164 lines
21 KiB
XML
164 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6148998" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6affba17-3426-4e27-a748-9cd10354755f" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135994" ID-HNS-Pub="23935" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6148998" checkinTime="1373615615444" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Rakotonirina, J. C. & B. L. Fisher" docDate="2013" docId="1108587303F93573AC20E270090AA5CB" docLanguage="en" docName="23935.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3609" docSource="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03609p141.pdf" docTitle="Pachycondyla comorensis Andre" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="5679C623FFAA953362406858520B421A" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="101" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1645220785609" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Pachycondyla wasmannii - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Malagasy region</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rakotonirina, J. C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>B. L. Fisher</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3609</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>101</mods:start>
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<mods:end>141</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/zt03609p141.pdf</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="HNS-Pub">23935</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A8B7BD9C-7959-4036-8D76-9BE72D0F07AA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6148998" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6148998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1108587303F93573AC20E270090AA5CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1108587303F93573AC20E270090AA5CB" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph box="[118,446,820,840]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName authority="Andre" authorityName="Andre" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
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Pachycondyla comorensis (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Andre</normalizedToken>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="description">
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<paragraph box="[118,334,848,867]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">(Figures 1, 4, 38-39, 59)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph box="[118,1122,901,1037]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName authority="Andre, 1887" authorityName="Andre," authorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">
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Ponera comorensis
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<bibRefCitation author="Andre, E." box="[118,1097,506,523]" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="280 - 298" part="6" title="Description de quelques fourmis nouvelles ou imparfaitement connues" type="journal article" year="1887">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Andre</normalizedToken>
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, 1887
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: 292. Lectotype worker, present designation, Antsiranana, Nosy Be (Ernest
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">Andre</normalizedToken>
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1914) AntWeb specimen code: CASENT0101406 (MNHN) [examined]. Paralectotype workers with the same data but pins coded as CASENT0101407 (MNHN) and CASENT0102011 (MSNG) [examined]. [Combination in
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A." box="[118,1122,502,543]" editor="Grandidier, A." journalOrPublisher="Hachette et Cie, Paris" pageId="39" pageNumber="140" pagination="v + 237 pp" title="Les Formicides. [part]" type="book" volumeTitle="1891. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule)" year="1891">Forel, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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: 129, pl. 4, fig. 5;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dalla Torre, K. W." box="[118,1121,1273,1314]" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="289 pp" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hucusque Descriptorum Systematicus et Synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W" type="book" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 36; Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bothroponera">Pachycondyla (Bothroponera)</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,1122,1464,1505]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="32 - 54" part="45" title="Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides)" type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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: 45,
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel. A" box="[118,1122,741,782]" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="39" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 20" part="24" title="Formiciden aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg. II. Teil. Neueingaenge seit 1900" type="journal article" year="1907">Forel, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 14,
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C." box="[118,938,1512,1530]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 125" part="118" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae" type="journal article" year="1911">Emery 1911</bibRefCitation>
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: 78; Combination in
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[118,1122,1005,1046]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="40" pageNumber="141" pagination="1005 - 1055" part="45" title="Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region" type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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: 1007; Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachycondyla</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B." box="[118,1122,913,954]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="38" pageNumber="139" pagination="504 pp" title="A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World" type="book" year="1995">Bolton, 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 304].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph box="[118,290,1071,1090]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">Worker diagnosis:</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1120,1100,1203]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">Larger species (HW: 2.49-3.13 mm), antennal scape extending beyond the rear cephalic border; anterior margin of clypeus truncate; eyes not breaking the outline of the sides of head; dorsum of head and mesosoma finely striate, with sparse punctures; stout erect hairs on dorsum of head and the rest of body much more inclined to the body surface.</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1120,1212,1259]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">Worker measurements (n=10): HL: 2.94-3.49, HW: 2.49-3.13, CI: 85-92, SL: 2.47-2.95, SI: 94-99, PW: 1.95-2.30, WL: 4.13-4.98, NL: 1.34-1.62, NW: 1.45-1.67, NH: 1.64-1.94, DNI: 99-115, LNI: 110-126.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="description">
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<paragraph box="[118,233,1295,1314]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">Description:</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1122,1323,1585][118,1121,1353,1588][118,1121,118,273]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" type="mainText">
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Worker. Head roughly as long as broad, broadest behind eyes on posterior third; sides very slightly convex but converging near base of mandibles; posterior margin weakly emarginate medially. Eyes moderately large, located more to the front and not breaking outline of sides of head. Antennal scape relatively long and extending beyond posterior cephalic margin. Anterior margin of clypeus truncate, not projecting into lobe, but rather straight or feebly notched medially; with head in profile, median portion perpendicular to mandibular surface. Mandibles triangular, apical margins bearing eight to nine teeth and denticles. With mesosoma in profile, outline of dorsum almost continuously convex, without distinct angle between propodeal dorsum and declivity, lateral margins of the latter also generally indiscernable. Mesopleural sulcus visible but incomplete. With petiole in dorsal view, anterior margin rounded and posterior margin straight. In profile, petiole nodiform, with rounded anterodorsal portion and distinct angle in the posterodorsal margin.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="121" start="start">Mandibles</pageBreakToken>
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costate or sometimes smooth with effaced fine striation, and with scattered punctures from which hairs arise. Dorsum of head densely striate and superimposed with piliferous punctures from level of eyes and frontal lobes; striation radiating towards occipital corners on each side of midline of head. Dorsal sculpture of pronotum variable, either densely finely costulate or smooth and shiny with trace of striation between sparse punctures, mesonotal and propodeal dorsum with transverse, dense, and fine striation or microreticulation which becomes fairly effaced on some specimens. Lateral portion of mesosoma characterized by a mixture of fine and dense striation and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="reticulate–rugulation" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">reticulate-rugulation</normalizedToken>
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. Declivitous surface transversely finely striate or almost smooth. Lateral portion of petiole node and first two gastral segments microreticulate to densely finely striate, with scattered large punctures which turn into a smooth and shiny surface on dorsum. Upper surface of body with suberect or appressed
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<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="122" start="start">black</pageBreakToken>
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, stout hairs, which are shorter on the dorsum of the head and become yellowish brown to brown on appendages; with mesosoma in frontal view, these hairs inclined towards the midline of the mesosoma dorsum, suberect along the dorsolateral margin and much more appressed near the midline. Slender brownish hairs present on ventral surface of head, gaster, and coxae. Body covered with abundant pubescence except head, dorsum of propodeum, petiole node, and third and anterior half of fourth abdominal segments. Coloration is black with reddish articulations and apices of appendages.
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</paragraph>
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<caption box="[118,1122,1244,1315]" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" type="caption">
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<paragraph box="[118,1122,1244,1315]" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" type="caption">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="121">FIGURES</pageBreakToken>
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36-41. Full-face view of the head and lateral view of the body of the worker caste. Figs 36-37: Form 7 of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambouei">Pachycondyla cambouei</taxonomicName>
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, AntWeb CASENT0034493; Figs 38-39:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">Pachycondyla comorensis</taxonomicName>
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, CASENT0410164; FigsFigs 40-41:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="masoala">Pachycondyla masoala</taxonomicName>
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, CASENT0317384.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph box="[155,565,281,300]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="heading">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="122">The</pageBreakToken>
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queen caste is unknown for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">P. comorensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
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<paragraph box="[118,224,335,353]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">Discussion:</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1121,362,652]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">Pachycondyla comorensis</taxonomicName>
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can be easily confused with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavaratra">P. tavaratra</taxonomicName>
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at first glance. Yet the shape of the anterior clypeal margin, the location of the eyes, and the standing degrees of pilosity on the dorsum of the body allow the separation of these two species.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">Pachycondyla comorensis</taxonomicName>
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has a truncated anterior clypeal margin, eyes that do not break the outline of the sides of the head, and subdecumbent to decumbent stout hairs on the dorsum of the body. The morphological similarity of these two species could be attributed to their adaptation to different ecological habitats in northern Madagascar.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">Pachycondyla comorensis</taxonomicName>
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generally inhabits dry forest and lowland rainforest habitats, whereas
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavaratra">P. tavaratra</taxonomicName>
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occupies montane rainforests. Data from different collecting events over several years suggest that these large species may not have a morphologically typical queen caste as do other species within the genus, but reproduce through one or more ergatoid or gamergates in the same colony. The absence of alate queens reduces the spatial connection between geographically distant populations because dispersal must occur by budding.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
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<paragraph box="[118,353,687,705]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">Distribution and biology:</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1121,714,842]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">Pachycondyla comorensis</taxonomicName>
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is known only from Madagascar, where it generally occupies dry and lowland humid forests and the coastal region in the north of the island (Fig. 59). Despite its name,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comorensis">P. comorensis</taxonomicName>
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is not known from the Comoros. This is one of two species with longer antennal scapes which are probably used to forage on the soil surface and in leaf litter. Colonies have been found frequently in the ground, in rotten logs, under stones, rarely in dead twigs and rotten sticks on the ground, and under layers of roots and litter on rock.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph box="[118,361,877,895]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">Other material examined:</paragraph>
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<paragraph box="[118,1122,904,1573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" type="mainText">
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MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: [Nd. Madagascar, Amber Gebirge Nd. Madagascar H. Rolle, Berlin, S.W.11.] (MHNG); [
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Nossi-bé" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nossi-be</normalizedToken>
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; Museum Paris Collection, Ernest
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Andre</normalizedToken>
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1914] (MNHN); [
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Nossi-bé" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Nossi-be</normalizedToken>
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] (MSNG); F Lokobe, Nossi-Be Island (E.S. Ross) (MCZC); Nossi-Be (G.B. King) (MCZC); Nosy Be, 4 km ESE Andoany (=Hellville), - 13.41667, 48.3, 200 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (MCZC); Nosy Be, Lokobe Forest, -13.41639, 48.30722, 20 m, lowland forest (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); Nosy Be: RNI Lokobe, 6.3 km 112° ESE Hellville, -13.41933, 48.33117, 30 m, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Nosy Be: 4 km ESE Andoany (=Hellville), -13.41667, 48.3, 200 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); NE, 80 km N Ambilobe; no. 2103 (J.M. Wilson) (BMNH); 5 km S Sambava, - 14.65, 50.16667, coastal forest and vanilla (W.L. & D.E. Brown) (MCZC); ridge behind Sambava, second growth forest (W.L. & D.E. Brown) (MCZC); Ampasindava, F d'Ambilanivy, 3.9 km 181° S Ambaliha, -13.79861, 48.16167, 600 m, rainforest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); F Ambato, 26.6 km 33° Ambanja, -13.4645, 48.55167, 150 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d' Antsahabe, 11.4 km 275° W Daraina, -13.21167, 49.55667, 550 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); F d'Ampombofofo, -12.09949, 49.33874, 25 m, littoral forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F d'Ampondrabe, 26.3 km 10° NNE Daraina, -12.97, 49.7, 175 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F d'Analabe, 30.0 km 72° ENE Daraina, -13.08333, 49.90833, 30 m, littoral rainforest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F de Bekaraoka, 6.8 km 60° ENE Daraina, -13.16667, 49.71, 150 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); F de Binara, 7.5 km 230° SW Daraina, -13.255, 49.61667, 375 m, tropical dry forest (B.L. Fisher et al.) (CASC); RS Manongarivo, 10.8 km 229° SW Antanambao, -13.96167, 48.43333, 400 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Manongarivo, 12.8 km 228° SW Antanambao, -13.97667, 48.42333, 780 m, rainforest (B.L. Fisher) (CASC); RS Ankarana, 7 km SE Matsaborimanga, -12.9, 49.11667, 150 m, rainforest (P.S. Ward) (PSWC); RS Ankarana, -12.90056, 49.14722, 150 m (G.D. Alpert) (MCZC); RS Ankarana, 13.6 km 192° SSW Anivorano Nord, -12.86361, 49.22583, 210 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RS Ankarana, 22.9 km 224° SW Anivorano Nord, -12.90889, 49.10983, 80 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); RS Ambre, 3.5 km 235° SW Sakaramy, -12.46889, 49.24217, 325 m, tropical dry forest (Fisher, Griswold et al.) (CASC); Makirovana Forest, -14.103, 50.0198, 390 m; -14.1707, 49.9541, 415 m; -14.1604, 49.9522, 550 m, rainforest (Fisher et al.) (CASC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |