298 lines
42 KiB
XML
298 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="47B5C874A15F490F5EA6F1BD81356C33">Revision of F. R. C. Reed’s Ordovician trilobite types from Myanmar (Burma) and western Yunnan Province, China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8332159D3EC7E175B3D92C4CCED1DFA5">Fortey, Richard A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D4BE62EC2A190DABCF98DD0438A8E4E4">Department of Earth Sciences, Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, London, SW 7 5 BD, UK.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B6A056E3E5A35BF2E533A690427C99D3">Wernette, Shelly J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="459D306BFEAFB2AE3B1B49AD7A2E1816">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. & Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="83EBDA9AE94C96C72D2BF5D2FE849668">Hughes, Nigel C.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CB87846E451D19FF3AC1174F40F1A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6816334" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197214850" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6816334" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87846E451D19FF3AC1174F40F1A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87846E451D19FF3AC1174F40F1A5" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
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<subSubSection id="C37865196E451D18FF3AC1174887F03C" box="[151,668,1366,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36926E451D18FF3AC1174887F03C" blockId="16.[151,668,1366,1392]" box="[151,668,1366,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
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<heading id="D09581FE6E451D18FF3AC1174887F03C" bold="true" box="[151,668,1366,1392]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FF3AC1174887F03C" bold="true" box="[151,668,1366,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FEB2C1174887F03C" authority="Kobayashi, 1960" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1960" box="[287,668,1366,1392]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Birmanitinae">
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Birmanitinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FE60C1174887F03C" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[461,668,1366,1392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="217 - 275" refId="ref45125" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1960) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Korea, part 6, Paleontology V. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Section 2, 12 (2), 217 - 275." type="journal article" year="1960">Kobayashi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37865196E451D19FF3AC1DF4F40F1A5" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36926E451D18FF3AC1DF49EBF2B5" blockId="16.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FF3AC1DF4B07F0F4" bold="true" box="[151,284,1438,1464]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Discussion.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FE89C1DE482DF0F5" authority="Sheng, 1934" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[292,566,1439,1465]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FE89C1DE4B84F0F4" box="[292,415,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Birmanites</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FE0BC1DE482DF0F5" author="Sheng, X. - F." box="[422,566,1439,1465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref47171" refString="Sheng, X. - F. (1934) Lower Ordovician faunas of Chekiang. Palaeontologica Sinica New Series, 3, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1934">Sheng, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<typeStatus id="54D988306E451D18FDD7C1DE48B1F0F5" box="[634,682,1439,1465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FCA7C1DE4E65F0F5" authority="Reed, 1915" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1915" box="[778,1150,1438,1465]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Ogygites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FCA7C1DE49E8F0F5" box="[778,1011,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Ogygites birmanicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FC56C1DE4E65F0F5" author="Reed, F. R. C." box="[1019,1150,1438,1465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref46807" refString="Reed, F. R. C. (1915) Supplementary Memoir on new Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Northern Shan States. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 6, 1 - 98." type="book chapter" year="1915">Reed, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, was originally described as an asaphid, but was placed in a separate family
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FD74C1824970F091" box="[729,875,1475,1501]" family="Birmanitidae" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="family">Birmanitidae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FC35C1824E47F091" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[920,1116,1475,1501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="217 - 275" refId="ref45125" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1960) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Korea, part 6, Paleontology V. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Section 2, 12 (2), 217 - 275." type="journal article" year="1960">Kobayashi (1960</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 254) and in
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FABDC1824AEBF34D" class="Trilobita" family="Dikelokephalinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dikelokephalinidae</taxonomicName>
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in the 1959
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FED7C1A6493AF34D" box="[378,801,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology</emphasis>
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(Harrington
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FC1EC1A64E1CF34C" box="[947,1031,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">et al. in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FBA0C1A64EBAF34D" author="Moore, R. C." box="[1037,1185,1510,1537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref46007" refString="Moore, R. C. (Ed.) (1959) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Arthropoda 1. University of Kansas Press and the Geological Society of America, Lawrence, Kansas, 560 pp." type="book" year="1959">Moore, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FB19C1A64F06F34D" author="Lu, Y. - H." box="[1204,1309,1510,1537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 453" refId="ref45640" refString="Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453." type="journal article" year="1975">Lu (1975</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 319) regarded
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FF44C24A4B7FF368" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[233,356,1547,1572]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FF44C24A4B7FF368" box="[233,356,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Birmanites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as no more than an unusually flat asaphid, with a relatively small glabella, an opinion with which we concur; the taxon
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FE24C26E4800F305" box="[393,539,1583,1609]" family="Birmanitidae" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="family">Birmanitidae</taxonomicName>
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has disappeared from the literature. It is, however, still available as a subfamily name within
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FE87C2124BBFF321" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[298,420,1619,1645]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asaphidae</taxonomicName>
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. Division of
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FD9BC21248B7F321" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[566,684,1619,1645]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asaphidae</taxonomicName>
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into subfamilies is itself contentious; a relatively conservative approach was used by Jaanusson (
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FE54C2364814F3DC" box="[505,527,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FDB8C23648B1F3DD" author="Moore, R. C." box="[533,682,1654,1681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref46007" refString="Moore, R. C. (Ed.) (1959) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Arthropoda 1. University of Kansas Press and the Geological Society of America, Lawrence, Kansas, 560 pp." type="book" year="1959">Moore, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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), who employed seven subfamilies. The opposite approach was that of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FF18C2DA4B60F3F9" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[181,379,1691,1717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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who elevated
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FDB1C2DA4889F3F9" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[540,658,1691,1717]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asaphidae</taxonomicName>
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to subordinal level and divided the group into numerous families and subfamilies. Balashova nominated subfamilies centred on well-known Baltic endemic genera such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FABBC2FE4B5EF3B1" authority="Jaanuson, 1956" authorityName="Jaanuson" authorityYear="1956" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Megistaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FABBC2FE4F87F394" box="[1302,1436,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Megistaspis</emphasis>
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Jaanuson, 1956
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FEF9C2A248B4F3B1" authority="Schmidt, 1901" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1901" box="[340,687,1763,1789]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Pseudoasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FEF9C2A24819F3B1" box="[340,514,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Pseudoasaphus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FDA6C2A248B4F3B1" author="Schmidt, F." box="[523,687,1763,1789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref47064" refString="Schmidt, F. (1901) Revision der Ostbaltischen Silurischen Trilobiten. Abtheilung V: Asaphiden. Lieferung 2. Die Gattungen Asaphus sens. str., Onchometopus, Isotelus und Niobe enthaltend. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Series 8, 12 (8), 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="1901">Schmidt, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FD45C2A24E0DF3B1" authority="Angelin, 1854" authorityName="Angelin" authorityYear="1854" box="[744,1046,1762,1789]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Ptychopyge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FD45C2A24970F3B1" box="[744,875,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Ptychopyge</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FCDFC2A24E0DF3B1" author="Angelin, N. P." box="[882,1046,1762,1789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="21 - 92" refId="ref42322" refString="Angelin, N. P. (1854) s. n. In: Palaeontologia Scandinavica I. Crustacea Formationis Transitionis Fasc. 2. Academiae Regiae Scientarum Suecanae, Holmiae, pp. 21 - 92." type="book chapter" year="1854">Angelin, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, to each of which she consigned a number of her own, finely divided genera. This is not an appropriate place to review this work of prolific taxonomic ‘splitting’, although the majority of Balashova’s taxa are confined to the Ordovician Baltic Shield, and her scheme has not been widely adopted. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FDF7C30E4928F225" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[602,819,1871,1897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova’s (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FC1AC30E4E76F225" box="[951,1133,1871,1897]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nobiliasaphinae">Nobiliasaphinae</taxonomicName>
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(placed in Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FAEFC30E4BD1F2C1" authority="Balashova, 1969" authorityName="Balashova" authorityYear="1969" family="Pseudoasaphidae" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" rank="family">
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Pseudoasaphidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FEA1C3324BD1F2C1" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[268,458,1907,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="31 - 41" refId="ref42515" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1969) Phylogeny of trilobites in the Subfamily Pseudoasaphinae. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Series Geology, Geography, 1969 (4), 31 - 41. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1969">Balashova, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FE55C33248A4F2C1" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[504,703,1907,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova [1976]</bibRefCitation>
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) includes the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FC00C3324EF7F2C1" authority="Kielan, 1960" authorityName="Kielan" authorityYear="1960" box="[941,1260,1907,1933]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Opsimasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FC00C3324E49F2C1" box="[941,1106,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Opsimasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FBF5C3324EF7F2C1" author="Kielan, Z." box="[1112,1260,1907,1933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref44947" refString="Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1960">Kielan, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FA8BC3324BD3F2FD" authority="Pribyl & Vanek, 1965" authorityName="Pribyl & Vanek" authorityYear="1965" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FA8BC3324AD7F2FD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Nobiliasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FF7EC3D64BD3F2FD" author="Pribyl, A. & Vanek, J." box="[211,456,1942,1969]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="277 - 282" refId="ref46547" refString="Pribyl, A. & Vanek, J. (1965) Neue Trilobiten des bohmischen Ordoviziums. Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho, 40, 277 - 282." type="journal article" year="1965">Přibyl & Vaněk, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both of which are closely similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FCC9C3D649C4F2FC" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[868,991,1943,1968]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E451D18FCC9C3D649C4F2FC" box="[868,991,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Birmanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and must surely be included within the same subfamily, whatever taxonomy is eventually adopted. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E451D18FC14C3FA4F0FF299" authority="Kobayashi, 1960" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1960" box="[953,1300,1979,2005]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Birmanitinae">
|
||
Birmanitinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FBF9C3FA4F0FF299" author="Kobayashi, T." box="[1108,1300,1979,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" pagination="217 - 275" refId="ref45125" refString="Kobayashi, T. (1960) The Cambro-Ordovician formations and faunas of South Korea, part 6, Paleontology V. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Tokyo, Section 2, 12 (2), 217 - 275." type="journal article" year="1960">Kobayashi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the older name for this group even though it was not recognised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E451D18FC8FC39E49F0F2B5" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[802,1003,2015,2041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36926E441D19FF6AC4D64930F611" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
An objective appraisal of asaphid trilobites is overdue. An unpublished PhD thesis by Mark
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FB79C4D64F4EF5FD" author="Bell, M. A." box="[1236,1365,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref42650" refString="Bell, M. A. (2009) Macroevolutionary patterns of body-size evolution within the Class Trilobita (Arthropoda). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2009">Bell (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
under the supervision of RAF attempted a cladistic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FCA2C4FA4992F599" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[783,905,187,213]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asaphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One group that comprised a clade with moderate support included
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FE25C49E4811F5B4" box="[392,522,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FE25C49E481DF5B4" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[392,518,223,248]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Birmanites</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FD1BC49E4953F5B5" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1960" box="[694,840,223,249]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Birmanitinae">Birmanitinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is appropriate for it. The most important characters uniting the group are displayed by the hypostome, which has a characteristic rounded to oval middle body with prominent maculae at the rear, and a broad, U-shaped fork, and hypostome widest at, or in front of the maculae. The characteristic hypostome is illustrated by a specimen from the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FC5BC50A4EEDF429" baseAuthorityName="Reed" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1014,1270,331,357]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="birmanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FC5BC50A4EEDF429" box="[1014,1270,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Birmanites birmanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
figured herein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A176E441D19FF32C52E4AE1F4C5" box="[159,250,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1801,1825]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,181,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-18@19.[199,1388,181,1777]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Birmanites birmanicus (Reed) from the Hwe Mawng Beds (uppermost Katian), northern Shan State, Myanmar. 1. Hypostome (original of Reed 1915, pl. 5, fig. 17), GSI 11519, Hwe Mawng. 2a, b. Cephalon (original of Reed 1915, pl. 6, fig. 2), GSI 11522, Hwe Mawng, original and retrodeformation. 3. Partial specimen (original of Reed 1915, pl. 6, fig. 3), GSI 11523, Hpakhi. 4a, b. Pygidium (original of Reed 1915, pl. 6, fig. 4), GSI 11524, Hwe Mawng, original and retrodeformation. 5. Cranidium (original of Reed 1915, pl. 7, fig. 2), GSI 11534, Hpakhi. 6. Partial specimen (original of Reed 1915, pl. 5, figs 15,16), GSI 11518, Hpakhi. Scale bars = 2 mm for 1; = 5 mm for 2–6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6810306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6810306/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 6.1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and an illustrative reconstruction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A176E441D19FD3CC52E48F7F4C5" box="[657,748,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1662,1686]" captionTargetBox="[368,1218,489,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-188@20.[368,1219,489,1639]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 7. Reconstruction of Birmanites birmanicus (Reed). A) Dorsal skeleton; B) Hypostome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6810310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6810310/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 7.b</figureCitation>
|
||
), and by the Barrandian
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D988306E441D19FBA4C52E4E6BF4C5" box="[1033,1136,367,393]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(selected
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FB48C52E4F61F4C5" author="Kielan, Z." box="[1253,1402,367,393]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref44947" refString="Kielan, Z. (1960) Upper Ordovician trilobites from Poland and some related forms from Bohemia and Scandinavia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 11, 1 - 191." type="journal article" year="1960">Kielan, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 76) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FF4FC5D24BCDF4E1" box="[226,470,403,429]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FF4FC5D24BCDF4E1" box="[226,470,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Nobiliasaphus nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FDBCC5D248E4F4E1" author="Horny, R. & Bastl, F." box="[529,767,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref44590" refString="Horny, R. & Bastl, F. (1970) Type specimen of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Trilobita. National Museum, Prague, Prague, 354 pp." type="book" year="1970">Horný & Bastl, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6 fig. 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FC21C5D24E30F4E1" author="Rabano, I." box="[908,1067,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="541 - 609" refId="ref46614" refString="Rabano, I. (1989) Trilobites del Ordovicico Medio del sector meridional de la Zona Centroiberica espanola. Part II Agnostina y Asaphida Publicaciones Especiales del Boletin Geologico y Minero, 100, 541 - 609." type="journal article" year="1989">Rabáno, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 3, fig. 6; also,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FB57C5D24F83F4E1" author="Hughes, C. P." box="[1274,1432,403,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="109 - 181" refId="ref44696" refString="Hughes, C. P. (1979) The Ordovician trilobite faunas of the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales. Part 3. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Series, 32, 109 - 181." type="journal article" year="1979">Hughes, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 11 for a similar hypostome, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FD82C5F6494BF49D" author="Hammann, W. & Leone, F." box="[559,848,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="1 - 217" refId="ref44454" refString="Hammann, W. & Leone, F. (1997) Trilobites from the post-Sardic (Upper Ordovician) sequence of southern Sardinia. Part 1. Beringeria, 20, 1 - 217." type="journal article" year="1997">Hammann & Leone 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6, fig. 3 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FBA1C5F64EBBF49D" author="Turvey, S. T." box="[1036,1184,439,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="347 - 399" refId="ref48057" refString="Turvey, S. T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the South China Plate. Palaeontology, 50, 347 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Turvey, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for further examples). Dorsal characters in the group are variable with regard to width of pleural areas, preglabellar field, dorsal effacement and the like, but a glabella with an inflated, often pyriform frontal lobe and with a pair of posteriorly inwardly sloping, and often deepened axial/glabellar furrows which constrict a narrow median glabellar lobe in front of the occipital ring, is also typical. Where known, the medial tubercle is immediately pre-occipital (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FB18C6064F2BF72C" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[1205,1328,583,608]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB18C6064F2BF72C" box="[1205,1328,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Birmanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FADBC6064AC9F7C9" author="Lu, Y. - H." pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="1 - 453" refId="ref45640" refString="Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453." type="journal article" year="1975">Lu, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 8, fig. 8), and the dorsal facial sutures run at, or at least very close to the anterior margin before they meet medially. A distinctive genus from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37576026E441D19FDC0C6CE48CCF7E5" box="[621,727,655,681]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FD4FC6CE4E93F7E5" authority="Fortey & Shergold, 1984" authorityName="Fortey & Shergold" authorityYear="1984" box="[738,1160,655,681]" class="Trilobita" genus="Norasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FD4FC6CE4972F7E5" box="[738,873,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Norasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FCC2C6CE4E93F7E5" author="Fortey, R. A. & Shergold, J. H." box="[879,1160,655,681]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="315 - 366" refId="ref44152" refString="Fortey, R. A. & Shergold, J. H. (1984) Early Ordovician trilobites, Nora Formation, central Australia. Palaeontology, 27, 315 - 366." type="journal article" year="1984">Fortey & Shergold, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which includes the only tuberculate asaphids, also belongs within the same group, showing similar hypostome construction and glabella furrows, even though it is much more convex and less flattened peripherally than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FB84C6964EBFF7BC" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[1065,1188,727,752]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB84C6964EBFF7BC" box="[1065,1188,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Birmanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FB1CC6964F48F7BD" author="Turvey, S. T." box="[1201,1363,727,753]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="347 - 399" refId="ref48057" refString="Turvey, S. T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the South China Plate. Palaeontology, 50, 347 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Turvey (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added further Chinese taxa to this group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FDB3C6BA48DBF659" authorityName="Pribyl & Vanek" authorityYear="1965" box="[542,704,763,789]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FDB3C6BA48DBF659" box="[542,704,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Nobiliasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FC11C6BA4E2CF658" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[956,1079,763,788]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FC11C6BA4E2CF658" box="[956,1079,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Birmanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a curious structure of the pygidial axis, with chevron-like medial backward deflections of the ring furrows, the ring itself bisected transversely by fainter extra furrows and ridges of similar form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36926E441D19FF6AC7264F40F1A5" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1257]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
|
||
This asaphid group is peri-Gondwanan, with scattered occurrences from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37576026E441D19FBACC7264E4BF6CD" box="[1025,1104,871,897]" name="France" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Iberian Peninsula and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37576026E441D19FAF5C7264F87F6CD" box="[1368,1436,871,897]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Wales</collectingCountry>
|
||
eastwards to southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37576026E441D19FE0DC7CA4BFCF6E9" box="[416,487,907,933]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FDC1C7CA4907F6E9" box="[620,796,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pamirotetchites</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FC8EC7CA49FAF6E9" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[803,993,907,933]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="191 - 263" refId="ref42474" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1966) Trilobites from the Ordovician and Silurian beds of Pamir. Trudy Upravlenya Geologii Soveta Ministrov Tadzhikskoi SSR. Paleontologiya I Stratigrafiya, 2, 191 - 263. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1966">Balashova, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from the Pamirs in central Asia is a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FEFEC7EE4BEEF685" authorityName="Pribyl & Vanek" authorityYear="1965" box="[339,501,943,969]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FEFEC7EE4BEEF685" box="[339,501,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Nobiliasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FDB5C7EE48CCF685" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[536,727,943,969]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova (1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 59) realised, and displays the same distinctive pygidial structure as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FF45C7924BCDF6A1" authority="(Barrande)" baseAuthorityName="Barrande" box="[232,470,979,1005]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FF45C7924B4EF6A1" box="[232,341,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">N. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Barrande)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FDE8C7924E33F6A1" authority="Lu, 1975" authorityName="Lu" authorityYear="1975" box="[581,1064,978,1005]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Opsimasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudodawanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FDE8C79249A3F6A1" box="[581,952,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Opsimasaphus pseudodawanicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FC6DC7924E33F6A1" author="Lu, Y. - H." box="[960,1064,978,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="1 - 453" refId="ref45640" refString="Lu, Y. - H. (1975) Ordovician trilobite faunas of central and southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series B, 11, 1 - 453." type="journal article" year="1975">Lu, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB9EC7924E52F6A0" box="[1075,1097,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FBE2C7924EF2F6A1" author="Turvey, S. T." box="[1103,1257,979,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" pagination="347 - 399" refId="ref48057" refString="Turvey, S. T. (2007) Asaphoid trilobites from the Arenig-Llanvirn of the South China Plate. Palaeontology, 50, 347 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Turvey, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FB56C7924F99F6A1" authorityName="Fortey & Shergold" authorityYear="1984" box="[1275,1410,979,1005]" class="Trilobita" genus="Norasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB56C7924F99F6A1" box="[1275,1410,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Norasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is so far confined to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37576026E441D19FEF1C7B64BDDF15D" box="[348,454,1015,1041]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FDBEC7B648AEF15D" authorityName="Pribyl & Vanek" authorityYear="1965" box="[531,693,1015,1041]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Nobiliasaphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FDBEC7B648AEF15D" box="[531,693,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Nobiliasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not extend east of the Pamirs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FB93C7B64EA2F15C" authorityName="Sheng" authorityYear="1934" box="[1086,1209,1015,1040]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Birmanites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB93C7B64EA2F15C" box="[1086,1209,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Birmanites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more widespread. Whether this group should be included within a more inclusive clade based on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FBA1C05A4EA1F179" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1901" box="[1036,1210,1051,1077]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Pseudoasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FBA1C05A4EA1F179" box="[1036,1210,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pseudoasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as claimed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FAC1C05A4B37F115" author="Balashova, E. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is uncertain. Many genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FD2EC07E48E2F115" authorityName="Salter" authorityYear="1864" box="[643,761,1087,1113]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asaphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to be endemic to Baltica, such as those placed in Megistaspidinae by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FEDAC0224824F131" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[375,575,1123,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FDD4C022493CF131" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1901" box="[633,807,1123,1149]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Pseudoasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FDD4C022493CF131" box="[633,807,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pseudoasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be no exception.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D116E441D19FB8CC0224F1FF131" box="[1057,1284,1123,1149]" class="Trilobita" family="Asaphidae" genus="Pseudoasaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asaphida" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EA806E441D19FB8CC0224ED4F131" box="[1057,1231,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pseudoasaphus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have anterior branches of the facial sutures which cross the fontal area well away from the anterior cephalic margin before meeting in an acute point (e.g. Jaanusson, 1953, pl. 4, fig. 3), and hypostomes attributed to related genera are relatively long and narrow, with more extended ‘forks’ subtending an almost v-shaped outline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B636E441D19FBE2C08E4F15F1A5" author="Balashova, E. A." box="[1103,1294,1231,1257]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refId="ref42554" refString="Balashova, E. A. (1976) Systematics of asaphine trilobites and their representatives in the USSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 215 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1976">Balashova, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |