178 lines
37 KiB
XML
178 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="96E71EE8B48F3A36445BD67DC382AE9B" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.346.2.4" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13708231" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725592233582" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lobban, Christopher S. & Reid, Geraldine" docDate="2018" docId="0393CF4AD723FFFCFF22BE25FC3AF8D1" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.346.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 346 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.346.2.4" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban & Reid 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="172" masterDocId="FFAAB732D720FFFFFFAABD69FFC2FFA8" masterDocTitle="New Arcuatasigma species (Bacillariophyta, Pleurosigmataceae) from Guam and Belize, and the taxonomic identities of Toxonidea challengeriensis and its variety" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="169" pageNumber="172" updateTime="1725603562866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A21735B6AB3C9E7083682030EC426652">
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<mods:title id="60DCDF8E698C8B50EBB5E44EB7624AA1">New Arcuatasigma species (Bacillariophyta, Pleurosigmataceae) from Guam and Belize, and the taxonomic identities of Toxonidea challengeriensis and its variety</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A21FDDDF606D71E40DF1395E789EDD68" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="AED6C282BF9D94E91523405E444BA1A6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9D682EF7D818257B5E5199BACF2AD977">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="78A4032ADA3B96697EC9F0A14CCE0231">Lobban, Christopher S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E3FE6F2FF5E7C4F3C5FADD822F628832">Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4423AFD7D08F734C6FEE4B58E7C94B6A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9D758B3F5217753C04238810E8529CC9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CC5AF6C132B1FDD95873C23127A3A7FD">Reid, Geraldine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E66300769F4E2A0ED2D3C6746C7D92BA">World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, William Brown Street, Liverpool, L 3 8 EN, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FB942F65CAD98FFB2D55235A4D5FB626">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8FE091B3FF0626B8A2E48CBA98A86B8E">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8BE23A13A6DCDFFBB93BB80347311E25">
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<mods:date id="20CBEC2CB82B75688028B64CFEDB0FAD">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="21CF98993AF662DBB38FEEA65BB5ED0A">2018-04-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="22CCD61E31A34C932F426EFE853F4913">346</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="70952600B17F96C394F81DDEC865C4C8">2</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="967B7910E1389A2ED49A03FA1843A6DD">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.346.2.4</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="0735ADD6981524CC691944C48FC5443A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0A9AD4CD2F17C29CC0672EDE5ED8896D" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.346.2.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1EAE8E5CE1007B9DFF80DA0CFE914C81" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B1C9FBE6E21E265F5157EA71233E5E1" type="Zenodo-Dep">13708231</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0393CF4AD723FFFCFF22BE25FC3AF8D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393CF4AD723FFFCFF22BE25FC3AF8D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393CF4AD723FFFCFF22BE25FC3AF8D1" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<subSubSection id="C3202DD7D723FFFCFF22BE25FC9FFBB1" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF22BE25FD28FCCD" blockId="3.[136,746,844,869]" box="[136,746,844,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<heading id="D0CDC930D723FFFCFF22BE25FD28FCCD" box="[136,746,844,869]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A05DFD723FFFCFF22BE25FDD6FCCD" authority="Lobban" authorityName="Lobban & Reid" authorityYear="2018" box="[136,532,844,869]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pleurosigmataceae" genus="Arcuatasigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="arenicolum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF22BE25FE77FCCD" bold="true" box="[136,437,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Arcuatasigma arenicolum</emphasis>
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Lobban
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFD8ABE25FDB7FCCD" box="[544,629,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D1F35D723FFFCFD8ABE25FDB7FCCD" box="[544,629,844,869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFDD1BE25FD28FCCD" box="[635,746,844,869]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 7–18</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF22BEFDFC9FFBB1" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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Cells solitary, length 164–185 μm, width 8–11 μm; two lobed plastids along the valve margin. Transapical striae
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<quantity id="4CC2D3B9D723FFFCFF22BED1FF2FFC79" box="[136,237,952,977]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.239" metricValueMax="7.366" metricValueMin="7.112" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" unit="in" value="28.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="28.0">28–29 in</quantity>
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10 μm, longitudinal striae ca
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<quantity id="4CC2D3B9D723FFFCFDECBED1FD43FC79" box="[582,641,952,977]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" unit="in" value="36.0">36 in</quantity>
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10 μm, parallel to the raphe, no distinction of marginal rows. External areola openings all apically oriented slits, except V-shaped slits commonly joining two areolae. External central pores overlapping, internal central area with a curved bar on each side.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3202DD7D723FFFCFF17B94DFEFFFB01" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17B94DFEFFFB01" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF17B94DFEDCFB95" bold="true" box="[189,286,1060,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Type:—</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B527401D723FFFCFEB7B94DFEFFFB01" collectingDate="2010-12-13" collectionCode="CAS" collectorName="C. S. Lobban & M. Schefter" country="Guam" elevation="15" latitude="13.464" location="Outhouse Beach" longLatPrecision="76" longitude="144.656" municipality="Apra Harbor" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingCountry id="F32D3ECCD723FFFCFEB7B94DFEB4FB95" box="[285,374,1060,1085]" name="Guam" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">GUAM</collectingCountry>
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.
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<location id="8EE52887D723FFFCFE2FB94DFD87FB95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393CF4AD723FFFCFF22BE25FC3AF8D1:8EE52887D723FFFCFE2FB94DFD87FB95" box="[389,581,1060,1085]" country="Guam" latitude="13.464" longLatPrecision="76" longitude="144.656" municipality="Apra Harbor" name="Outhouse Beach" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Outhouse Beach</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BE1E426D723FFFCFDF9B94DFD25FB95" box="[595,743,1060,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Apra Harbor</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0E189BD723FFFCFD5DB94DFCA4FB95" box="[759,870,1060,1085]" degrees="13.464" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" precision="55" value="13.464">13.464 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0E189BD723FFFCFCDCB94DFC2DFB95" box="[886,1007,1060,1085]" degrees="144.656" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" precision="55" value="144.656">144.656 E</geoCoordinate>
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, in a collection of microalgal coating calcareous sand, ca.
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<elevation id="0017996FD723FFFCFEC1B921FE29FBC9" box="[363,491,1096,1121]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="15.0">
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<quantity id="4CC2D3B9D723FFFCFEC1B921FE61FBC9" box="[363,419,1096,1121]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFE5FB921FC16FBC9" box="[501,980,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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||
<collectorName id="26CF1B8AD723FFFCFE5FB921FDBDFBC9" box="[501,639,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">C.S. Lobban</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName id="26CF1B8AD723FFFCFD1FB921FCF4FBC9" box="[693,822,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">M. Schefter</collectorName>
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,
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||
<date id="FF84589CD723FFFCFCEAB921FC16FBC9" box="[832,980,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" value="2010-12-13">
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<collectingDate id="EFC0A174D723FFFCFCEAB921FC16FBC9" box="[832,980,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" value="2010-12-13">13 Dec. 2010</collectingDate>
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</date>
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</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="5481C0FED723FFFCFC4BB921FB8BFBC9" box="[993,1097,1096,1121]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="ED2BE699D723FFFCFBFAB921FB4EFBC9" box="[1104,1164,1096,1121]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="Museum">CAS</collectionCode>
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! frustule located 13.8 mm E and 7.3 mm S of the mark on slide 1696, from sample GU52O-4, slide 1696, accession # 627432, slide # 223050, shown in
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<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFF5FB9F9FEFBFB01" box="[245,313,1168,1193]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3202DD7D723FFFCFF17B9DDFD02FB59" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17B9DDFCC1FB65" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" box="[189,771,1204,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF17B9DDFEA6FB65" bold="true" box="[189,356,1204,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Etymology:—</emphasis>
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Latin,
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFE07B9DDFD93FB65" box="[429,593,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A05DFD723FFFCFE07B9DDFDD8FB65" authorityName="Lobban" authorityYear="2018" box="[429,538,1204,1229]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pleurosigmataceae" genus="Arcuatasigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="arenicola">arenicola</taxonomicName>
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, -um
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</emphasis>
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, sand dwelling.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17B9B1FD02FB59" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" box="[189,704,1240,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF17B9B1FD91FB59" bold="true" box="[189,595,1240,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Additional materials examined:—</emphasis>
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GU52V-4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3202DD7D723FFFCFF17B995FC3AF8D1" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17B995FDDFFA45" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
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<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF17B995FEAFFABD" bold="true" box="[189,365,1276,1301]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Description:—</emphasis>
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This species had sigmoid frustules with spathulate apices both deflected in the same direction (
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<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFF3AB849FEDDFA91" box="[144,287,1312,1337]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 7, 9, 10</figureCitation>
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). Frustules were nearly square in transapical section, because the copulae together were of similar width as the valve, and they tapered similarly toward the poles (
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<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFCBFB82DFCABFAF5" box="[789,873,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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). Thus frustules may lie in valve view, girdle view, or in between, and the appearance of the apices varied accordingly. In valve view the apices were very narrow; the spathulate expansion was apparent only when the apex was in girdle view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFC72B8E5FB9AFA0D" box="[984,1112,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) and it was then compounded by the width of the copulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFE74B8D9FDF7FA61" box="[478,565,1456,1481]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); the striae across it had ca. 8 areolae. The frustule was twisted at one end, characteristic of the genus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFE17B8BDFDD2FA45" box="[445,528,1492,1517]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17B891FE48F909" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Two plate-like plastids lay along the valve faces, which may look ribbon-like in girdle view and there was a small plastid or extension at the apices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFDA9BB75FDAAF99D" box="[515,616,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 7, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Valve finely striated with very little mantle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFBC6BB75FB2AF99D" box="[1132,1256,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Areolae formed transapical and longitudinal striae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFDB0BB29FD34F9F1" box="[538,758,1600,1625]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 11, 13, 14, 17</figureCitation>
|
||
); the external openings of the areolae were apically oriented slits, except for the frequent occurrence of transapically joined pairs of areolae in which the external opening was a V-shaped slit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFE83BBE1FEBFF909" box="[297,381,1672,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B857E5CD723FFFCFF17BBC5FC3AF8D1" blockId="3.[136,1452,916,1913]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
|
||
The axial area was very narrow and there was a tiny elliptical central area (4 μm diam.), that slightly displaced the longitudinal striae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFE3ABBB9FE27F941" box="[400,485,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). The external central raphe fissures are ended in small, overlapping pores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFAE3BBB9FA5FF941" box="[1353,1437,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
); the terminal fissures were hooked (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFDBDBB9DFDA9F8A5" box="[535,619,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Internally, the raphe slit ran along the side of a rib (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFB61BB9DFADDF8A5" box="[1227,1311,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), the central nodule was flanked by central bars of silica (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFDD0BA71FD0EF899" box="[634,716,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the termini ended in a helictoglossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFB00BA71FB3EF899" box="[1194,1276,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cingulum was plain, broad in the middle of the cell, becoming first very narrow and then broader toward the apices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130162D9D723FFFCFAB4BA55FA5CF8FD" box="[1310,1438,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–18" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1645,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1619]" captionTargetId="figure-14@4.[151,1436,192,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 7–18. Arcuatasigma arenicolum Lobban, sp. nov. Figs 7–12 DIC, Figs 14–18 SEM. Figs 7, 8. Live cell in valve and girdle view, showing plastids. Fig. 9. Holotype. Fig. 10. Another cell; arrowhead indicates position of twist in the frustule. Fig. 11. Detail of central part of cell in valve view. Fig. 12. Detail of apex in girdle view. Fig. 13. Portion of frustule showing exterior and interior of valve and the non-rotated apex. Fig. 14. Detail of central area showing overlapping raphe pores. Fig. 15. Detail of valve surface showing smooth surface and V-shaped openings of paired areolae (arrows). Fig.16.Apex of frustule. Fig. 17. Detail of internal central area. Fig. 18. Internal aspect of apex showing helictoglossa. Scale bars: 10 μm (Figs 7–13), 2 μm (Figs 16–18), 500 nm (Figs 14, 15)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13708235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13708235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A05DFD723FFFCFF22BA09FE68F8D1" authorityName="Lobban & Reid" authorityYear="2018" box="[136,426,1888,1913]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pleurosigmataceae" genus="Arcuatasigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="arenicolum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFF22BA09FE68F8D1" box="[136,426,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Arcuatasigma arenicolum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more common in the sample than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A05DFD723FFFCFCCABA09FC33F8D1" authorityName="Lobban & Reid" authorityYear="2018" box="[864,1009,1888,1913]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Pleurosigmataceae" genus="Arcuatasigma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="marginale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EA24ED723FFFCFCCABA09FC33F8D1" box="[864,1009,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">A. marginale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |