293 lines
67 KiB
XML
293 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4331935" ID-GBIF-Taxon="166139829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4331935" ID-ZooBank="670E7C5B-7889-478D-AD7B-0FCBE1AECDD8" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_matCits="1" checkinTime="1596905913637" checkinUser="torsten" docAuthor="Dikow, Torsten & Bayless, Keith M." docDate="2009" docId="0383F52FFF90AD7E4102FB5DFD964DAC" docLanguage="en" docName="dikow_bayless_2009_colour.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics & Evolution 40" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Schildia Aldrich 1923" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="261" masterDocId="FFBA8D57FF95AD77417BFFB5FFBD4C2C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species" masterLastPageNumber="289" masterPageNumber="253" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" updateTime="1643568320926" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dikow, Torsten</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">F8869067-4618-4CCE-960C-E8A107F162FB</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4816-2909</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bayless, Keith M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Insect Systematics & Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-01-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>40</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>253</mods:start>
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<mods:end>289</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1163/187631209X458358</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3975246</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">670E7C5B-7889-478D-AD7B-0FCBE1AECDD8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4331935" ID-GBIF-Taxon="166139829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4331935" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0383F52FFF90AD7E4102FB5DFD964DAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0383F52FFF90AD7E4102FB5DFD964DAC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<subSubSection box="[121,421,1256,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[121,421,1222,1283]" box="[121,421,1256,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[121,421,1256,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<taxonomicName authority="Aldrich, 1923" authorityName="Aldrich" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1923" box="[121,391,1256,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Schildia
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<treatmentCitation author="Aldrich" box="[226,421,1257,1283]" page="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation author="Aldrich, J. M." box="[226,421,1257,1283]" firstAuthor="Aldrich" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 6" part="62" refId="ref20612" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1923) New genera of two-winged flies of the subfamily Leptogastrinae of the family Asilidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 62: 1 - 6." title="New genera of two-winged flies of the subfamily Leptogastrinae of the family Asilidae" type="journal article" year="1923">Aldrich, 1923: 4</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[121,932,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[121,1089,1309,1543]" box="[121,932,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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Type species
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<taxonomicName authority="Aldrich, 1923" authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[267,660,1309,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microthorax">
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Schildia microthorax
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<bibRefCitation author="Aldrich, J. M." box="[500,660,1309,1335]" firstAuthor="Aldrich" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 6" part="62" refId="ref20612" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1923) New genera of two-winged flies of the subfamily Leptogastrinae of the family Asilidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 62: 1 - 6." title="New genera of two-winged flies of the subfamily Leptogastrinae of the family Asilidae" type="journal article" year="1923">Aldrich, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="258" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[121,1089,1309,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hull" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[121,316,1343,1369]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Shannomyioleptus">Shannomyioleptus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<treatmentCitation author="Carrera" box="[332,542,1343,1370]" page="86" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1944">
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, M." box="[332,542,1343,1370]" firstAuthor="Carrera" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="85 - 94" part="4" refId="ref20776" refString="Carrera, M. (1944) Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 4: 85 - 94." title="Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie" type="journal article" year="1944">Carrera, 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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). Type species
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<taxonomicName authority="Carrera, 1944" authorityName="Carrera" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Shannomyioleptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
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Shannomyioleptus fragilis
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, M." firstAuthor="Carrera" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="85 - 94" part="4" refId="ref20776" refString="Carrera, M. (1944) Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 4: 85 - 94." title="Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie" type="journal article" year="1944">Carrera, 1944</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[121,1089,1309,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[121,209,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<treatmentCitation author="Carrera" box="[226,430,1413,1439]" page="86" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1944">
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, M." box="[226,430,1413,1439]" firstAuthor="Carrera" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="85 - 94" part="4" refId="ref20776" refString="Carrera, M. (1944) Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 4: 85 - 94." title="Chave sinoptica de subfamilia Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae), com a descriao de um novo genero e uma nova especie" type="journal article" year="1944">Carrera 1944: 86</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Carrera" box="[444,659,1413,1440]" page="108" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1950">
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, M." box="[444,659,1413,1440]" firstAuthor="Carrera" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="99 - 111" part="10" refId="ref20816" refString="Carrera, M. (1950) Synoptical keys for the genera of Brazilian " Asilidae " (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 10: 99 - 111." title="Synoptical keys for the genera of Brazilian " Asilidae " (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1950">Carrera 1950: 108</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Hull" box="[674,858,1413,1439]" page="313" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation author="Hull, F. M." box="[674,858,1413,1439]" firstAuthor="Hull" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 907" part="224" refId="ref21373" refString="Hull, F. M. (1962) Robber flies of the world. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224: 1 - 907." title="Robber flies of the world" type="journal article" year="1962">Hull 1962: 313</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Martin" box="[872,1084,1413,1440]" page="110" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1965">
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<bibRefCitation author="Martin, C. H." box="[872,1084,1413,1440]" firstAuthor="Martin" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="110 - 134" part="38" refId="ref21512" refString="Martin, C. H. (1965) Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, a new species, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 38: 110 - 134." title="Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, a new species, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1965">Martin 1965: 110</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Martin" box="[169,357,1447,1474]" page="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1968">
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<bibRefCitation author="Martin, C. H." box="[169,357,1447,1474]" firstAuthor="Martin" journalOrPublisher="Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref21596" refString="Martin, C. H. (1968 b) A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. 35 a. Family Leptogastridae. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo: pp. 1 - 11." title="A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. 35 a. Family Leptogastridae" type="book chapter" year="1968" yearSuffix="b">Martin 1968b: 5</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Martin" box="[369,573,1447,1474]" page="189" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1975">
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<bibRefCitation author="Martin, C. H." box="[369,573,1447,1474]" firstAuthor="Martin" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="189 - 193" part="77" refId="ref21707" refString="Martin, C. H. (1975) Review of the genus Schildia Aldrich (Diptera: Leptogastridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 77: 189 - 193." title="Review of the genus Schildia Aldrich (Diptera: Leptogastridae)" type="journal article" year="1975">Martin 1975: 189</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Artigas & Papavero" box="[583,908,1447,1474]" page="98" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1988">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Artigas, J. N. & Papavero, N." box="[583,908,1447,1474]" firstAuthor="Artigas" journalOrPublisher="Gayana Zoology" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="95 - 114" part="52" refId="ref20648" refString="Artigas, J. N. & Papavero, N. (1988) The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. I. Key to the subfamilies and subfamily Leptogastrinae Schiner. Gayana Zoology 52: 95 - 114." title="The American genera of Asilidae (Diptera): keys for identification with an atlas of female spermathecae and other morphological details. I. Key to the subfamilies and subfamily Leptogastrinae Schiner" type="journal article" year="1988">Artigas & Papavero 1988: 98</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 102;
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<treatmentCitation author="Nagatomi" page="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nagatomi, A. & Ohishi, H. & Yang, D." bookContentInfo="111 pp." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nagatomi" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refId="ref21994" refString="Nagatomi, A., Ohishi, H. & Yang, D. (2002) Review of the Genera of Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae) through the Literature. Kagoshima University Museum Monographs 1. Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 111 pp." title="Review of the Genera of Leptogastrinae (Diptera: Asilidae) through the Literature" type="book" volumeTitle="Kagoshima University Museum Monographs 1" year="2002">Nagatomi et al. 2002: 38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, E. M." box="[348,447,1482,1508]" editor="Brown, B. V. & Borkent, A. & Cumming, J. & Woodley, N. & Wood, D. M. & Zumbado, M." firstAuthor="Fisher" journalOrPublisher="NRC Press, Ottawa, ON" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" refId="ref21304" refString="Fisher, E. M. (in press) Chapter 45. Asilidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J., Woodley, N., Wood, D. M. & Zumbado, M. (Eds) Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1. NRC Press, Ottawa, ON." title="Chapter 45. Asilidae" type="book" volumeTitle="Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1" year="in">Fisher in</bibRefCitation>
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press).
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="5.[121,1089,1309,1543]" box="[121,740,1517,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[121,740,1517,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[121,209,1517,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<treatmentCitation author="Hull" box="[327,737,1517,1543]" page="314" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" year="1962">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Hull, 1962: 314)" baseAuthorityName="Hull" baseAuthorityPageNumber="314" baseAuthorityYear="1962" box="[327,737,1517,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Shannomyioleptus">
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Shannomyioleptus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hull, F. M." box="[538,727,1517,1543]" firstAuthor="Hull" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" pagination="1 - 907" part="224" refId="ref21373" refString="Hull, F. M. (1962) Robber flies of the world. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224: 1 - 907." title="Robber flies of the world" type="journal article" year="1962">Hull, 1962: 314</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[121,1089,1569,1699]" lastBlockId="7.[121,1089,147,1665]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">
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Diagnosis.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[245,333,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1862" box="[679,845,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="258" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptogastrinae">Leptogastrinae</taxonomicName>
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genera by the long, regularly spaced trichoid spicules on dorsal and ventral sides of at least veins R and M (
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||
<figureCitation box="[129,201,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figs 2–4" captionStartId="2.[121,159,672,694]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,146,640]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[165,1044,146,640]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 2–4. SEM micrographs of wing of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica) with veins labeled. (2) Distal tip of wing; (3) detail of trichoid spicules; (4) posterior margin of wing. Scale bars = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983035/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), the asymmetrical tarsal claws wherein the median claw is shorter than the lateral claw (
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<figureCitation box="[264,333,1673,1699]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="258">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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), stipites with two long setae posteriorly, long posteriorly oriented presutural, and sometimes postsutural, dorsocentral setae on the scutum, the medially fused male epandrium (in most species) (
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<figureCitation box="[600,686,182,208]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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), the absence of a surstylus on the male epandrium (
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<figureCitation box="[321,403,217,243]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
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, but see below), and the very elongate, slender abdomen and gracile appearance (
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<figureCitation box="[341,457,251,278]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Figs 9, 12</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection pageId="6" pageNumber="259" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" startId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" subCaptionStartIDs="6.[1036,1089,1501,1523]" subCaptionStarts="figure i" targetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[121,1089,1442,1553]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259">
|
||
Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[656,728,1443,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (9) †
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dikow & Bayless, 2009" authorityName="Dikow & Bayless" authorityYear="2009" box="[787,936,1443,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini" status="sp.n.">Schildia martini</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[942,987,1443,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dikow & Bayless, 2009" authorityName="Dikow & Bayless" authorityYear="2009" box="[331,479,1472,1494]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martini" status="sp.n.">Schildia martini</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[486,531,1472,1493]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dikow & Bayless, 2009" authorityName="Dikow & Bayless" authorityYear="2009" box="[863,993,1472,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adina" status="sp.n.">Schildia adina</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1000,1045,1472,1493]" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12)
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Carrera" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[525,661,1501,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="259" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">Schildia fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM, Peru). Scale bars = 1 mm. This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="260" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[121,1089,147,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Remarks. The genus was named in honor of Pablo Schild, who collected the type specimens of the genus in Costa Rica, and is here treated feminine in gender.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="7" pageNumber="260" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[121,1089,147,1665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">
|
||
Redescription. Head: Brown or black; face silver or grey pruinose, sometimes apruinose in dorsal half; face either narrower or wider than adjacent ommatidium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[923,989,390,417]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
); mystax always light colored from light yellow to light brown, either 2 or 4 setae, if 4 setae median pair shorter than outer; facial swelling indistinct, not discernible in lateral view; vertex either narrower or wider than face at clypeal–facial margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[858,925,494,520]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), silver or grey pruinose; occipital triangle apruinose, distance between triangle and median eye margin either less or more than adjacent ommatidium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[683,754,563,589]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); occiput generally pruinose, sometimes ventral half apruinose; postocular setae always present, often very long and oriented anteriorly; proboscis brown; stipites with 2 long setae posteriorly; Antennae: scape and pedicel generally light yellow, with setae dorsally and ventrally; postpedicel broadest medio-distally, dorsal margin straight and ventral margin concave (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[952,1017,702,729]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), light yellow to brown, silver pruinose, between 1.5–2.0 times as long as combined length of scape and pedicel; stylus brown, 1/6 of postpedicel to as long as postpedicel, composed of either 1 or 2 elements, inserted on dorso-distal margin (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[767,834,806,833]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[121,1089,147,1665]" lastBlockId="8.[121,1089,147,1665]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">
|
||
Thorax: Predominantly brown, generally silver or brown pruinose, apruinose areas sometimes present; mesothorax antero-medially somewhat cone-like and projecting anteriorly over median postpronotal lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[646,737,910,936]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); prosternum separated from proepisternum; antepronotum, postpronotum and median postpronotal lobes either apruinose or silver pruinose; lateral postpronotal lobes always apruinose, generally lighter colored than scutum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[454,538,1014,1040]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); scutum brown or yellow, predominantly apruinose, only lateral and posterior margins pruinose to varying extent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[910,996,1049,1075]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); presutural dc setae: between 2–5 posteriorly oriented pairs of varying length, postsutural dc setae: generally only short anteriorly oriented setae, sometimes long posteriorly oriented setae, sometimes setae absent, 2–6 acr setae anteriorly, 1 npl and 1 spa seta, pal seta absent; pleurae yellow or brown, generally pruinose, sometimes with apruinose areas on anepisternum, katepisternum, or meron+metanepisternum, few yellow anepisternal setae on anterior and dorsal margins; scutellum usually brown, silver pruinose, apical scutellar setae generally very short, sometimes longer; postmetacoxal bridge present, visible suture medially; Legs: light yellow to light brown (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[987,1074,1326,1352]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); coxae either light yellow or brown, pruinose; trochanter light yellow with ventral sides sometimes brown; pro and mes femora light yellow with either 1 or 2 transverse brown bands, met femur light yellow proximally, light brown to brown in remaining part, clubbed in distal 2/5 to 1/2, club always brown with yellow transverse band at proximal margin of club (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[356,473,1500,1526]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="260">Figs 9–12</figureCitation>
|
||
), scattered brown macrosetae on pro and mes femora, met femur with distinct rows of brown macrosetae; pro and mes tibiae light yellow with either 1 or 2 light brown transverse bands, met tibia brown with or without median yellow transverse band of different width, from 1–3 times as wide as width of tibia, all tibiae with yellow to light brown erect macrosetae in rows, pro and mes tibiae with 2–3 long apical macrosetae, met tibia with 1–5 median and 1–2 apical macrosetae; tarsus light yellow to light brown, proximal tarsomere always longer than 2 following tarsomeres combined (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[507,574,217,243]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), short and long macrosetae on all tarsomeres; pro and mes empodia generally minute sometimes 1/3 as long as median claw, met empodium from minute to more than half as long as median claw; median claw always shorter than lateral claw, 1/2–3/4 of lateral claw (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[685,784,321,347]" captionStart="Figs 5–8" captionStartId="3.[121,161,1569,1591]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[165,1044,901,1538]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 5–8. SEM micrographs of head and metathoracic tarsus of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica). (5) Head, anterior view; (6) head, dorsal view; (7) tarsus, lateral view; (8) detail of claws, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983037/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 7, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
); Wings (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[897,983,321,347]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[997,1075,321,348]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">35, 36</figureCitation>
|
||
): length = 3.4–5.2 mm, sometimes 5.3–7.8 mm; hyaline, generally few microtrichia scattered on wing, sometimes microtrichia densely arranged throughout, at least R and M veins with conspicuous, regularly spaced, and curved trichoid spicules that can be very short to long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[356,430,459,486]" captionStart="Figs 2–4" captionStartId="2.[121,159,672,694]" captionTargetBox="[165,1044,146,640]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[165,1044,146,640]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 2–4. SEM micrographs of wing of Schildia microthorax (EMF, Costa Rica) with veins labeled. (2) Distal tip of wing; (3) detail of trichoid spicules; (4) posterior margin of wing. Scale bars = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983035/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), predominantly symmetrical dorsally and ventrally but sometimes asymmetrical, usually 12–26 on M1 between r-m and diversion of M1 and M2, two species 40–50; cell d generally small and terminating in M2 and M3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[998,1084,529,555]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[121,153,563,589]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">36</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes large and terminating in M1 and M2, only M2, or M1, M2 and M3 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[168,200,598,625]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">35</figureCitation>
|
||
), r-m generally situated proximal to separation of M3 and CuA1, sometimes distal to separation; R1 generally reaching C proximal to R5 and M1 joining C (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[992,1074,633,660]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes distal to R5 and M1 joining C (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[605,690,667,693]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
), R2+3 generally straight proximally and smoothly arching posteriad distally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[593,678,702,728]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes sinuous and posteriormost point at mid-length (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[421,504,737,764]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
); all marginal wing cells broadly open (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[945,1074,737,764]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 35, 36</figureCitation>
|
||
); pterostigma absent; alula absent; halter long, light yellow, knob dark brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,1089,147,1665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">
|
||
Abdomen:Predominantly brown;T2 length = 1.0–4.0 mm, one species 4.9– 5.1 mm, T2 generally with yellow transverse band medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[693,774,841,867]" captionStart="Figs 9–12" captionStartId="6.[121,161,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[164,1046,146,1401]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1046,146,1411]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 9–12. Photographs of extinct and extant species of Schildia. (9) †Schildia martini sp.n. (holotype, AMNH Luzzi); (10) †Schildia martini sp.n. (paratype, AMNH DR-V-7); (11) Schildia adina sp.n. preserved in Malagasy copal (Coll. Stuke). (12) Schildia fragilis (USNM, Peru).Scale bars = 1 mm.This figure is published in colour in the online edition that can be accessed via http://www.brill.nl/ise" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983039/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes yellow areas on anterior or posterior margins of T3–6, T2–3 with short, erect, evenly spaced macrosetae, remaining T with irregularly spaced and longer macrosetae; T7–8 generally with lateral sensory areas of unknown function that are best seen after maceration (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[992,1075,945,971]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
), absent in 2 species; Male terminalia: epandrium usually a single sclerite, fused medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[128,306,1014,1040]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 17, 20, 23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[320,397,1014,1040]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">29, 32</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes separated medially and joining proximally (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 14</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[166,198,1049,1075]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">26</figureCitation>
|
||
), always with finger-like distal projection of varying length and shape, surstyli absent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[208,288,1083,1110]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) (in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Carrera" baseAuthorityYear="1944" box="[344,444,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">S. fragilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
an indentation at the base of the finger-like distal projection of the epandrium might suggest that this projection is the surstylus which is secondarily fused to the epandrium); hypandrium and gonocoxites always fused, but sometimes with visible sutures (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[478,560,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), or forming a gonocoxite-hypandrial complex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[128,257,1222,1248]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 13, 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[268,386,1222,1249]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">25, 28, 31</figureCitation>
|
||
); lateral processes of gonostyli present (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[825,1041,1222,1248]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 13, 16, 19, 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">25, 28, 31</figureCitation>
|
||
); gonostyli situated apically on gonocoxite or gonocoxite-hypandrial complex; Aedeagus: sometimes long and protruding from hypopygium (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[825,910,1292,1318]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[923,1000,1291,1318]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">25, 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes short (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[258,428,1326,1352]" captionStart="Figs 13–24" captionStartId="11.[121,159,1536,1558]" captionTargetBox="[166,1042,347,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1043,347,1505]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 13–24. Male terminalia of Schildia species with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views. (13–15) S. adina sp.n.: 13, lateral; 14, dorsal; 15, ventral. (16–18) S. gracillima: 16, lateral; 17, dorsal; 18, ventral. (19–21) S. guatemalae: 19, lateral; 20, dorsal; 21, ventral. (22–24) S. jamaicensis: 22, lateral; 23, dorsal; 24, ventral. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983041" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983041/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Figs 16, 19, 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[439,470,1326,1352]" captionStart="Figs 25–36" captionStartId="17.[121,159,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox="[170,1039,146,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[170,1040,146,1379]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 25–36. Male terminalia with gonostyli (dark grey) and lateral processes of gonostyli (light grey) shaded in lateral views, abdominal T8, and wings of Schildia species. (25–27) Male terminalia of S. malaya sp.n.: 25, lateral; 26, dorsal; 27, ventral. (28–30) Male terminalia of S. microthorax. 28, lateral; 29, dorsal; 30, ventral. (31–33) Male terminalia and T8 of S. fragilis: 31, lateral; 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, T8 dorsal. (35–36) Wings: 35, S. malaya sp.n.; 36, S. microthorax. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983043" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983043/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">31</figureCitation>
|
||
); Female Genitalia:ovipositor unspecialized, composed of segments 8 and following; S8 invaginated medio-distally; furca triangular, with two sclerotized processes laterally; bursa copulatrix short, tube-shaped, widest medially; 3 spermathecae of same size generally occupying only segment 8, in one species reaching into segment 7, individual spermathecal ducts generally long, coiled, in one species more or less straight; spermathecal reservoirs generally as wide as individual spermathecal ducts, unsclerotized, in one species clearly sclerotized and wider than ducts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="8" pageNumber="261" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[121,1089,147,1665]" lastBlockId="9.[121,1089,147,384]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">
|
||
Distribution. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[418,506,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from the Afrotropical, Neotropical, and Oriental regions. The center of diversity is found in the Neotropical region with seven species (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[216,285,1638,1664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[121,152,1612,1634]" captionTargetBox="[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Map of the world with extant and extinct distribution of Schildia indicated with solid circles. Note the restricted Old World distribution in Madagascar and Malaysia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983033/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="261">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
): from Guatemala in the north to south-eastern Brazil in the south; Jamaica is the only Caribbean island that is currently inhabited whereas one extinct species is preserved in Dominican amber and occurred on Hispaniola during the Tertiary: Miocene (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[338,408,217,243]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[121,152,1612,1634]" captionTargetBox="[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Map of the world with extant and extinct distribution of Schildia indicated with solid circles. Note the restricted Old World distribution in Madagascar and Malaysia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983033/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="262">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, 37). Within the Afrotropical region
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1923" box="[833,921,217,243]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Schildia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schildia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from a single species found on Madagascar (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[645,713,251,278]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[121,152,1612,1634]" captionTargetBox="[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Map of the world with extant and extinct distribution of Schildia indicated with solid circles. Note the restricted Old World distribution in Madagascar and Malaysia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983033/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and has not been recorded on mainland Africa although the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1862" box="[458,624,286,312]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptogastrinae">Leptogastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna has been extensively studied by the senior author (unpublished data). Within the Oriental region a single species is recorded from the Malaysian peninsula (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[472,538,358,384]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[121,152,1612,1634]" captionTargetBox="[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[161,1048,1313,1580]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Map of the world with extant and extinct distribution of Schildia indicated with solid circles. Note the restricted Old World distribution in Madagascar and Malaysia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3983033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3983033/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |