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<mods:title id="9A85D6D68F9A6E9701935BF8535AEA2C">A unique dentary suggests a third genus of batrachosauroidid salamander existed during the latest Cretaceous in the western USA</mods:title>
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<treatment id="48028786C84BFFC9FCFAFC12FC1DAB8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48028786C84BFFC9FCFAFC12FC1DAB8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/48028786C84BFFC9FCFAFC12FC1DAB8D" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="88B1651BC84BFFC9FCFAFC12FAA3A958" box="[808,1402,996,1025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C0143690C84BFFC9FCFAFC12FAA3A958" blockId="1.[808,1402,996,1025]" box="[808,1402,996,1025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="9B5C81FCC84BFFC9FCFAFC12FAA3A958" box="[808,1402,996,1025]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="2">
Family
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FC59FC12FAA3A958" authority="Auffenberg, 1958" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1958" box="[907,1402,996,1025]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Batrachosauroididae
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB4AFC12FAA3A958" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[1176,1402,996,1025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="169 - 176" refId="ref12336" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1958. A new family of Miocene salamanders from the Texas Coastal Plain. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 21: 169 - 176." type="journal article" year="1958">Auffenberg, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88B1651BC84BFFC9FCFAFBE0FC1DAB8D" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C0143690C84BFFC9FCFAFBE0FC1DAB8D" blockId="1.[808,1481,1046,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FCFAFBE0FC52A969" box="[808,907,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Remarks</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FC7EFBE0FB43A969" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1958" box="[940,1178,1046,1072]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Batrachosauroididae</taxonomicName>
are an extinct family of neotenic salamanders reliably known by isolated bones and rare skeletons from the Aptian/Albianlate Miocene of North America, the Campanianlate Miocene of Europe, and, potentially, back into the BathonianBerriasian of Europe (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FCB1FB41FBFAA98B" author="Auffenberg, W." box="[867,1059,1207,1234]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="169 - 176" refId="ref12336" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1958. A new family of Miocene salamanders from the Texas Coastal Plain. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 21: 169 - 176." type="journal article" year="1958">Auffenberg 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FBFFFB41FB6CA988" author="Estes, R." box="[1069,1205,1207,1233]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref13483" refString="Estes, R. 1969 a. The Batrachosauroididae and Scapherpetontidae, Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic salamanders. Copeia 1969: 225 - 234." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes 1969a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB6CFB41FB2CA988" author="Estes, R." box="[1214,1269,1207,1233]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB2DFB41FA53A988" author="Naylor, B. G." box="[1279,1418,1207,1233]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15149" refString="Naylor, B. G. 1981. A new salamander of the family Batrachosauroididae from the late Miocene of North America, with notes on other batrachosauroidids. PaleoBios 39: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1981">Naylor 1981</bibRefCitation>
: table 1;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FC96FB21FC3DA9AB" author="Duffaud, S." box="[836,996,1239,1266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref13186" refString="Duffaud, S. 1995. A Batrachosauroididae (Amphibia, Caudata) from the late Cretaceous of Champ-Garimond (Southern France). In: First European Workshop on Vertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of Denmark, DGF on Line Series 1. Available at https: // drive. google. com / file / d / 1 glk 7 ZZB 3 xYTzChQxNA 5 LCdvGdcGP 6 gng / view and https: // 2 dgf. dk / dgf-online-series / a-batrachosauroididae-amphibia-caudata-from-the-late-cretaceous-of-champ-garimond-southernfrance /. Both accessed 14 January 2021." type="url" year="1995">Duffaud 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FC22FB21FB5BA9A8" author="Milner, A. R." box="[1008,1154,1239,1265]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1412 - 1444" refId="ref15067" refString="Milner, A. R. 2000. Mesozoic and Tertiary Caudata and Albanerpetontidae. In: H. Heatwole and R. L. Carroll (eds.), Amphibian Biology. Volume 4. Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians, 1412 - 1444. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton." type="book chapter" year="2000">Milner 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB5CFB2EFA1DA9A8" author="Evans, S. E. &amp; McGowan, G. J." box="[1166,1476,1239,1266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="103 - 119" refId="ref13729" refString="Evans, S. E. and McGowan, G. J. 2002. Lissamphibian remains from the Purbeck Limestone Group, southern England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 68: 103 - 119." type="journal article" year="2002">Evans and McGowan 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FCFAFB01FC10A848" author="Holman, J. A." box="[808,969,1271,1297]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" refId="ref14580" refString="Holman, J. A. 2006. Fossil Salamanders of North America. 232 pp. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2006">Holman 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FC0BFB01FB6DA848" author="Oreska, M. P. J. &amp; Carrano, M. T. &amp; Dzikiewicz, K. M." box="[985,1204,1271,1298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="264 - 292" refId="ref15292" refString="Oreska, M. P. J., Carrano, M. T., and Dzikiewicz, K. M. 2013. Vertebrate paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous). Faunal composition, biogeographic relationships, and sampling. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33: 264 - 292." type="journal article" year="2013">Oreska et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB11FB01FCBAA868" author="Vasilyan, D. &amp; Yanenko, V." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="2733" refId="ref16537" refString="Vasilyan, D. and Yanenko, V. 2020. The last Palaeoproteus (Urodela: Batrachosauroididae) of Europe. Scientific Reports 10: 2733." type="journal article" year="2020">Vasilyan and Yanenko 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The family contains six named genera (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FA5FFAEEFC86A808" author="Estes, R." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FCBEFAC1FC2EA808" author="Naylor, B. G." box="[876,1015,1335,1361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref15149" refString="Naylor, B. G. 1981. A new salamander of the family Batrachosauroididae from the late Miocene of North America, with notes on other batrachosauroidids. PaleoBios 39: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1981">Naylor 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FBD6FACEFAFFA808" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. &amp; O'Neill, R. C." box="[1028,1318,1335,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref13114" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr. and O'Neill, R. C. 1998. Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 484 - 494." type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and ONeill 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FAE1FAC1FA1CA808" author="Milner, A. R." box="[1331,1477,1335,1361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1412 - 1444" refId="ref15067" refString="Milner, A. R. 2000. Mesozoic and Tertiary Caudata and Albanerpetontidae. In: H. Heatwole and R. L. Carroll (eds.), Amphibian Biology. Volume 4. Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians, 1412 - 1444. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton." type="book chapter" year="2000">Milner 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FCFAFAA1FBBDA82B" author="Vasilyan, D. &amp; Yanenko, V." box="[808,1124,1367,1394]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="2733" refId="ref16537" refString="Vasilyan, D. and Yanenko, V. 2020. The last Palaeoproteus (Urodela: Batrachosauroididae) of Europe. Scientific Reports 10: 2733." type="journal article" year="2020">Vasilyan and Yanenko 2020</bibRefCitation>
):
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FBA7FAA1FC6AA8CB" authority="Taylor and Hesse, 1943" authorityName="Taylor and Hesse" authorityYear="1943" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Batrachosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FBA7FAA1FA94A828" box="[1141,1357,1367,1393]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Batrachosauroides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FA80FAA1FC6AA8CB" author="Taylor, E. H. &amp; Hesse, C. J." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref16371" refString="Taylor, E. H. and Hesse, C. J. 1943. A new salamander from the Upper Miocene beds of San Jacinto County, Texas. American Journal of Science 241: 185 - 193." type="journal article" year="1943">Taylor and Hesse, 1943</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(two species: early Eocenemiddle Miocene, southern and western
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FBEFFA6EFBA1A8EB" box="[1085,1144,1432,1458]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
);
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FB41FA6EFC84A88B" authority="Auffenberg, 1961" authorityName="Auffenberg" authorityYear="1961" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Opisthotriton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FB41FA6EFAF7A8EB" box="[1171,1326,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Opisthotriton</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FAECFA6EFC84A88B" author="Auffenberg, W." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="456 - 465" refId="ref12368" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1961. A new genus of fossil salamander from North America. American Midland Naturalist 66: 456 - 465." type="journal article" year="1961">Auffenberg, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(one species: middle/late Santonianlate Paleocene) and
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FC8DFA2EFB4CA8AB" authority="Estes, 1964" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1964" box="[863,1173,1496,1522]" class="Amphibia" family="Triassuridae" genus="Prodesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FC8DFA2EFC27A8AB" box="[863,1022,1496,1522]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Prodesmodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FBD9FA2EFB4CA8AB" author="Estes, R." box="[1035,1173,1496,1522]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref13430" refString="Estes, R. 1964. Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49: 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="1964">Estes, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(one species: middle/late Campanianearly Paleocene), both in the North America Western Interior;
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FC2CF9EEFACAAB6B" authority="Naylor" authorityName="Naylor" authorityYear="1983" box="[1022,1299,1560,1586]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Peratosauroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FC2CF9EEFB63AB6B" box="[1022,1210,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Peratosauroides</emphasis>
Naylor
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FA91F9EFFA10AB6B" author="Estes, R." box="[1347,1481,1560,1587]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref13560" refString="Estes, R. 1981. Gymnophiona, Caudata. In: P. Wellnhofer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 2, 1 - 115. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Estes, 1981</bibRefCitation>
(one species: late Miocene,
<collectingRegion id="026FF872C84BFFC9FB54F9CEFB26AB0B" box="[1158,1279,1592,1618]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FAC0F9CEFA94AB0B" box="[1298,1357,1592,1618]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
);
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FABBF9CFFB8FAB2B" authority="Denton and O'Neill, 1998" authorityName="Denton and O'Neill" authorityYear="1998" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Parrisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FABBF9CFFA10AB0B" box="[1385,1481,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Parrisia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FCFAF9AFFB8FAB2B" author="Denton, R. K., Jr. &amp; O'Neill, R. C." box="[808,1110,1624,1651]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="484 - 494" refId="ref13114" refString="Denton, R. K., Jr. and O'Neill, R. C. 1998. Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 484 - 494." type="journal article" year="1998">Denton and ONeill, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(one species: Campanian,
<collectingRegion id="026FF872C84BFFC9FA46F9AFFCA9ABCA" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FCA8F98FFC6DABCA" box="[890,948,1657,1683]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
); and
<taxonomicName id="07AB4D13C84BFFC9FC27F98EFAFBABCA" authority="Herre, 1935" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1935" box="[1013,1314,1656,1683]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachosauroididae" genus="Palaeoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DFEA82C84BFFC9FC27F98EFB40ABCB" box="[1013,1177,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Palaeoproteus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A43A4B61C84BFFC9FB4DF98FFAFBABCA" author="Herre, W." box="[1183,1314,1656,1683]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref14505" refString="Herre, W. 1935. Die Schwanzlurche der mitteleocanen (oberlutetischen) Braunkohle des Geiseltales und die Phylogenie der Urodelen unter Einschluss der fossilen Formen. Zoologica - Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie 87: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1935">Herre, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(three species: late Paleoceneearly Miocene,
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FB47F96FFB35ABEA" box="[1173,1260,1689,1715]" name="Austria" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FB29F96FFA93ABEA" box="[1275,1354,1689,1715]" name="France" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FA8BF96FFA1DABEA" box="[1369,1476,1689,1715]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Germany</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="B8BC7600C84BFFC9FC8AF94FFC61AB8D" box="[856,952,1721,1748]" name="Ukraine" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>