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<mods:title id="E5CC9615905E7C497D2B9F6ED57C18A2">The identity of the invasive yellow-striped terrestrial planarian found recently in Europe: Caenoplana variegata (Fletcher &amp; Hamilton, 1888) or Caenoplana bicolor (Graff, 1899)?</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAC903BC1F945" bold="true" box="[151,417,1709,1736]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Caenoplana variegata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BBEAAC903963F94A" author="Fletcher, J. J. &amp; Hamilton, A. G." box="[433,771,1709,1735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" pagination="349 - 374" refId="ref15516" refString="Fletcher, J. J. &amp; Hamilton, A. G. (1888) Notes on Australian land-planarians, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 349 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29186" type="journal article" year="1888">Fletcher &amp; Hamilton, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCACCF381CF887" authority="Fletcher &amp; Hamilton, 1888" authorityName="Fletcher &amp; Hamilton" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,636,1777,1802]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCACCF3B02F884" box="[151,354,1778,1802]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB32ACCC381CF887" author="Fletcher, J. J. &amp; Hamilton, A. G." box="[361,636,1777,1802]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" pagination="349 - 374" refId="ref15516" refString="Fletcher, J. J. &amp; Hamilton, A. G. (1888) Notes on Australian land-planarians, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2, 349 - 374. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 29186" type="journal article" year="1888">Fletcher &amp; Hamilton, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAD2D3B02F8A5" box="[151,354,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB32AD2D3B8AF8A5" author="Dendy, A." box="[361,490,1808,1833]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" pagination="123 - 129" refId="ref15346" refString="Dendy, A. (1892) Descriptions of some land planarians from Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 4, 123 - 129." type="journal article" year="1892">Dendy, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAD123B02F8CA" box="[151,354,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
Dendy, 1893a
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCAD733B97F8EB" authority="Dendy, 1893 b" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,503,1869,1894]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAD733B02F8E8" box="[151,354,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
Dendy, 1893b
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCAD513B8AF809" authority="Dendy, 1894" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,490,1900,1925]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAD513B02F809" box="[151,354,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB32AD513B8AF809" author="Dendy, A." box="[361,490,1900,1925]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" pagination="729 - 734" refId="ref15447" refString="Dendy, A. (1894) Notes on some land planarians collected by Thos. Steel, Esq., F. C. S., in the Blue Mountains, N. S. W. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 729 - 734. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18142" type="journal article" year="1894">Dendy, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCADB63BA7F82E" authority="Graff, 1899" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,455,1930,1955]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCADB63B2AF82E" box="[151,330,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB0AADB73BA7F82E" author="Graff, L. von" box="[337,455,1930,1955]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" refId="ref15602" refString="Graff, L. von (1899) Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladia Terricola (Landplanarien). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 574 pp., atlas, taf. I-LVIII." type="book" year="1899">Graff, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCAD973BBFF84F" authority="Graff, 1899" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,479,1961,1986]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCAD973B02F84C" box="[151,354,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB32AD943BBFF84F" author="Graff, L. von" box="[361,479,1961,1986]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" refId="ref15602" refString="Graff, L. von (1899) Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladia Terricola (Landplanarien). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 574 pp., atlas, taf. I-LVIII." type="book" year="1899">Graff, 1899</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF87B38BACCADF53BBBF86D" authority="Steel, 1900" authorityName="Steel" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,475,1992,2017]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF87B38BACCADF53B02F86D" box="[151,354,1992,2016]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="207">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF87B38BB32ADF53BBBF86D" author="Steel, T." box="[361,475,1992,2017]" pageId="14" pageNumber="207" pagination="618 - 631" refId="ref16308" refString="Steel, T. (1900) Tasmanian land planarians. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 25, 618 - 631. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12179" type="journal article" year="1900">Steel, 1900</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAAA43B85FF3C" authority="Winsor, 1973" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,485,152,177]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="varigata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAAA43B37FF3D" box="[151,343,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Geoplana varigata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB06AAA53B85FF3C" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[349,485,152,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="264 - 265" refId="ref16497" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1973) Geoplana varigata Fletcher &amp; Hamilton 1887 - A new land planarian record for Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist, 90, 264 - 265." type="journal article" year="1973">Winsor, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAA8A3BB9FF42" authority="Winsor, 1973" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,473,183,208]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAA8A3B2AFF42" box="[151,330,183,207]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Geoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB0BAA8A3BB9FF42" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[336,473,183,208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="264 - 265" refId="ref16497" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1973) Geoplana varigata Fletcher &amp; Hamilton 1887 - A new land planarian record for Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist, 90, 264 - 265." type="journal article" year="1973">Winsor, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAAEB3B85FF63" authority="Winsor, 1977" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,485,213,238]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="varigata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAAEB3B37FF63" box="[151,343,214,238]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Geoplana varigata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB06AAE83B85FF63" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[349,485,213,238]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref16531" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1977) Terrestrial planarians and nemerteans of the Otway Region. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 89, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1977">Winsor, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAAC838C6FE80" authority="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991" authorityName="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,678,244,269]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Australopacifica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAAC83BEFFE80" box="[151,399,245,269]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Australopacifica bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BBCDAAC838C6FE80" author="Ogren, R. E. &amp; Kawakatsu, M." box="[406,678,244,269]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="25 - 102" refId="ref16059" refString="Ogren, R. E. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1991) Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae. Bulletin of the Fuji Women's College, No. 29, Series II, 25 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1991">Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAB2E38DEFEA6" authority="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991" authorityName="Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,702,275,300]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Australopacifica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAB2E3BC7FEA6" box="[151,423,275,299]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Australopacifica variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BBF5AB2E38DEFEA6" author="Ogren, R. E. &amp; Kawakatsu, M." box="[430,702,275,300]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="25 - 102" refId="ref16059" refString="Ogren, R. E. &amp; Kawakatsu, M. (1991) Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae. Bulletin of the Fuji Women's College, No. 29, Series II, 25 - 102." type="book chapter" year="1991">Ogren &amp; Kawakatsu, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCAB0F3B91FEC7" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,497,305,330]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAB0F3B91FEC7" authority="Winsor, 1991" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,497,305,330]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAB0F3B02FEC7" box="[151,354,306,330]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB33AB0C3B91FEC7" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[360,497,305,330]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref16563" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1991) A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae). The Victorian Naturalist, 108, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="1991">Winsor, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCAB6C3869FEE4" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,521,336,361]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAB6C3869FEE4" authority="Winsor, 1991" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,521,336,361]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAB6C3B1AFEE5" box="[151,378,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana variegata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BBDBAB6D3869FEE4" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[384,521,336,361]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="42 - 49" refId="ref16563" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1991) A provisional classification of Australian terrestrial geoplanid flatworms (Tricladida: Terricola: Geoplanidae). The Victorian Naturalist, 108, 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="1991">Winsor, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCAB523B91FE0A" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,497,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCAB523B91FE0A" authority="Winsor, 1997" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,497,367,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAB523B02FE0A" box="[151,354,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB33AB523B91FE0A" author="Winsor, L. W." box="[360,497,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="575 - 579" refId="ref16598" refString="Winsor, L. W. (1997) The biodiversity of terrestrial flatworms (Tricladida; Terricola; Terricola) in Queensland: a preliminary report. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 56 (2), 575 - 579. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1997.56.52" type="journal article" year="1997">Winsor, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCABB33815FE2B" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,629,397,422]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCABB33815FE2B" authority="Alvarez-Presas et al. 2014" box="[151,629,397,422]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCABB33B02FE2B" box="[151,354,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB32ABB03815FE2B" author="Alvarez-Presas, M. &amp; Mateos, E. &amp; Tudo, A. &amp; Jones, H. D. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[361,629,397,422]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref15114" refString="Alvarez-Presas, M., Mateos, E., Tudo, A., Jones, H. D. &amp; Riutort, M. (2014) Diversity of introduced terrestrial flatworms in the Iberian Peninsula: a cautionary tale. PeerJ, 2 (e 430), 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 430" type="journal article" year="2014">
Álvarez-Presas 
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39B852ABB23855FE2B" box="[521,565,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCAB903855FE48" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,565,428,453]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
Espèce “rayée jaune” 
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB2DAB913855FE48" author="Justine, J-L. &amp; Thevenot, J. &amp; Winsor, L. W." box="[374,565,428,453]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="28 - 32" refId="ref15677" refString="Justine, J-L. Thevenot, J. &amp; Winsor, L. W. (2014) Les sept plathelminthes invasifs introduits en France. Phytoma, No 674, 28 - 32." type="journal article" year="2014">
Justine 
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BB98AB903B8FFE48" box="[451,495,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCABF63868FE69" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,520,459,484]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCABF63868FE69" authority="De Waart, 2016" authorityName="De Waart" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,520,459,484]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCABF63B02FE6E" box="[151,354,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
De 
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BBD7ABF13868FE69" author="Waart, S. de" box="[396,520,459,484]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref16469" refString="Waart, S. de (2016) Exotische landplatwormen in Nederland (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 47, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2016">Waart, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCABD73B81FD8F" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,481,489,514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCABD73B81FD8F" authority="Sluys, 2016" authorityName="Sluys" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,481,489,514]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCABD73B02FD8F" box="[151,354,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB32ABD43B81FD8F" author="Sluys R." box="[361,481,489,514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="288 - 295" refId="ref16278" refString="Sluys R. (2016) Invasion of the flatworms. American Scientist, 104, 288 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1511 / 2016.122.288" type="journal article" year="2016">Sluys, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCA8343880FDAC" blockId="15.[151,736,152,545]" box="[151,736,520,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BACCA8343880FDAC" authority="Vardinoyannis &amp; Alexandrakis, 2019" authorityName="Vardinoyannis &amp; Alexandrakis" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,736,520,545]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCA8343B02FDAC" box="[151,354,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana bicolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BB33A8353880FDAC" author="Vardinoyannis, K. &amp; Alexandrakis, G." box="[360,736,520,545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="500 - 504" refId="ref16410" refString="Vardinoyannis, K. &amp; Alexandrakis, G. (2019) First record of the land planarian Caenoplana bicolor (Graff, 1899) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Continenticola) in Greece. BioInvasions Records, 8 (3), 500 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2019.8.3.04" type="journal article" year="2019">Vardinoyannis &amp; Alexandrakis, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2FC46562FFF97B27BACCA8733FE1F86D" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCA87339A3FC90" blockId="15.[151,1437,590,1194]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCA8733B1BFDE4" bold="true" box="[151,379,590,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BBDEA8723B93FDE4" box="[389,499,591,617]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.97.11.1.26-28, as 
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39B899A8723E5AFDE4" authority=", Bundanoon" authorityName="Bundanoon" box="[706,1082,591,618]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39B899A87239C5FDE4" box="[706,933,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Geoplana variegata</emphasis>
, Bundanoon
</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation id="D7B63CB4FFF97B39BE13A87239BCFD74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2563048066" collectionCode="NSW, T, NHMUK" latitude="-34.66" longLatPrecision="719" longitude="150.28" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BE13A8723EE7FDE4" box="[1096,1159,591,617]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Herbarium">NSW</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BECFA86D3EC6FDE7" box="[1172,1190,592,618]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">T</collectionCode>
. Steel, 1897 [
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, 
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]. The selected specimen (henceforth referred to as 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39B962A84E39C9FD00" box="[825,937,627,653]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.97) had a prominent gonopore and faint visible dark lines dorsally (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFF97B39BBF2A8AA3878FD3F" box="[425,536,662,690]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1211,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,1207,1896]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caenoplana variegata. Photographs of remaining preserved portions of the sectioned specimens, taken 10 August 2018. NHMUK97: dorsal (a) and ventral (b) surfaces, preserved in 1897, now in 80% IMS. Cv7: dorsal (c) and ventral (d) surfaces, killed and preserved 29 January 2015, now in 100% ethanol. 1 mm graph paper background, scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637821/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Fig. 5a, b</figureCitation>
). It was cut into six portions: anterior portion 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BE7AA8AA3E11FD3F" box="[1057,1137,663,690]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BEB9A8AA3F51FD3F" box="[1250,1329,663,690]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
posterior portion, neither sectioned (subsequently the posterior 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39B8AEA8873957FD5B" box="[757,823,698,726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
severed and used for attempted molecular analysis); 
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pre-pharyngeal portion, TS, 7 slides; 
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long pharyngeal portion
</materialsCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39B9B3A8E23E6BFD74" box="[1000,1035,735,761]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">LS</collectionCode>
, 30 slides; 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BED0A8E23EBCFD77" box="[1163,1244,735,762]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
portion, not sectioned; 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BAB7A93E3B5AFC93" box="[236,314,771,798]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
portion including the copulatory apparatus, 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39B971A93E392DFC90" box="[810,845,771,797]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">LS</collectionCode>
, 27 slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BA9CA91A39D7FC5F" blockId="15.[151,1437,590,1194]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
Zoological Museum, Berlin (
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39B87DA91A3806FCCC" box="[550,614,807,833]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
) Vermes 3506; 
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39B974A91A399EFCCC" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1973" box="[815,1022,807,833]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39B974A91A399EFCCC" box="[815,1022,807,833]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Geoplana bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<typeStatus id="B865884BFFF97B39BE4EA9153E0CFCCF" box="[1045,1132,808,834]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(hereafter referred to as “ 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BAFAA9773A82FCE8" box="[161,226,842,869]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
3506”). This is one of the specimens found by W.B. Spencer in 
<collectingRegion id="A51AF80BFFF97B39B9C2A9763E7DFCE8" box="[921,1053,843,869]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Queensland</collectingRegion>
(Gympie; Burnett River; Cooran), 
<collectingCountry id="1FC97679FFF97B39BACCA9523B61FC04" box="[151,257,879,905]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Australia</collectingCountry>
, mentioned in 
<bibRefCitation id="034F4B18FFF97B39BBF3A9523825FC04" author="Dendy, A." box="[424,581,879,905]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" pagination="123 - 129" refId="ref15346" refString="Dendy, A. (1892) Descriptions of some land planarians from Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 4, 123 - 129." type="journal article" year="1892">Dendy (1892)</bibRefCitation>
and sent by Dendy to Graff (Winsor, pers. comm). It has been sectioned by L. Winsor. 143 slides: Anterior, 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BBA6A9AE3840FC20" box="[509,544,915,941]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">LS</collectionCode>
, 48 slides, H&amp;E, 8μm; Mid-portion 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39B9EDA9AE39B7FC20" box="[950,983,915,941]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">LS</collectionCode>
and TS, 47 slides, H&amp;E (except 2 slides trichrome); genital portion, 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BB95A98A3B91FC5C" box="[462,497,951,977]" country="United Kingdom" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">LS</collectionCode>
, 48 slides, H&amp;E (except one trichrome).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BA9CA9E63831FB24" blockId="15.[151,1437,590,1194]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<materialsCitation id="D7B63CB4FFF97B39BA9CA9E639D2FB08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2563048067" collectingDate="2015-01-28" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="J. Tomnie &amp; It &amp; Killed &amp; Cut" country="United Kingdom" latitude="52.38545" location="Coventry" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-1.648287" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Coventry">
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFF97B39BA9CA9E63B55FC78" box="[199,309,987,1013]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.2018.8.31.1. Collected near 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="1FC97679FFF97B39B8B6A9E13975FC7B" box="[749,789,988,1014]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">UK</collectingCountry>
[
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, 
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], 
<date id="13601029FFF97B39BE06A9E63F7BFC78" box="[1117,1307,986,1014]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" value="2015-01-28">
<collectingDate id="0324E9C1FFF97B39BE06A9E63F7BFC78" box="[1117,1307,986,1014]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" value="2015-01-28">28 January 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="CA2B533FFFF97B39BF7CA9E13FF8FC78" box="[1319,1432,987,1014]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">J. Tomnie</collectorName>
, (slides labeled and hereafter referred to as “Cv7”). 
<collectorName id="CA2B533FFFF97B39B88FAE3D3885FB97" box="[724,741,1024,1050]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">It</collectorName>
had a prominent gonopore thus mature. 
<collectorName id="CA2B533FFFF97B39BEF6A9C23E93FB94" box="[1197,1267,1023,1049]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Killed</collectorName>
in warm water for 30 s, then in 100% ethanol. 
<collectorName id="CA2B533FFFF97B39B85BAE1E3848FBB0" box="[512,552,1059,1085]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Cut</collectorName>
into five portions: the anterior 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39B9D6AE1E39BDFBB3" box="[909,989,1059,1086]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
and posterior 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BEDAAE1E3EA4FBB3" box="[1153,1220,1059,1086]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFF97B39BE8FAE1E3F79FBB0" box="[1236,1305,1058,1085]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1211,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,1207,1896]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caenoplana variegata. Photographs of remaining preserved portions of the sectioned specimens, taken 10 August 2018. NHMUK97: dorsal (a) and ventral (b) surfaces, preserved in 1897, now in 80% IMS. Cv7: dorsal (c) and ventral (d) surfaces, killed and preserved 29 January 2015, now in 100% ethanol. 1 mm graph paper background, scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637821/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, c &amp; d) not sectioned and remain preserved in ethanol (the posterior tip was subsequently removed for molecular analysis); a 
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pre-pharyngeal portion, TS, 7 slides; an 
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pharyngeal section
</materialsCitation>
, 
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, 13 slides; a 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFF97B39BE2DAE563EA6FB0B" box="[1142,1222,1131,1158]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
portion containing the copulatory apparatus, 
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, 16 slides.
</paragraph>
<caption id="33A16661FFF97B39BACCAD463F49F856" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3637821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637821/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" startId="15.[151,250,1915,1940]" targetBox="[157,1432,1211,1892]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="676136E9FFF97B39BACCAD463F49F856" blockId="15.[151,1436,1915,2012]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BACCAD463B73F819" bold="true" box="[151,275,1915,1940]" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A0DE4D6AFFF97B39BB41AD413B9DF819" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1991" box="[282,509,1916,1940]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Caenoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="15" pageNumber="208" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFF97B39BB41AD413B9DF819" box="[282,509,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="208">Caenoplana variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photographs of remaining preserved portions of the sectioned specimens, taken 10 August 2018. NHMUK97: dorsal (a) and ventral (b) surfaces, preserved in 1897, now in 80% IMS. Cv7: dorsal (c) and ventral (d) surfaces, killed and preserved 29 January 2015, now in 100% ethanol. 1 mm graph paper background, scale bar 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAAA53B3DFF76" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFE67B26BA9CAAA53B87FF3E" bold="true" box="[199,487,152,179]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Anatomical descriptions.</emphasis>
External dimensions and the relative positions of the pharyngeal aperture (mouth) and gonopore of the three sectioned specimens, other available specimens and also taken from the literature are shown in 
<tableCitation id="2A5C0352FFE67B26BB5FAADC3B37FF76" box="[260,343,225,251]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,153,177]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Body length, position of the mouth, M (pharyngeal aperture) and gonopore, Gp, from the anterior end (mm) and position of mouth and gonopore as % of body length of specimens named as either Caenoplana variegata (Cv) or C. bicolor (Cb) taken from literature or measured from museum specimens. Also shown are dimensions taken from Winsor (1973) and of the sectioned UK specimen CV7. Fletcher &amp; Hamilton (1888) possibly confused anterior and posterior (see text), * indicates corrected values." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/33A16661FFF57B35BACCAAA43864FECF" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" tableUuid="33A16661FFF57B35BACCAAA43864FECF">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAB383912FEEA" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFE67B26BA9CAB383B55FE92" box="[199,309,261,287]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.97 (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BB38AB383BCBFE92" box="[355,427,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1895,1920]" captionTargetBox="[217,1373,171,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[212,1376,166,1875]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Caenoplana variegata. NHMUK97: a, mid-dorsal and, b, mid-ventral TS showing the epithelium and cutaneous muscle, scales 50 µm; c, TS enlargement of dorsal portion of (d), scale 200 µm; d, whole TS, scale 500 µm. Note in (c) lack of sub-cutaneous melanic pigment in regions corresponding with the dark stripes of living animals, cf. Figs 8 &amp; 10; e, LS of the pharynx, * indicates the position of the pharyngeal aperture, scale 2 mm (anterior to the right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637823/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Figs 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BBECAB383BA8FE92" box="[439,456,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1724,1749]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,183,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,174,1705]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Caenoplana variegata. NHMUK97: a, LS showing several mature testes, scale 200 µm; b, TS showing the ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the immature ovovitelline duct immediately dorsal to the ventral nerve cord, scale 200 µm; d &amp; e, LS of the portion containing the copulatory apparatus: d, the extent of the male atrium (right); e, the extent of the female atrium (left). Both extend beyond the sectioned portion. Scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637825/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">7</figureCitation>
): The epidermis is damaged or missing over large areas but is a monolayer of columnar cells, about 40 μm thick dorsally and about 20 μm ventrally. Many rhabdites are present both dorsally and ventrally. The creeping sole, measured from TS, is about 75% of the width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAB4C39F0FE3D" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
The preserved specimen showed faint longitudinal dark lines (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26B9CCAB4C39BDFE06" box="[919,989,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1915,1940]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1211,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,1207,1896]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 5. Caenoplana variegata. Photographs of remaining preserved portions of the sectioned specimens, taken 10 August 2018. NHMUK97: dorsal (a) and ventral (b) surfaces, preserved in 1897, now in 80% IMS. Cv7: dorsal (c) and ventral (d) surfaces, killed and preserved 29 January 2015, now in 100% ethanol. 1 mm graph paper background, scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637821/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) but corresponding pigment cannot be detected in TS (it can be detected in 
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFE67B26B86BABA9380DFE22" box="[560,621,404,431]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
3506 and Cv7 
<emphasis id="55AAEAFBFFE67B26B952ABAB3942FE22" box="[777,802,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">—</emphasis>
see later).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAB84384DFE7A" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">A prominent ring zone of parenchymal mixed circular and longitudinal muscle is present, about 130 μm thick ventrally and 300 μm thick dorsally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CA83C384BFDB2" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
There is a pair of ventral nerve cords with transverse commissures and a sub-epidermal muscle plexus. The nerve cords are about 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFE67B26BBD5A8183B84FDB2" box="[398,484,549,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
apart.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CA874382AFD7E" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
The digestive system is typically triclad. The pharynx is cylindrical, about 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFE67B26BE7BA8743E03FDEE" box="[1056,1123,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long by 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFE67B26BE90A8743F6DFDEE" box="[1227,1293,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter, the dorsal insertion a little more posterior than the ventral. The pharyngeal aperture (mouth) is about 67% along the pharyngeal pouch. The pharyngeal musculature of consists of an outer layer of circular fibres 100 μm wide, a central layer of longitudinal and radial fibres respectively about 300 μm wide and an inner layer of alternating longitudinal and circular fibres about 100 μm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CA8C038B9FC2A" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
Numerous mature testes are present lateral to the ventral nerve cord on both sides. They are present in the TS and the 
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of the pharyngeal portion, both anterior, alongside and posterior to the pharyngeal pouch, but there are none in the portion of the copulatory apparatus. Typically their maximum dimension is about 250 μm. Each is slightly elongated towards the ventral side of the nerve cord, presumed to indicate the position of the efferent duct. Sperm ducts cannot be distinguished with certainty.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CA98C3B12FBBB" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
Unfortunately the excised sectioned body portion is too short to show the full antero-posterior extent of the copulatory apparatus so that the entry of any sperm ducts anteriorly cannot be determined. Measured from the gonopore the male atrium is at least 
<quantity id="A0269B0CFFE67B26B86FA9C43815FB9E" box="[564,629,1017,1043]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long. The male atrium contains a large fold projecting from the ventral surface (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BAACAE213B05FBBB" box="[247,357,1052,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1724,1749]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,183,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,174,1705]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Caenoplana variegata. NHMUK97: a, LS showing several mature testes, scale 200 µm; b, TS showing the ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the immature ovovitelline duct immediately dorsal to the ventral nerve cord, scale 200 µm; d &amp; e, LS of the portion containing the copulatory apparatus: d, the extent of the male atrium (right); e, the extent of the female atrium (left). Both extend beyond the sectioned portion. Scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637825/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Fig. 7d, e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAE7D394CFB49" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
Immature oviducts 15 μm wide with no lumen visible are present just dorsal to the nerve cord on either side. They run the full length of the sectioned portion containing the copulatory apparatus and are presumed to open into the copulatory apparatus at the posterior, female, end. Measured from the gonopore the female portion is at least 
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. The female atrium is simple with little differentiation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAEF03E67FB6A" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" box="[199,1031,1229,1256]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Both male and female atria open into the gonopore with a simple opening.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAECD39D3FAA3" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFE67B26BA9CAECD3B64FA86" box="[199,260,1264,1291]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="16" pageNumber="209" type="Museum">ZMB</collectionCode>
3506 (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BB17AECC3BF5FA86" box="[332,405,1265,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[258,1336,177,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[247,1340,166,1845]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Caenoplana bicolor. ZMB3506: mid-dorsal (a) and mid-ventral (b) TS showing the epithelium and cutaneous muscle, scales 50 µm; c, TS, enlargement of dorsal portion of (d), scale 200 µm; d, whole TS, scale 500 µm. The double-ended arrows above c and d indicate regions of sub-cutaneous melanic pigment presumed to correspond with the dark stripes of living animals, cf. Figs 6 &amp; 10; e, LS of the pharynx, * indicates the position of the pharyngeal aperture, scale 2 mm (anterior to the right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637827/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Figs 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BBF8AECC3BD4FA86" box="[419,436,1265,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1827,1852]" captionTargetBox="[245,1346,178,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[229,1358,166,1807]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Caenoplana bicolor. ZMB3506: a, LS showing several immature testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing ovovitelline duct, ventral nerve cord and immature testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, longitudinal section showing the immature ovovitelline duct immediately dorsal to the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, longitudinal section showing the immature ovovitelline duct and probable immature ovary, scale 100 µm; e, LS showing the maximum extent of the male atrium (right); f, showing the maximum extent of the female atrium (left), scale bar 2 mm; g and h, enlargement of the extremities of the female and male atria, scale bar 250 µm; e, diagram of the copulatory apparatus, male to the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637829/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">9</figureCitation>
): The epidermis is damaged or missing over large areas but is a monolayer of columnar cells. The creeping sole, measured from TS, is about 85% of the width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAF05386DF9AB" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
Brown sub-epidermal pigment, probably melanic, is visible concentrated in dorsal and lateral regions (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE67B26BF34AF0A3AB1FAFB" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1865,1890]" captionTargetBox="[258,1336,177,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[247,1340,166,1845]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Caenoplana bicolor. ZMB3506: mid-dorsal (a) and mid-ventral (b) TS showing the epithelium and cutaneous muscle, scales 50 µm; c, TS, enlargement of dorsal portion of (d), scale 200 µm; d, whole TS, scale 500 µm. The double-ended arrows above c and d indicate regions of sub-cutaneous melanic pigment presumed to correspond with the dark stripes of living animals, cf. Figs 6 &amp; 10; e, LS of the pharynx, * indicates the position of the pharyngeal aperture, scale 2 mm (anterior to the right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637827/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">Fig. 8c, d</figureCitation>
). The concentrations are: two near-medial, each about 100 μm wide and 100 μm apart, lightly pigmented and restricted to the sub-epidermal circular muscle and longitudinal muscle bundles; two dorsally but more lateral, more heavily pigmented, about 
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apart and about 400 μm wide and extending through the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle bundles through to the rhabditogen layer; two laterally, less heavily pigmented, each about 200 μm wide also extending through to the rhabditogen layer. The pigment concentrations are assumed to coincide with the dark stripes in living animals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAC0D384DF9E0" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">A prominent parenchymal ring zone of mixed circular and longitudinal muscle is present, about 130 μm thick ventrally and 300 μm thick dorsally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAC4A3EAFF939" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
There is a pair of ventral nerve cords with transverse commissures and a sub-epidermal muscle plexus. The nerve cords approximately 
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apart. The ventral nerve cords expand near the anterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B26BA9CAC833BDEF8E8" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
The digestive system is typically triclad. The pharynx is cylindrical, about 
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long by 
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, the dorsal insertion a little more posterior than the ventral insertion. The pharyngeal aperture (mouth) is about 30% along the pharyngeal pouch. The pharyngeal musculature of consists of an outer layer of circular fibres 100 μm wide, a central layer of longitudinal and radial fibres about 400 μm wide and an inner layer of alternating longitudinal and circular fibres about 200 μm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE67B27BA9CAD4D3B5FFF76" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2038]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="16" pageNumber="209">
Numerous immature testes, 60-70 μm in diameter, are present lateral to the nerve cord on either side. Sperm ducts cannot be discerned in TS or 
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. The copulatory apparatus appears to be in the very early stages of development with little differentiation. The male part is about 
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long measured from the gonopore. At the anterior of the male part there is a sinuous narrow duct, internal diameter about 15 μm and about 500 μm long from anterior to posterior (longer when straightened) though no afferent sperm ducts are visible entering the anterior end of this duct. This duct opens into the male atrium, about 70 μm wide and 
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long, which is more or less linear with little differentiation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CAB383E9EFE22" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
Possible early-stage ovaries are present immediately dorsal to the ventral nerve cord on each side about 
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from the anterior end. Immature ovovitelline ducts, with no lumen visible, run posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the ventral nerve cord on either side. They can be traced posterior to the pharynx but not to the rear of the female copulatory system. No ovovitelline ducts can be seen entering the rear of the female atrium. The female atrium is about about 
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long from posterior to gonopore and 70 μm wide, also with little differentiation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CAB843E67FE5E" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" box="[199,1031,441,467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Both male and female atria open into the gonopore with a simple opening.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CABE03BC6FDEE" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
Cv7 (
<collectionCode id="01CFAE2CFFE77B27BB5DABE03B14FE7A" box="[262,372,477,503]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="17" pageNumber="210" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
.2018.8.31.1) (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B84CABE0380FFE7A" box="[535,623,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[248,1338,178,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[238,1349,166,1877]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: mid-dorsal (a) and mid-ventral (b) TS showing the epithelium and cutaneous muscle, scales 50 µm; c, TS enlargement of dorsal portion of (d), scale 200 µm; d, whole TS, scale 500 µm. The double-ended arrows above c and d indicate regions of sub-cutaneous melanic pigment presumed to correspond with the dark stripes of living animals, cf. Figs 6 &amp; 8; e, LS of the pharynx, * indicates the position of the pharyngeal aperture, scale 2 mm (anterior to the right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637831/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Figs 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B826ABE038FAFE7A" box="[637,666,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1665,1690]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,187,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,1646]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: a, LS showing several empty testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing the sperm duct, ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and empty testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the ovovitelline duct on the dorsal margin of the ventral nerve cord, and the sperm duct on the ventral margin of the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, LS of the copulatory apparatus, scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637833/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B8FCABE038A7FE7A" box="[679,711,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1863,1888]" captionTargetBox="[289,1300,183,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[272,1315,166,1843]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: diagram and selected LS micrographs of the copulatory apparatus: a, overlapping images through the gonopore, female atrium to the left, male to the right; b–e, sections of the female atrium and ducts; f–j, sections through the male atrium and ducts (i is an enlargement of the entry of the combined sperm duct into cavity c1); k, diagrammatic reconstruction. All (except i) to the same scale, 1 mm scale bars shown in a and k (scale bar in i = 200 µm). Vertical lines link the same feature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637835/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">12</figureCitation>
): The epidermis is a monolayer of columnar cells, about 50 μm thick dorsally and about 20 μm ventrally. Many rhabdites are present both dorsally and ventrally. The ventral epi- thelium is heavily ciliated, the cilia are about 5 μm long. The creeping sole, measured from transverse sections, is about 83% of the width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CA8503907FCD2" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
Brown sub-epidermal pigment, probably melanic, is present concentrated in regions of the dorsal and lateral circumference (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27BB13A8AC3BA5FD21" box="[328,453,657,684]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1897,1922]" captionTargetBox="[248,1338,178,1859]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[238,1349,166,1877]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: mid-dorsal (a) and mid-ventral (b) TS showing the epithelium and cutaneous muscle, scales 50 µm; c, TS enlargement of dorsal portion of (d), scale 200 µm; d, whole TS, scale 500 µm. The double-ended arrows above c and d indicate regions of sub-cutaneous melanic pigment presumed to correspond with the dark stripes of living animals, cf. Figs 6 &amp; 8; e, LS of the pharynx, * indicates the position of the pharyngeal aperture, scale 2 mm (anterior to the right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637831/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 10c, d</figureCitation>
). The concentrations are: two near-medial, each about 100 μm wide and 100 μm apart, lightly pigmented and restricted to the sub-epidermal circular muscle and longitudinal muscle bundles; two dorsally but more lateral, more heavily pigmented, about 
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apart and about 400 μm wide and extending through the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle bundles through to the rhabditogen layer; two laterally, less heavily pigmented, each about 200 μm wide also extending through to the rhabditogen layer. The pigment concentrations would appear to coincide with the dark stripes in living animals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CA954384DFC2A" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">A prominent parenchymal ring zone of mixed circular and longitudinal muscle is present, about 130 μm thick ventrally and 300 μm thick dorsally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CA98C3B93FC62" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
There is a pair of ventral nerve cords with transverse commissures and a sub-epidermal muscle plexus. The nerve cords are 
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apart.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CA9C43BB5FB2E" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
The digestive system is typically triclad. The pharynx is cylindrical, about 
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long by about 
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, the dorsal insertion a little more posterior than the ventral insertion. The pharyngeal aperture (mouth) is about 33% along the pharyngeal pouch. The pharyngeal musculature consists of an outer layer of circular fibres 40-60 μm wide, a central layer of longitudinal and radial fibres 300 μm wide, and an inner layer of alternating longitudinal and circular fibres 100 μm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CAE903F05F9F5" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
No mature testes are visible in any sectioned portion. However, empty cavities are present lateral to the nerve cord on each side in the position of the testes of other specimens (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B92FAEEC398DFB61" box="[884,1005,1233,1260]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1665,1690]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,187,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,1646]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: a, LS showing several empty testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing the sperm duct, ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and empty testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the ovovitelline duct on the dorsal margin of the ventral nerve cord, and the sperm duct on the ventral margin of the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, LS of the copulatory apparatus, scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637833/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 11a, b</figureCitation>
) and these are interpreted as spent testes. A sperm duct is present running along the inner, medial, side of the ventral nerve cord on each side, on the dorsal margin of the parenchymal muscle (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B877AF2438C5FABE" box="[556,677,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1665,1690]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,187,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,1646]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: a, LS showing several empty testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing the sperm duct, ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and empty testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the ovovitelline duct on the dorsal margin of the ventral nerve cord, and the sperm duct on the ventral margin of the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, LS of the copulatory apparatus, scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637833/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 11b, c</figureCitation>
) and can be traced to the anterior of the male copulatory apparatus. Each is dorso-ventrally flattened, about 20 μm by 10 μm, the lumen is about 5 μm. No sperm are visible in any part of the sperm ducts. The sperm ducts approach the copulatory apparatus ventrally, turn dorsally, join about half way up the body, continue dorsally and open into a dorsal cavity (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B963AFB839EAFA12" box="[824,906,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1863,1888]" captionTargetBox="[289,1300,183,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[272,1315,166,1843]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: diagram and selected LS micrographs of the copulatory apparatus: a, overlapping images through the gonopore, female atrium to the left, male to the right; b–e, sections of the female atrium and ducts; f–j, sections through the male atrium and ducts (i is an enlargement of the entry of the combined sperm duct into cavity c1); k, diagrammatic reconstruction. All (except i) to the same scale, 1 mm scale bars shown in a and k (scale bar in i = 200 µm). Vertical lines link the same feature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637835/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, “c1”) via a complex diffuse opening (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27BF6EAFB83FEFFA2D" box="[1333,1423,1413,1440]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1863,1888]" captionTargetBox="[289,1300,183,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[272,1315,166,1843]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: diagram and selected LS micrographs of the copulatory apparatus: a, overlapping images through the gonopore, female atrium to the left, male to the right; b–e, sections of the female atrium and ducts; f–j, sections through the male atrium and ducts (i is an enlargement of the entry of the combined sperm duct into cavity c1); k, diagrammatic reconstruction. All (except i) to the same scale, 1 mm scale bars shown in a and k (scale bar in i = 200 µm). Vertical lines link the same feature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637835/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 12j</figureCitation>
). This dorsal cavity is roughly circular though has an angular point ventrally, perhaps indicating an outlet though none is discernable. It measures about 350 μm anterior-posterior, by 350 μm dorso-ventral, by 440 μm laterally. Ventral and slightly posterior to this is another cavity (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27B8C0AFCC388DF986" box="[667,749,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1863,1888]" captionTargetBox="[289,1300,183,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[272,1315,166,1843]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: diagram and selected LS micrographs of the copulatory apparatus: a, overlapping images through the gonopore, female atrium to the left, male to the right; b–e, sections of the female atrium and ducts; f–j, sections through the male atrium and ducts (i is an enlargement of the entry of the combined sperm duct into cavity c1); k, diagrammatic reconstruction. All (except i) to the same scale, 1 mm scale bars shown in a and k (scale bar in i = 200 µm). Vertical lines link the same feature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637835/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, “c2”) measuring about 290 μm anterior-posterior, by 200 μm dorso-ventral, by 280 μm laterally. From the ventral side of this is what appears to be the thickened wall of a possible ejaculatory duct though no lumen is visible. This turns dorsally and then posteriorly to open into the base of a blunt projection into the broad male atrium. The atrium is about 
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long with prominent ventral folds (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27BEACAC603F37F9F5" box="[1271,1367,1629,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1665,1690]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,187,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,1646]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: a, LS showing several empty testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing the sperm duct, ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and empty testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the ovovitelline duct on the dorsal margin of the ventral nerve cord, and the sperm duct on the ventral margin of the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, LS of the copulatory apparatus, scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637833/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 11d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CACBC3B69F836" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
The anterior portion of the worm containing the ovaries (if present) has not been sectioned.A prominent mature ovovitelline duct (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27BB3FAC983B92F932" box="[356,498,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1665,1690]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,187,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,174,1646]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: a, LS showing several empty testes, scale 100 µm; b, TS showing the sperm duct, ventral nerve cord, ovovitelline duct and empty testis on one side, scale 100 µm; c, LS showing the ovovitelline duct on the dorsal margin of the ventral nerve cord, and the sperm duct on the ventral margin of the ventral nerve cord, scale 100 µm; d, LS of the copulatory apparatus, scale 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637833/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 11b &amp; c</figureCitation>
) is present dorsal to the ventral nerve cord on each side, external diameter about 50 μm, internal about 20 μm. The lumen is flagellated. The female copulatory apparatus appears to be fully developed. The ovovitelline ducts run to the posterior of the copulatory system join ventrally and the combined ovovitelline duct runs dorsally for about 250 μm, turns anteriorly and widens to form the female genital canal. The posterior part of the canal, about 400 μm long, is surrounded by copious eosinophilic glands presumed to secrete the cocoon. The anterior part has none of these glands and opens into the female atrium via what appears to be a small projection. The female atrium has some transverse folds at its posterior but broadens anteriorly before opening into the gonopore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="676136E9FFE77B27BA9CADF83FE1F86D" blockId="17.[151,1437,153,2016]" box="[199,1409,1989,2016]" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">
In the region of the gonopore, there are numerous small invaginations both dorsally and ventrally (
<figureCitation id="FFE52A6CFFE77B27BF43ADF83F13F86D" box="[1304,1395,1989,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1863,1888]" captionTargetBox="[289,1300,183,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[272,1315,166,1843]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 12. Caenoplana variegata. Cv7: diagram and selected LS micrographs of the copulatory apparatus: a, overlapping images through the gonopore, female atrium to the left, male to the right; b–e, sections of the female atrium and ducts; f–j, sections through the male atrium and ducts (i is an enlargement of the entry of the combined sperm duct into cavity c1); k, diagrammatic reconstruction. All (except i) to the same scale, 1 mm scale bars shown in a and k (scale bar in i = 200 µm). Vertical lines link the same feature." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3637835/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="210">Fig. 12l</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>