b. Sex, shells, and weaponry: coercive reproductive tactics in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. BehaVioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74: 142." type="journal article" year="2020">
Moldowan 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FEE3B38D473BFB2D" box="[274,333,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
(2020b)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed the anteromedial projections of the carapace (weaponized anterior shell) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FF5AB3CE4777FB6F" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1783" box="[171,257,1240,1261]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="picta">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF5AB3CE46CBFB6F" box="[171,189,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FF38B3CE4777FB6F" box="[201,257,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">picta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with older males using coercion for breeding purposes. They mentioned this also changed through ontogeny, although 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FE8DB2034453FAA8" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[380,549,1301,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE8DB20347F8FAA8" box="[380,398,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FE6FB2034453FAA8" box="[414,549,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses nuchal horns regardless of size. It is more likely that these were sexual display or species recognition features rather than as features for coercion in ontogenetically older individuals. This is also more likely as they are present in all individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C344D0BF135FF85FDCCB2B94487FA41" authorityName="Jasinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[573,753,1454,1476]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Chrysemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="26" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="corniculata">
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FDCCB2B94439FA46" box="[573,591,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B940EA9AF135FF85FD93B2B84487FA41" box="[610,753,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">corniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, as the anteromedial projections of the nuchal seem to come in different sizes, it is possible that, while their presence is not dimorphic, their size may indicate sexual dimorphism, with males having larger and more extreme nuchal horns (
<figureCitation id="130F2A0DF135FF85FDA6B15E44BFF9DF" box="[599,713,1608,1630]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[166,245,1491,1513]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1459]" captionTargetId="figure-22@9.[163,1449,195,1462]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. Chrysemys carapace comparisons, focusing on the morphology of the anterior edge. A-D, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov. carapace in dorsal view: A, C. corniculata sp. nov., holotype carapace (ETMNH–12491); B, C. corniculata sp. nov. paratype carapace (ETMNH–20609); C, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-20544); D, C. corniculata sp. nov., paratype carapace (ETMNH-3559), with arrow pointing to nuchal horns that occupy the anteromedial portion of marginal 1. E-I, C. picta anterior carapace morphology: E, female C. picta nuchal (UF 48670) in dorsal view; F, male C. picta nuchal (UF 49963) in dorsal view; G, male C. picta anterior carapace (ETVP 9683) in dorsal view with arrow pointing to the marginals 1 portion of the nuchal where the nuchal horns are present as an inconspicuous anterior projection; H, male C. picta anterior carapace with an arrow pointing to the lighter-coloured anterior projections of marginal 1 that would lie above the nuchal horns; I, female C. picta anterior carapace showing no anterior projections. Scale bars: A-D, 5 cm; E-G, 1 cm; H-I, not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7924789" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7924789/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="175">Fig. 7A–D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>