268 lines
32 KiB
XML
268 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="A287C3C5316B5F7C7B4ADF19FE7E7D52" ID-CLB-Dataset="8706" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9d1bef06-2a83-41f9-82b0-d377d375d29b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4455988" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1611264108517" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="SWANEPOEL, WESSEL, CHASE, MARK W., CHRISTENHUSZ, MAARTEN J. M., MAURIN, OLIVIER, FOREST, FÉLIX & VAN WYK, ABRAHAM E." docDate="2020" docId="038187C0FF9D1720FF783D59FE34F7D1" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytotaxa.439.3.171-185.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 439 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Tiganophytaceae Swanepoel, F. Forest & A.E. van Wyk, fam. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="177" masterDocId="FFB8FFB8FF9B1726FFF03F6FFFD6FFC2" masterDocTitle="From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="171" pageNumber="177" updateTime="1698860515325" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E5B0027F7A2CDFCD949B729620A8E514">From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C50639B5D44B1BF0743E13816518BFC1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="67ACCDB1E64C361E62D973F5731A968E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8EB8810F67AD18CA6D9AC77D8EB4103A">SWANEPOEL, WESSEL</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="36C693569BC7FEABE7A783256E37E293" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0181-3543</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A6C5C0D83C2C0B1FB1232CAD471850E">Independent Researcher, P. O. Box 21168, Windhoek, Namibia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D85C3E80F5E93E7A715FBDCCD92F7C6" type="email">wessel@kaokosafari.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="466D69F225B6CC880E755E6DE762187D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2231F273EB8584C2ECC73C388E906C7B">CHASE, MARK W.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4C19E0DF40B80BA26737CCF2C00AD3AB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D6567E01CC657784B9C9253414CCCB3C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DD9900F17B906532B69166EEEF9D0814">CHRISTENHUSZ, MAARTEN J. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="95B29231BAE599C8EB21D39FAD47C0EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6EDFC260CF11B4FC703642888FAFC3E9">MAURIN, OLIVIER</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C302A27222AA8FB31042D5854AC1C35">FOREST, FÉLIX</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AF89EA0FF0730DEFFB3D599791DD0E03">VAN WYK, ABRAHAM E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BF15CA39AE20A630CD48EA5B161DD335">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="44278F4C76130885714839BF6BCFDC39">
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<mods:title id="6083394B7CCCFC52F882C289F36CF625">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="742946B3A5D11790C6A38E3C4F283B23">
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<mods:date id="6B74A2AE18873FDFCF508E2325E5D677">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EB1B447B4E3BDD2B333C5AA0AEDED125">2020-04-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="17690D5BEA3B53A0B6C128798BE12EBD">439</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BF0CE96D6F2CC14BBD3D4AAE4F6CD396" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="3380C6A821C13FDA4D09F29B78885C34">3</mods:number>
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<mods:location id="D6D74B4AD13D00F2B22159A9BE119721">
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<mods:url id="4EAAB30A1AB8085747DF5622D252E271">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C427F049D7D25F51814C343E96BD291E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A4F2EC4FDAA6CD880CA3893C13F7D9E6" type="CLB-Dataset">8706</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="890D994AAF3B4205C9C4368FA5E62747" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="29BB8EFF5D095694A352C6857D8EA4A0" type="GBIF-Dataset">9d1bef06-2a83-41f9-82b0-d377d375d29b</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038187C0FF9D1720FF783D59FE34F7D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4455990" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177016852" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4455990" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038187C0FF9D1720FF783D59FE34F7D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187C0FF9D1720FF783D59FE34F7D1" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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<subSubSection id="C332655DFF9D1720FF783D59FCB2FD8D" box="[136,868,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9736D6FF9D1720FF783D59FCB2FD8D" blockId="6.[136,868,566,591]" box="[136,868,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF783D59FD21FD8D" ID-CoL="H9C" ID-ENA="2729600" authority="Swanepoel, F. Forest & A.E. van Wyk" authorityName="Swanepoel, F. Forest & A.E. van Wyk" box="[136,759,566,591]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tiganophytaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FF783D59FE85FD8D" bold="true" box="[136,339,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Tiganophytaceae</emphasis>
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Swanepoel, F.Forest & A.E.vanWyk,
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FD0E3D59FCB2FD8D" box="[766,868,566,591]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26F57BFFF9D1720FD0E3D59FCB2FD8D" box="[766,868,566,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">fam. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332655DFF9D1720FF783DEFFD1FFD57" box="[136,713,640,661]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8B9736D6FF9D1720FF783DEFFD1FFD57" blockId="6.[136,713,640,661]" box="[136,713,640,661]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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<typeStatus id="54938874FF9D1720FF783DEFFF6CFD57" box="[136,186,640,661]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Type</typeStatus>
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:––
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF263DEFFD1FFD57" ID-CoL="7WV3" authority="Swanepoel, F. Forest & A. E. van Wyk." box="[214,713,640,661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tiganophytaceae" genus="Tiganophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FF263DEFFE8CFD57" box="[214,346,640,661]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Tiganophyton</emphasis>
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Swanepoel, F.Forest & A.E.van Wyk.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332655DFF9D1720FF783DA9FEF5FC3D" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9736D6FF9D1720FF783DA9FEF5FC3D" blockId="6.[136,1452,710,2067]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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A member of
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FED73DA9FE7EFD1D" box="[295,424,710,735]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Brassicales</taxonomicName>
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, our new family is most closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FC603DA9FC23FD1D" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[912,1013,710,735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FBDE3DA9FB06FD1D" box="[1070,1232,710,735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
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and more distantly to
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF583D85FEB4FCC1" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1895" box="[168,354,746,771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Koeberliniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Koeberliniaceae</taxonomicName>
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. It is morphologically distinct from these and all other known families of the order and easily distinguished by, amongst others, the following combination of characters (for a more comprehensive comparison, see
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<tableCitation id="C6AA036DFF9D1720FF783C5DFF0CFC89" box="[136,218,818,843]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,224,629,652]" captionTargetBox="[144,1446,761,1939]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected features of the newly proposed Tiganophytaceae compared with the most closely related families as suggested by molecular evidence. Information for the other families extracted mainly from Stevens (2001 onwards), Bayer & Appel (2003), Kubitzki (2003a, b), Takhtajan (2009), Christenhusz et al. (2017), and Mabberley (2017)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF57665EFF981725FF783D1AFB2FFD16" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" tableUuid="DF57665EFF981725FF783D1AFB2FFD16">Table 1</tableCitation>
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): dwarf shrub with stems distinctly differentiated into long and short shoots; leaves minute, dimorphic, spirally arranged; glucosinolates present; flowers bisexual, laterally flattened, borne singly in bract axils on short shoots only; calyx, corolla and androecium tetramerous; sepals fused; petals free, not clawed; staminal disc (receptacle?) present; nectary glands absent; ovary deeply bilobed, apparently bilocular; gynophore present, bent in near S-shape; ovary horizontally orientated or occasionally inverted; style gynobasic; ovules two per locule; fruit a dry, persistent, oneseeded nutlet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332655DFF9D1720FF4D3B65FE34F7D1" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B9736D6FF9D1720FF4D3B65FF01FA11" blockId="6.[136,1452,710,2067]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF4D3B65FEADFBE1" box="[189,379,1034,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tiganophytaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tiganophytaceae</taxonomicName>
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differ from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FDE53B65FDABFBE1" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[533,637,1034,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FD7D3B65FCF9FBE1" box="[653,815,1034,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FC803B65FBF0FBE1" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1895" box="[880,1062,1034,1059]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Koeberliniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Koeberliniaceae</taxonomicName>
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by the distinct differentiation of vegetative axes into long and short shoots (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FD753B41FD72FB85" box="[645,676,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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mainly long shoots), dimorphic foliage leaves (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FB253B41FB25FB85" box="[1237,1267,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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monomorphic), fruit a nutlet (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FED93B3DFE91FBA9" box="[297,327,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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berry or drupe), ovary bilobed and horizontally orientated or inverted (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FB8D3B3DFB4AFBA9" box="[1149,1180,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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not lobed and upright), and gynobasic style (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FE883B19FE40FB4D" box="[376,406,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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apical). It furthermore is easily distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FC2F3B19FB92FB4D" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[991,1092,1142,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
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by spirally arranged leaves (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FA7D3B19FA7DFB4D" box="[1421,1451,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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decussate), hermaphroditic plants (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FDE73BF5FDE3FB71" box="[535,565,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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monoecious or dioecious), no stipules (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FBF23BF5FBF7FB71" box="[1026,1057,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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present, early deciduous), solitary flowers in bract axils (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FE753BD1FE75FB15" box="[389,419,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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in cone-like spikes), sessile petals (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FCC73BD1FC83FB15" box="[823,853,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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long clawed in males; absent in females), gynophore present (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FF1C3B8DFED5FB39" box="[236,259,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs</emphasis>
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. absent), and two ovules per locule (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FD473B8DFD03FB39" box="[695,725,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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one); from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FC943B8DFBD0FB39" box="[868,1030,1250,1275]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
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it differs also by having no stipules (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FF613A69FF66FADD" box="[145,176,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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present), spirally arranged leaves (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FDB13A69FDB6FADD" box="[577,608,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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opposite), solitary flowers in bract axils (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FBCF3A69FB88FADD" box="[1087,1118,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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racemes, panicles or axillary fascicles), free petals (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FE773A45FE70FA81" box="[391,422,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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basally fused), no nectar glands (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FCD53A45FC92FA81" box="[805,836,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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often present), and well-developed and near S-shaped gynophore (
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<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FEE23A21FEE6FAA5" box="[274,304,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
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absent or short and straight); from
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FD373A21FCABFAA5" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1895" box="[711,893,1358,1383]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Koeberliniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Koeberliniaceae</taxonomicName>
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it differs also by the lack of thorns (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FAD33A21FA94FAA5" box="[1315,1346,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
present), solitary flowers in bract axils (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FE043A1DFDC4FA49" box="[500,530,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
axillary umbel-like racemes), fused sepals (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FBEA3A1DFBEEFA49" box="[1050,1080,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
free), sessile petals (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FAC43A1DFA85FA49" box="[1332,1363,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
shortly clawed), four stamens (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FE663AF9FE62FA6D" box="[406,436,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
eight, rarely ten), no separate nectar glands (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FC303AF9FC08FA6D" box="[960,990,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
present), and two ovules per locule (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FA7D3AF9FA7DFA6D" box="[1421,1451,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
many).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736D6FF9D1720FF4D3AB1FE34F7D1" blockId="6.[136,1452,710,2067]" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">
|
||
As families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FEB63AB1FDD1FA35" box="[326,519,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tiganophytaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tiganophytaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FDFF3AB1FDA2FA35" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[527,628,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FD553AB1FC8DFA35" authorityName="Engler" authorityYear="1895" box="[677,859,1502,1527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Koeberliniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Koeberliniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically distinct.However, our molecular evidence indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FE78396DFE3BF9D9" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[392,493,1538,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nested in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FD70396DFCF4F9D9" box="[640,802,1538,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FC92396DFBDFF9D9" author="Sun, M. & Naaem, R. & Su, J. X. & Cao, Z. Y. & Burleigh, J. G. & Soltis, P. S. & Soltis, D. E. & Chen, Z. D." box="[866,1033,1538,1563]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sun" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematics and Evolution" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" pagination="363 - 391" part="54" refId="ref9727" refString="Sun, M., Naaem, R., Su, J. X., Cao, Z. Y., Burleigh, J. G., Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E. & Chen, Z. D. (2016). Phylogeny of the Rosidae: a dense taxon sampling analysis. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54: 363 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jse. 12211" title="Phylogeny of the Rosidae: a dense taxon sampling analysis" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sun
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FC62396DFC1FF9D9" box="[914,969,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), making
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FB83396DFAC3F9D9" box="[1139,1301,1538,1563]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
paraphyletic, but data on more taxa are needed to fully resolve the possible relationships among these families. A phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FEFA3925FE5EF9A1" box="[266,392,1610,1635]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Brassicales</taxonomicName>
|
||
inferred from 72 plastid genes by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FCE23925FC3FF9A1" author="Edger, P. P. & Hall, J. C. & Harkess, A. & Tang, M. & Coombs, J. & Mohammadin, S. & Schranz, M. E. & Xiong, Z. & Leebens-Mack, J. & Meyers, B. C. & Sytsma, K. J. & Koch, M. A. & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. & Pires, J. C." box="[786,1001,1610,1635]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Edger" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" pagination="463 - 469" part="105" refId="ref8035" refString="Edger, P. P., Hall, J. C., Harkess, A., Tang, M., Coombs, J., Mohammadin, S., Schranz, M. E., Xiong, Z., Leebens-Mack, J., Meyers, B. C., Sytsma, K. J., Koch, M. A., Al-Shehbaz, I. A. & Pires, J. C. (2018) Brassicales phylogeny inferred from 72 plastid genes: a reanalysis of the phylogenetic localization of two paleopolyploid events and the origin of novel chemical defenses. American Journal of Botany 105: 463 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ajb 2.1040" title="Brassicales phylogeny inferred from 72 plastid genes: a reanalysis of the phylogenetic localization of two paleopolyploid events and the origin of novel chemical defenses" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Edger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FCAD3925FC40F9A1" box="[861,918,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FBBE3925FB26F9A1" box="[1102,1264,1610,1635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FAD93925FA58F9A1" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[1321,1422,1610,1635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be sisters, but this is of little significance for our use as it was based on a limited sampling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FB633901FAEEF945" box="[1171,1336,1646,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF7839FDFF08F969" authorityName="Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[136,222,1682,1707]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Dobera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FF7839FDFF08F969" box="[136,222,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Dobera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FEE239FDFE8EF969" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1783" box="[274,344,1682,1707]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Azima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FEE239FDFE8EF969" box="[274,344,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Azima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
absent. From a practical point of view, it would serve little purpose to create heterogeneous families with little or no predictive value, although some may argue that monotypic families do little in the way of summarizing information, perhaps preferring to opt for subfamily or tribal status. Considering available evidence for these families, indications are that the largest one,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FDEA3991FD69F8D5" box="[538,703,1790,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is heterogeneous as currently circumscribed. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FA953991FA7DF8D5" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1783" box="[1381,1451,1790,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Azima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FA953991FA7DF8D5" box="[1381,1451,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Azima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, amongst others, morphologically and anatomically distinct from other members of the family (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FB1F384DFA49F8F9" author="Takhtajan, A." bookContentInfo="871 pp." box="[1263,1439,1826,1851]" firstAuthor="Takhtajan" journalOrPublisher="Springer, Berlin" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" refId="ref9816" refString="Takhtajan, A. (2009) Flowering plants, 2 nd ed. Springer, Berlin, 871 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9609 - 9" title="Flowering plants, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2009">Takhtajan 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in the past has been placed in a family of its own, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FCB73829FB30F89D" authority="(Wight & Gardner 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Wight & Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[839,1254,1862,1887]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Azimaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Azimaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FC233829FB08F89D" author="Wight, R. & Gardner, G." box="[979,1246,1862,1887]" firstAuthor="Wight" journalOrPublisher="Calcutta Journal of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" pagination="49 - 56" part="6" refId="ref9959" refString="Wight, R. & Gardner, G. (1845) Observations on the structure and affinities of the genus " Azima " of Lamarck. Calcutta Journal of Natural History 6: 49 - 56." title="Observations on the structure and affinities of the genus " Azima " of Lamarck" type="journal article" year="1845">Wight & Gardner 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FA953829FA7DF89D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1783" box="[1381,1451,1862,1887]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Azima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FA953829FA7DF89D" box="[1381,1451,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Azima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does share some morphological features with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FD663805FD06F841" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1756" box="[662,720,1898,1923]" class="Aves" family="Platysteiridae" genus="Batis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FD663805FD06F841" box="[662,720,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Batis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, notably the possession of unisexual flowers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FB123805FF14F865" author="Ronse De Craene, L. P." firstAuthor="Ronse De Craene" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" pagination="752 - 760" part="92" refId="ref9313" refString="Ronse De Craene, L. P. (2005) Floral developmental evidence for the systematic position of Batis (Bataceae). American Journal of Botany 92: 752 - 760. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 92.4.752" title="Floral developmental evidence for the systematic position of Batis (Bataceae)" type="journal article" year="2005">Ronse De Craene 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and an ovary with a false septum, albeit only an apical one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B27FF9D1720FC6138E1FB84F865" author="Kshetrapal, S." box="[913,1106,1934,1959]" firstAuthor="Kshetrapal" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" pagination="92 - 99" part="49" refId="ref8694" refString="Kshetrapal, S. (1970) A contribution to the vascular anatomy of the flower of certain species of the Salvadoraceae. The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 49: 92 - 99." title="A contribution to the vascular anatomy of the flower of certain species of the Salvadoraceae" type="journal article" year="1970">Kshetrapal 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FAA638E1FDF9F809" authority="(Ronse De Craene & Wanntop 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Ronse De Craene & Wanntop" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Dobera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FAA638E1FA7AF865" box="[1366,1452,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Dobera</emphasis>
|
||
(Ronse De Craene & Wanntop 2009)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further studies should consider, amongst others, the possible reinstatement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FF7838B9FED1F82D" baseAuthorityName="Wight & Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[136,263,2006,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Azimaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Azimaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but alternatively it may be better to accommodate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FCCF38B9FC53F82D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1783" box="[831,901,2006,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" genus="Azima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEAC4FF9D1720FCCF38B9FC53F82D" box="[831,901,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="177">Azima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an expanded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FBC938B9FB48F82D" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[1081,1182,2006,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to subsume
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FAB638B9FA7DF82D" authorityName="Martius ex Perleb" authorityYear="1838" box="[1350,1451,2006,2031]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an expanded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D55FF9D1720FEC93895FE08F7D1" box="[313,478,2042,2067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salvadoraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="6" pageNumber="177" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salvadoraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |