535 lines
61 KiB
XML
535 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.402.7228" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b2a18f87-18d5-4ddd-a900-d301db2160d2" ID-PMC="PMC4023253" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-402-43" ID-PubMed="24843262" ID-ZBK="55362CF7837E4183A8795A1D14FF2A9E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-402-43" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 402" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira Gray, 1842 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Costa Rica, Panama and western Ecuador" checkinTime="1451245973753" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Velazco, Paul M. & Patterson, Bruce D." docDate="2014" docId="E64F2DA9391C8AB779E447D8B750B661" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 402: 43-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 402" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.402.7228" docTitle="Sturnira bakeri Velazco & Patterson, 2014, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="1F5CCFAE-60C4-41F4-B0E9-904683866863" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="960A60653971FFE0FFA96B50FFBC0703" masterDocTitle="Two new species of yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira Gray, 1842 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Costa Rica, Panama and western Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668158239349" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species of yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira Gray, 1842 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Costa Rica, Panama and western Ecuador</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Velazco, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Patterson, Bruce D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>402</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>43</mods:start>
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<mods:end>66</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.402.7228</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.402.7228</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-402-43</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">55362CF7837E4183A8795A1D14FF2A9E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">55362CF7837E4183A8795A1D14FF2A9E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152052572" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1F5CCFAE-60C4-41F4-B0E9-904683866863" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E64F2DA9391C8AB779E447D8B750B661" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/1F5CCFAE-60C4-41F4-B0E9-904683866863" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="45">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="synonymy">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Synonymy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira lilium" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">Sturnira lilium</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, JP" journalOrPublisher="Special Publication, Museum of Texas Tech University" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 44" title="Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador." volume="57" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 18 (part)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, JP" journalOrPublisher="Special Publication, Museum of Texas Tech University" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 44" title="Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador." volume="57" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 18 (part)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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S[turnira]. new species 2:
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<bibRefCitation author="Velazco, PM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="683 - 698" title="Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.016" volume="68" year="2013">Velazco and Patterson 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 687
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Adult female, deposited at the Museo de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Zoología">Zoologia</normalizedToken>
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of the Pontificia Universidad
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Católica">Catolica</normalizedToken>
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del Ecuador (QCAZ 14635), collected on 16 July 2004 by J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sebastián">Sebastian</normalizedToken>
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Tello (original field number JST 487). The body is preserved in alcohol with the skull removed and cleaned. The body and skull are in good condition. Frozen tissues are deposited at Texas Tech University (TK 135127).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Palmales, Reserva Militar Arenillas, El Oro, Ecuador, approximately
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-3.6742778">3°40'27.4"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-80.10555">80°06'20"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 49 m (Figure 2).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Figure 2. Map of Central and South America, showing the combined distribution range of species formerly ascribed to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira lilium" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">Sturnira lilium</taxonomicName>
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(gray tone) and the type localities (stars) of species in the
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira lilium" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">Sturnira lilium</taxonomicName>
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complex. The localities where
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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(top inset) and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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(bottom inset) occur are also shown; type localities are represented by a star and paratypes with circles. Note that
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
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occur in sympatry.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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An adult female (QCAZ 9737) caught by Peter A. Larsen (original field number PAL 92) and an adult male (QCAZ 9739) caught by Peter A. Larsen (original field number PAL 93), both collected on 16 July 2004 at Quebrada Seca, Fuerte Militar Arenillas (7.1 km W and 12.5 km S of the Military Base), El Oro, Ecuador, approximately
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-3.6566947">3°39'24.1"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-80.182274">80°10'56.2"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 43 m (Figure 2). Both paratypes are preserved in alcohol. Frozen tissues are deposited at Texas Tech University (TK 135040 and TK 135051 respectively).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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is known from only the two localities in southwestern Ecuador represented by the hypodigm (Figure 2, Appendix). Their proximity to the Peruvian border opens the possibility that
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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is also present in northwestern Peru.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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The name bakeri honors our friend Dr. Robert J. Baker, who has made enormous contributions to our understanding of bats, particularly to the evolution of Neotropical phyllostomids.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Robert’s">Robert's</normalizedToken>
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numerous contributions, both to the literature and to scientific discourse, and his productive and generous mentoring of students make him a professional paragon for each of us.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="measurements">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Measurements.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">External and craniodental measurements are presented in Table 1.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="99A5E2D845CFA63577CC54472C60937D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/99A5E2D845CFA63577CC54472C60937D" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Table 1. Measurements (mm) and weights (g) of the type series of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<table pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<th colspan="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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<th colspan="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">Holotype QCAZ 14635 ♀</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">Paratype QCAZ 9737 ♀</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">Paratype QCAZ 9739 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">Holotype ROM 104294 ♂</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" rowspan="1">Paratype ROM 104295 ♂</th>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis and description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="46" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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and description.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-size yellow-shouldered bat (FA 43.0-45.0 mm; GLS 22.7 mm; CIL 21.1 mm; Table 1) with a slender rostrum and a globular braincase (Figures 3-4). The dorsal fur is pale brown. Dorsal hairs are tetracolored with a short, whitish base (approximately 10% of the length of each hair), a long, pale brown band (approximately 40% of each hair), a long, pale gray band (approximately 40% of each hair), and a short dark brown terminal band (approximately 10% of each hair). The ventral fur is pale gray. Ventral hairs are tricolored with a short, pale gray base (approximately 10% of each hair), a long, pale brown subterminal band (approximately 45% of each hair), and a long, pale gray terminal band (approximately 45% of each hair). The fur is short and woolly, approximately 5 mm long between the shoulders and 5 mm on the chest. The proximal portion of the forearm (roughly 50% of the shaft just distal to the elbow) is sparsely furred with short hairs. The wing membranes are dark brown. The dorsal surfaces of the femur, tibia, and feet are densely covered with long hairs. The IV metacarpal is shorter than the III metacarpal.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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Figure 3. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the cranium of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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(QCAZ 14635 ♀) from El Oro, Ecuador. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the cranium of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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(ROM 104294 ♂) from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
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, Panama. Scale bar = 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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Figure 4. Lateral views of the cranium and mandible of A
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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(QCAZ 14635 ♀). Lateral views of the cranium and mandible of B
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
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(ROM 104294 ♂). Scale bar = 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="47" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
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skull of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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has a globular braincase with a slender rostrum and well-developed sagittal crest (Figures 3-4). The basisphenoid pits are shallow and divided by a low midline septum. The sphenorbital fissure is oval (Figure 5). The anterior process of the glenoid fossa is absent (Figure 6). The clinoid processes are well developed (Figure 7), and the proximal end of the stylohyoid is expanded.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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Figure 5. Ventrolateral views of the right orbital region in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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(A, QCAZ 14635 ♀) and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
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(B, ROM 104204 ♂) illustrating taxonomic differences in the shape of the sphenorbital fissure. In
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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, the sphenorbital fissure is oval (arrow). In
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
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, however, the sphenorbital fissure is semicircular (arrow).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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Figure 6. Dorsal view of the left zygomatic arches in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
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(A, QCAZ 14635 ♀) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, ROM 104204 ♂) illustrating taxonomic differences in the development of the glenoid fossa. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior process of the glenoid fossa is absent (arrow). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the anterior process of the glenoid fossa is well developed (arrow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figure 7. Posterior views of the basioccipital (view through the foramen magnum) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, QCAZ 14635 ♀) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, ROM 104204 ♂) illustrating taxonomic differences in the degree of development of the clinoid processes. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
the clinoid processes are well developed (arrow). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the clinoid processes are absent (arrow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Like most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a dental formula of I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 32 teeth. The upper inner incisor (I1) is bicuspidate with a small lateral cusp (Figure 8). The I1 is procumbent and is at least twice the height of the I2. Anteroposterior length of P3 is less than that of P4, and crown height of P3 is slightly less than that of P4. P4 has a small distal cusp. The anteroposterior length of M1 is larger than that of M2. The paracones of M1 and M2 are shorter than their metacones. The direction of the premetacrista of M1 is oblique to the upper alveolar plane. The M3 is ovoid in shape and has two labial cones (cusps). The first and second lower incisors (i1 and i2) are tricuspidate and are subequal in height. The lower canine covers 25% of the occlusal area of i2. The lower canines are laterally divergent, shafts are slanted outward. Anteroposterior length of p2 exceeds that of p4, and crown height of p2 is slightly more than that of p4. The protoconid, hypoconid, metaconid, and entoconid are present in m1 and m2. The paraconid is present and well developed in m1 but absent in m2. The lingual cuspids (metaconid and entoconid) of m1 and m2 are well defined and separated by a deep notch (Figure 9). The m3 is small and only poorly defined, but its protoconid, metaconid, and entoconid are visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figure 8. Anterior views of the upper incisors and canines in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, QCAZ 14635 ♀) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, ROM 104294 ♂) illustrating taxonomic differences in the number of cuspids of the upper inner incisor (I1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
the I1 is bicuspidate. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the I1 is unicuspidate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figure 9. Dorsolateral views of the left mandibular toothrows in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, QCAZ 14635 ♀) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, ROM 104294 ♂), illustrating taxonomic differences in the shape of the metaconid and entoconid of m1 and m2. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the metaconid and entoconid of m1 and m2 are well defined and separated by a deep notch (arrows). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira burtonlimi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burtonlimi">Sturnira burtonlimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the metaconid and entoconid of m1 and m2 are poorly defined and are not separated by a deep notch (arrows).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="48" start="start">Comparisons</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Comparisons were made with sister species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Velazco, PM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" pagination="683 - 698" title="Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.016" volume="68" year="2013">Velazco and Patterson 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and with other species of the genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that occur in sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
. External and craniodental measurements for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the compared species are provided in Tables 1 and 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its longer forearm and longer greatest length of skull (Tables 1-2).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap somewhat in size (Tables 1-2) but are unambiguously distinguished by pelage and craniodental characteristics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="EC6868D982D318365562CBBA54886199" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EC6868D982D318365562CBBA54886199" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Table 2. Measurements (mm) of six species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira hondurensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hondurensis">Sturnira hondurensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">a</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">b</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">c</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira mordax" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mordax">Sturnira mordax</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">d</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira oporaphilum" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oporaphilum">Sturnira oporaphilum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">e</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
<sup pageId="5" pageNumber="48">f</sup>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Externally, the dorsal pelage between the shoulders of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="49" start="start">Sturnira</pageBreakToken>
|
||
bakeri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is short (4.0-6.0 mm) whereas it is long (10 mm) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Individual dorsal hairs are tetracolored in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas they are bicolored in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The overall appearance of the dorsal pelage is pale brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is dark brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
and reddish in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ventrally the hairs are short (4.0-6.0 mm) and tricolored in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but short (4.0-6.0 mm) and bicolored in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral fur is pale gray in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is dark gray in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dark brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and reddish in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Shoulder glands (epaulettes) are conspicuous in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The trailing edge of the uropatagium is covered by short hairs (4.0-5.0 mm) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the uropatagium is covered by long hairs (7.0-9.0 mm) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The proximal portion of the forearm (roughly 50% of the shaft just distal to the elbow) is sparsely furred with short hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is well furred with short hair in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal surfaces of the femur and tibia are densely covered with long hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are densely covered with short hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sparsely covered with long hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and sparsely covered with short hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal surfaces of the feet are densely covered with long hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are densely covered with short hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
or sparsely covered with short hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The IV metacarpal is shorter than the III metacarpal in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the IV metacarpal is equal to the III metacarpal in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Cranially, the rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slender, whereas it is broad in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The zygomatic arches are straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are bowed outward in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The basisphenoid pits are shallow and divided by a low midline septum in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are shallow and divided by a high septum in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and deep and divided by a high septum in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The sphenorbital fissure is oval in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is subcircular in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 5). The anterior process of the glenoid fossa is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 6). Some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the anterior process of the glenoid fossa (TTU 102461) while in others (TTU 102457) it is well developed. The clinoid processes are present and well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 7). Some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack clinoid processes (ROM 97412; TTU 84608) while others (ROM 99284) possess them. The proximal end of the stylohyoid is expanded in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it is narrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Dentally, two labial cusps are present in M3 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas only one labial cusp is present
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The i1 and i2 are tricuspidate in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are bicuspidate in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The metaconid and entoconid of m1 and m2 are well defined and separated by a deep notch in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira bakeri" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">Sturnira bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira luisi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luisi">Sturnira luisi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira parvidens" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvidens">Sturnira parvidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are poorly defined and are not separated by a deep notch in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sturnira ludovici" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">Sturnira ludovici</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The area surrounding the Fuerte Militar Arenillas is relatively xeric and surrounded by primary dry forest, secondary forest, and plantations of crops (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrera, JP" journalOrPublisher="Special Publication, Museum of Texas Tech University" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 44" title="Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador." volume="57" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No other information is available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |