616 lines
48 KiB
XML
616 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0752EC47C7060671872C3AA440F2C869">Order Artiodactyla</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="37CF1B8872891BC9C67E50EF81647549">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B7DF81C416FEA0E6E8BD06D324491938">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9BDF428E8E10A2CFE257FC9A8E763ABF">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="6850DB844A477149F2EB6843CBA14774">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E74597305E02DD4DEFE48744F11833EE">
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<mods:title id="C6E16EC16BDE0A2F615EB8175D12DF06">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<treatment id="EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11337126" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231540814" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11337126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA8950814AE7C00FEB6B1BD2C5006A3E" lastPageNumber="662" pageNumber="662" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200352">
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<subSubSection id="630F54BB8C1766211A53B02956C74D84" pageNumber="662" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C3BEC6B08F5B48FFAE3DC540DD8B6C85" pageNumber="662">
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<taxonomicName id="254D8F07422155AE1142175C2184A7D9" ID-CoL="T56G" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
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<emphasis id="4014DFF79F6D09BA548553EF80F62087" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A33AD8C702AD4EF3D31ED454A7266A80" pageNumber="662" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="19E1A7D0B1D5B9FCF61EA35CCAF6E544" pageNumber="662">
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<treatmentCitation id="759816FA332E16C7BF9A46224DAC6B80" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3912934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3912934" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7088B71D-D115-491C-B623-45604D10CB72" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB312553603A6C6C6C0E002CB4F1C99E" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="67" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus" title="Cervus elaphus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="6BA7CC9C4138A4CA02652B9058AE8C7E" ID-CoL="T56G" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
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<emphasis id="CE1FA64B312503F985B83F713D4A29A3" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CE69A5A2FB8B2F971B5D91780A1FEF83" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="B65E48BFADE3447D0312F7F113606DA5" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="662" pagination="67" title="Cervus elaphus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 67</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BDF520F84FB5BD63EF08904BC7B244BD" pageNumber="662" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="0A696A19E26AF1B52FED72C5DF61A18A" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="F2B21E9C9B5FC256598A7E5F03DFF42F" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="187FFEC3E45C9765C5605A6AF5393249" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329422" country="Sweden" pageNumber="662">
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"Habitat in Europa, Asia"; identified as S
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<collectingCountry id="E5C47E36FC1B4F1A5FAAB2F6E1E201AA" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="FB681E138AF97146239C7613C20E768C" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
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Thomas (1911
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<emphasis id="D473A2A1D46DFA929C346AFBEA218E61" italics="true" pageNumber="662">a</emphasis>
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:151)
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</bibRefCitation>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="172DAA1D69CC53D6FDF1F54640F8EDFD" pageNumber="662" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8929409B1A446F5161001A2FCB5236A5" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="23CD7533D9B6D04476910C94EBCD7B81" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="B6385BA448959A605D8150243423EE58" language="eng" pageNumber="662">Red Deer</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C89F856A568207E7B1D5DCBE2FC83820" pageNumber="662" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="195025A14772F85512F6B9B18D988663" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="7EA61DA2B3EA20900F270362E9472C24" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="518C4380CF4DCAD3FEE155190BA62E13" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="50254BBBB4A6E784CF42F53F31EE2C1F" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="elaphus">
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<emphasis id="71DB3B6961D537E6652CD001BAEE9C38" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="A1CBFD04514F97E17D4C1CBBB9B1B56F" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6F1BB85FF39DE9FE4A74DEE938FD433A" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="35A511E578B8336C1CC28F9CBEA60FA6" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="FBF751F3EB4E748C55B5DC87A5767E65" authority="Bobrinskii and Flerov 1935" authorityName="Bobrinskii and Flerov" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="alashanicus">
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<emphasis id="F0B9BAF82B4EDF9D07BB580A0F9BA402" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="18F355DE7883932B1C8302460EF8FFD8" italics="true" pageNumber="662">alashanicus</emphasis>
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Bobrinskii and Flerov 1935
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="937D4429CC1E519C2001C7E84D65B7E2" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="C64BCD302E6617ACA8902135F05F36B7" authority="Lönnberg 1906" authorityName="Lönnberg" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="atlanticus">
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<emphasis id="5C64DC8A3F53E72241811D1872B06147" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="745FAF6BA14950F7EE5F392FB5EEC8EF" italics="true" pageNumber="662">atlanticus</emphasis>
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Lönnberg 1906
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0FA41FAA0B0C9A3F1ADBF7B97DB42D69" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="37D9147C7CF36C3A41CE89B9D1FCEB32" authority="Bennett 1833" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="barbarus">
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<emphasis id="CE35487D62930026ED98105A5DCDA8D0" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="6B69B9CAD66C2A9D142FDEF4744CF631" italics="true" pageNumber="662">barbarus</emphasis>
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Bennett 1833
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E50F313BAD79E01906E21657B7356CCE" pageNumber="662">
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||
Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4DA131D531E29ED91A19FD3F21365C57" authority="Charlemagne 1920" authorityName="Charlemagne" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="brauneri">
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<emphasis id="2DB445344B958F5E19C62B734DE3AF41" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B01A8F2530A1F27E09B4932F0FB05CE9" italics="true" pageNumber="662">brauneri</emphasis>
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Charlemagne 1920
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D8EFC98F96E77F4DE3EFB1A0289691AF" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="E83B6D0F1F4E2992D61515840CD76600" authority="Erxleben 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="canadensis">
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<emphasis id="BCEB2209645DAA78C5F05FFFBCF4ACB4" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="F3B5D1DC6A6AF73F20D30E5FFDA77F05" italics="true" pageNumber="662">canadensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="48CF632EFFE3BBFCF23B657F53A74A6D" author="Erxleben, J. C. P." refId="ref96470" refString="Erxleben, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae, 636 pp." year="1777">Erxleben 1777</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7F7DF6A08482CDD8380DD412B5DD94C9" pageNumber="662">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="ED2C22EC9BDDC27C162AFC282FA6DB77" authority="Erxleben 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="corsicanus">
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||
<emphasis id="35BA5F33050B9B1D4489142024D65555" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="9C5327B10CF72C03BE42E5B23CA7BCF0" italics="true" pageNumber="662">corsicanus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="0AC32F7A4A8F76105AFDEAB14752F5FE" author="Erxleben, J. C. P." refId="ref96470" refString="Erxleben, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae, 636 pp." year="1777">Erxleben 1777</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="51D07A1B344951097075B7D52FA11F1A" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="00356EC8F955C26E19ABD682FFA931CE" authority="Wagner 1844" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="hanglu">
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<emphasis id="F82412B0A78166E4BC09AC088AF3A6F7" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
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<emphasis id="AB6B91EFB608F5A1D742FBD0D6167C71" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hanglu</emphasis>
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||
Wagner 1844
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="14AF3CCAC5273800A37AC6C45352F1F5" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="E28FD092DDCBBE6C52A59A51060B64CA" authority="Hilzheimer 1909" authorityName="Hilzheimer" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="hispanicus">
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||
<emphasis id="C9A70A3193FFDC52495BA07E15108BB3" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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||
subsp.
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<emphasis id="556B2294F6CF1CE7304B1EA58949C47F" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hispanicus</emphasis>
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||
Hilzheimer 1909
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="1062BEFFD01D9B22337B677B1478641E" pageNumber="662">
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||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="767EC3ED030DEBDC3BB864C4BB60F401" authority="Pocock 1912" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="kansuensis">
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||
<emphasis id="A5882A0186CEA4CD4350A271270BD181" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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||
subsp.
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<emphasis id="CA478E7E4BD165C9DCBE522A1F89CE1E" italics="true" pageNumber="662">kansuensis</emphasis>
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||
Pocock 1912
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="998105FBBA600098D2D8175AAEF673E6" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="1DC030B1F2262CA5BDAE54A9DA5B2F07" authority="Lydekker 1909" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1909" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="macneilli">
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||
<emphasis id="1E2A88F2CED7DB9C1F114B79899DF6CE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
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||
subsp.
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||
<emphasis id="AF0B1C92ADCB4BA27F9C482FE9120A39" italics="true" pageNumber="662">macneilli</emphasis>
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||
Lydekker 1909
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6ACD865BC07AA5C568E15195024DEE3F" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="A9A9B8326B2C4DC7B6C677CF791D48B8" authority="Gray 1850" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="maral">
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||
<emphasis id="CF5EC946654EA9E07593DB681A1C4C1D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
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subsp.
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||
<emphasis id="C86E71E93B92626FCD328526E3181C7D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">maral</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="23DDAD1C8B7785F365CA5D09980F050C" author="Gray, J. E." refId="ref128592" refString="Gray, J. E. 1850. Catalogue of the specimens of mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Cetacea. British Museum (Natural History), London, 153 pp." year="1850">Gray 1850</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="4FFC8B7E3A6F0DC357CAC33DB5DC2ADF" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C0825E94BA21819C1E392DF3FBFD30A" authority="Merriam 1905" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="nannodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="61B42E977E506789AA0582CD8341EA99" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="5664BAF77CF4DD02CDD1B1EB06C74B2E" italics="true" pageNumber="662">nannodes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8604E92671B3122671C95DF650F36011" author="Merriam, C. H." refId="ref238442" refString="Merriam, C. H. 1905. Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 18: 163 - 166." year="1905">Merriam 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A18D9BF598DE54DBA39B4C46A622DD52" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="881FB585F027502D30106A3DA0BC55F3" authority="Banwell 1997" authorityName="Banwell" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="pannoniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9ED0F0C41286C157B146BA877EE4FFB6" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="A0AEB1B6BE9BB84461789A934143E408" italics="true" pageNumber="662">pannoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74702BFB0402A45BA189986A17299F88" author="Banwell, D. B." refId="ref20083" refString="Banwell, D. B. 1997. The Pannonians- - Cervus elaphus pannoniensis- - a race apart. Deer, 10: 275 - 277." year="1997">Banwell 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="119B5AE89B22C9027A264D971B027B17" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B40736E404AA7954311B9BC0E50AD44" authority="Severtzov 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="songaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="16B74BDAE1C563D17A54284620C2EDC7" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="346F00CF06F10B6884905A2F94AF1613" italics="true" pageNumber="662">songaricus</emphasis>
|
||
Severtzov 1873
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="49AD66823E74474D9BF3C40E4704B6BD" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4E6B841CD9DEEF61BE5381EC605BA93" authority="G. Cuvier 1823" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="wallichii">
|
||
<emphasis id="D626CCFD6EB4AB3D77C1901BAA3EC199" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="52BC83C923FFFD2BD594339AE22DC083" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
G. Cuvier 1823
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D989B35BE60EDE722637B0908F968FF6" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DE57A2D9B17F8DBC7C79DAC4F1F5C185" authority="Milne-Edwards 1867" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="xanthopygus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ADE25C527369D89CCA2152FF67237D0E" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="102EE42B524FDE0BDBCC9743DCDCB68A" italics="true" pageNumber="662">xanthopygus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D7CA83D3221729D7335A2A24ECD7CD2" author="Milne-Edwards, A." refId="ref242802" refString="Milne-Edwards, A. 1867. Observations sur quelques mammiferes du nord de la Chine. Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie et biologie animale, 7 (5): 375 - 377." year="1867">Milne-Edwards 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F707E4E13C4E363D3DC44D0E1E5078B8" pageNumber="662">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22257FDB1F25615070000D058D7C7628" authority="Blanford 1892" authorityName="Blanford" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="elaphus" subSpecies="yarkandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8B0983EC4F104BA68B80FA5D1366B6B5" italics="true" pageNumber="662">Cervus elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="A57513ADFCD1E7808EF8D5F8A5E0F83A" italics="true" pageNumber="662">yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
Blanford 1892
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8EE222C44CD63C0E1AFC8E923B350F53" pageNumber="662" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6710E31ADE2C2EB554B675A72D46E10E" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<emphasis id="606773B1EC8A41BFBBD250A049E70E66" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
N Africa in NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DF6214AE1D096865281FBE8D7844CAE" name="Algeria">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7BB6DD951D073B34BD123CDB9B4EFF7D" name="Tunisia">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. All states of continental Europe east to S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FD27BB899F0644C63919D82B99CB5E43" name="Norway">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3A6A139A190274284FA051F23AE59350" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8B15C023CA8FBC75A9396D52D28E645F" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Caucasus (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D8F7DC4FEDDA8EEFEA6154E556613D68" name="Armenia">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="98D9A22DB98F9137BBAB19272C3C21C5" name="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A1F755524A93424E01AF9EE4240F95D0" name="Georgia">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F54EAAC029EC680414EB8EEDF567FC50" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D613C9ED8D7FDBE9DE12F7A06774344D" name="Albania">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ACDED624E48173DE17691817A08F7D2F" name="Moldova">Moldavia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Sicily; introduced but now extinct on Lampedusa Isl and islands off Sicily; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0F5BEA9ABABF4FDD98323BF5F881C82F" name="France">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sardinia only since Neolithic; not in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EE9D96F18025CB987B58A62E0F0FA785" name="Finland">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; reintroduced into Belorussia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5E5835014C1CAFF926C14849D67FFCEC" name="Estonia">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Kaliningrad,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9F9CE42446A605B8B5046AE8B8356248" name="Latvia">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="19E59163FB56178107727BA2F78B089B" name="Lithuania">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Near and Middle East in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B587372B7C98C765D2A1EB79FD79728C" name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9AD46A83E7C6588E4BEF687145C8013A" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1875EDF8D173371BAAAC4173CD7C30D" name="Iraq">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
; extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5C4BC4FBB86BF7FB13D588087B2A55C9" name="Israel">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D4664C76DA62666EF3BB90AD7252F619" name="Jordan">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="39EC1B049B6144EABCB605D0CCE70841" name="Lebanon">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4F63F6C34616CDF5EF5AFC579967ECC" name="Syria">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
. C Asia in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C4C101BC43B198DB5117F72B978E854F" name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A1C0F557360860788DE2D4A940C1BE9C" name="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E7EBDCD1468B0D58FF7D950C7CC336F7" name="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="36F2C2B60AA699769CE09DB57D4EE43E" name="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(extinct),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="560E25B178E23437A2754C43A39A2EFA" name="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5195B9B65C112106BB0CA3DBB42788DC" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78930B1F2E739F69A2A5B9800C9B861A" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kashmir Valley), N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A90843E16ABDD1C7C8B6B85FA5D748A1" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(vagrant), east to Siberia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D9976E457B204568BBE2E6032A674D2C" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, W and N
|
||
<collectingCountry id="17B6D3CD90ADD357B55645C66FE4D396" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D66D971E2F8DE07E8410B45569F30A8F" country="China" name="Gansu">Gansu</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2413FEED8A18443E0662A8F7E75E7BDB" country="China" name="Nei Mongol">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="801C3B4C5BD3635ED156001A44981694" country="China" name="Jilin">Jilin</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AE74DBA5AC23CE47E6EA4AD4663351DF" country="China" name="Liaoning">Liaoning</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Manchuria, Ninxia,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E555C6564D5359D936F7F4F9AD7EC63D" country="China" name="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2BADC4091163DAAAF6DBF8375E0E9E23" country="China" name="Shanxi">Shanxi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E7B17C04DCADDAF234DA6EDB4B50E56" country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and E
|
||
<collectingRegion id="448FBD7972B3A34C26C39D46DC9C3097" country="China" name="Xizang">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B02A7C93AC9D86FCBB206E5C059C948E" country="China" name="Qinghai">Qinghai</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9C1E93B5B0565DFC860508F7F44A33D4" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Ussuri region (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="027692E6CB531CC62438D9E5C5C41234" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DB12360E5056F35B2D7B97915819460F" name="Canada">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="26B3B898797D8D7056BFE2D115E58193" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where now restricted to western areas and reserves. Red Deer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1F2B7B3EB622FCFC6D420AEB4B20CDE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="70EA235D15BB2039A00500AC9162605B" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
division) introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FC424D09651D79499E916876AA3EA16C" name="Morocco">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="81897CB83792D85B386E3C7361BA72AA" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FA09CE0F0972E3ADC245538B03676BB4" name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D52FB53188E202EDB0A73416908ACCED" name="Chile">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BD7DA62EA6DB5A723A45BDA6B010D6D4" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8A881B36237E41A6AFC35693690EE4C5" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Elk or Wapiti (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97C22321A9DB943BF64C7A06E2B74C92" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2687EB5D57AD944FF6C27446EFF2ED8D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
division) introduced to Ural Mtns and Volga Steppe (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9FC284764EF2089318FDE5B935B444B3" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B27D627BDE50D0902541BDF666949570" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="659E752C07384294B32BC267525C417F" pageNumber="662" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="20C34248A20E99F54E6586B77C34F6D9" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<emphasis id="2920F7CE886AE55102C17545948F4744" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="8038BDE162A09E5DA30FCD55720E29DC">CITES</collectionCode>
|
||
– Appendix I as
|
||
<emphasis id="0EEF631BDD6450EF586AA38274270CBA" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
; Appendix II as
|
||
<emphasis id="AA0087D30713034C069533A55E2E915E" italics="true" pageNumber="662">
|
||
C. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD2EABEA4456BF3D570556FC290CC28A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">bactrianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; Appendix III (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="29A53F564694013AF826082A44204E61" name="Tunisia">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) as
|
||
<emphasis id="4A38EB0289CF1DFAD852E6A4F34B5445" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4A12D5E3A9A8104B20F647CE5AC2D4B9" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectionCode id="83FD14B6735D16FB0F3F9A55F61B5217" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
|
||
– Endangered as
|
||
<emphasis id="C0755A3E4445989138879863DC9D9AB9" italics="true" pageNumber="662">
|
||
C. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24E95F8AFF72EDC31FAFA22D01E2A8E7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">bactrianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="6869A0EC64386CE044B1D0D4E2A33ED6" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="1C23F923C60F78DECA6D641DE266ADA3" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="827E88C4D39AD01B5FF39303595E6FF6" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="79AAE6BF60A0F3A3DBF83C2D0ECFEAC1" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. macneilli</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="776E77A4762F8C8BCDA87609B7A73CA3" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. wallichi</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="98FA6BFA77BBD2AB39A65853501C3FDB" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="5FA2ED168E43990254FC4B0200B39CEE">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
– Endangered as
|
||
<emphasis id="C4454DEF8F7BBE3DCD50D3934C90C0E7" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AD6B5766D99E804DEDA93418B171EB80" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="CA783C6D5841834D83AB5538982AC8BE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
, Vulnerable as
|
||
<emphasis id="4093B1AC544462312BE298E0A5556A7B" italics="true" pageNumber="662">
|
||
C. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C716F6E75C385F28D0A219404B70D86" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">bactrianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, Lower Risk (nt) as
|
||
<emphasis id="9D82B94E715CD9D57B946EC67ABA095D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
, Data Deficient as
|
||
<emphasis id="C0E9AC716610B5AF61D595B43DDFEC17" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. affinis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B0CB0A2CFA761DF3475248CBE21A67BD" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. alashanicus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="352750ACAAD97ABE73A439BD0383AA41" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. macneilli</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="FEC287FB0DAA54E46B7E9045C6304984" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. e. wallichi</emphasis>
|
||
, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CD6CB172E65B3A786F1026745B85C276" pageNumber="662" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="824F01EEA107B230FC5FE08D859D2D43" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<emphasis id="4B2CA837CD0CB6313D7D4E88AF0C6C89" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="662">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
European and North American populations are known as Red Deer and Elk (Wapiti) respectively; neither is suited as the name for the whole species; "maral", a Mongolian name widely used for Asiatic members of the species could be selected but is unlikely to be acceptable; for history and meaning of "maral", see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33D98717FC5DE2A77A9CF42BA6DBC695" author="Oswald, C." refId="ref269922" refString="Oswald, C. 2002. A commentary on the systematics of red deer Cervus elaphus L. Deer, 12: 84 - 89." year="2002">Oswald (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6325216E589D183A3852D06307AABAE0" author="Dolan, J. M." refId="ref87083" refString="Dolan, J. M. 1988. A deer of many lands- - a guide to the subspecies of the red deer Cervus elaphus L. Zoonooz, 62 (10): 4 - 34." year="1988">Dolan (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC43C0F9C6A2FC527D4305120DC5DAAC" author="Geist, V." refId="ref116300" refString="Geist, V. 1998. Deer of the world. Their evolution, behavior and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pensylvania, 421 pp." year="1998">Geist (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8E00F76557553090867F03CDF112639C" author="Geist, V." refId="ref116300" refString="Geist, V. 1998. Deer of the world. Their evolution, behavior and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pensylvania, 421 pp." year="1998">Geist (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in part, subspecies modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9EDC74E4C53CCF3501232C46F6969E12" author="Groves, C. P. & P. Grubb" refId="ref133049" refString="Groves, C. P., and P. Grubb. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pp. 2 l- 59, in Biology and management of the Cervidae (C. M. Wemmer, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 577 pp." year="1987">Groves and Grubb (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who recognised divisions of the species including nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4BE2533050170DB4A148E0072CA2B18F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1B7BE44E0EF603EE96D4BC7AF37C0702" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
division or Red Deer
|
||
<emphasis id="78DE5F7CEC57CC231DF97677C3E1AC3B" italics="true" pageNumber="662">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
(including also
|
||
<emphasis id="3860084EC684F3199DB84BAFA7551E23" italics="true" pageNumber="662">atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="2A6930FC53351EB1F0464BD6F7C9DAA8" italics="true" pageNumber="662">barbarus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DB6051C4E49444F8E4D4512060276999" italics="true" pageNumber="662">brauneri</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="7F649C45DC334B3399EC28554F88A489" italics="true" pageNumber="662">corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D79D7FE5B6F08A9F324F0FD28BA0A773" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hispanicus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="60065AC739D2BD660E4AD5748A875A47" italics="true" pageNumber="662">maral</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CB2D5EA6A42EB7E3FA512C54275ACBA" italics="true" pageNumber="662">pannoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="6DEDD65926556C66C2B2E5E8AC21AEE6" italics="true" pageNumber="662">scoticus</emphasis>
|
||
), possibly paraphyletic
|
||
<emphasis id="2ABB80AF63ECF809231E0D174ADCAAA6" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
division (primitive Wapiti
|
||
<emphasis id="E19D872E57EA0E38978079B9AB8C42BE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">alashanicus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="0792DE4508C8B1704ACD475BF22C6623" italics="true" pageNumber="662">kansuensis</emphasis>
|
||
, Hangul
|
||
<emphasis id="0DC5FE411A3E8EF57F3982143B6F9710" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
, McNeill's Deer
|
||
<emphasis id="4E5C0C76F1CF336E72124F22CEA69EAC" italics="true" pageNumber="662">macneilli</emphasis>
|
||
, Shou
|
||
<emphasis id="814FA134AE70D8806CB4D9CADA17476A" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
, and Bactrian or Yarkand Deer
|
||
<emphasis id="B253633FCF99AD2A3A9EDDBCBA542179" italics="true" pageNumber="662">yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06A70ACFC168CFC54C006EBD130B3B71" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="01275CA8D26B37CE513CC7929B4EA5DC" italics="true" pageNumber="662">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
division or Elk (including also
|
||
<emphasis id="8DD9C03E7DCE962E51FF2B28981F4605" italics="true" pageNumber="662">nannodes, songaricus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="D2D4D1FB10A3ECCB33C1BEE95CE0170B" italics="true" pageNumber="662">xanthopygus</emphasis>
|
||
). The name
|
||
<emphasis id="56CBC81107744C6F4CAA223BB3F8D0E0" italics="true" pageNumber="662">pannoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
has priority over other names for SE European Red Deer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05014AE31E8CAD86729414BD515316F1" author="Banwell, D. B." refId="ref20083" refString="Banwell, D. B. 1997. The Pannonians- - Cervus elaphus pannoniensis- - a race apart. Deer, 10: 275 - 277." year="1997">Banwell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89C5B2C66B631377158A3D2BA502ADAD" author="Banwell, D. B." refId="ref20110" refString="Banwell, D. B. 1998. Identification of the Pannonian or Danubian, red deer. A maraloid- - Cervus elaphus pannnoniensis. Deer, 10: 495 - 497." year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE3FC3CDAD2380ED1887E0EB33AE1879" author="Banwell, D. B." refId="ref20165" refString="Banwell, D. B. 2002. In defence of the Pannonian Cervus elaphus pannoniensis. Deer, 12: 198 - 203." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="86C5FEA48DF926084EBF89EA1D6821B5" author="Oswald, C." refId="ref269922" refString="Oswald, C. 2002. A commentary on the systematics of red deer Cervus elaphus L. Deer, 12: 84 - 89." year="2002">Oswald (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="814169BC09B3B84BEDE8C8D5A438905B" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
. Geist (in litt.) regarded
|
||
<emphasis id="10CCC58CB937B1CBAA0074BC56B6CB0D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">pannoniensis</emphasis>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="111A82AE9D1E886E9F922AF9CF2F79DF" italics="true" pageNumber="662">maral</emphasis>
|
||
; too many subspecies are recognised in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1CA718333CD79335574D6858E25362E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="018ED267A57447903CBF9CB937A1B01E" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
division but a definitive synonymy is not yet available. Retention of
|
||
<emphasis id="D8A7F7AABE0954646138802529E99297" italics="true" pageNumber="662">nannodes</emphasis>
|
||
follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4B69382A1A082927D09C9FADFFA86AF5" author="Schonewald, C." refId="ref321131" refString="Schonewald, C. 1994. Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus. North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes. Acta Theriologica, 39: 431 - 452." year="1994">Schonewald (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Advanced North American Elk belong to a clade including
|
||
<emphasis id="AA83A86726BE52EC7FFEE4553FBFBC2D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54BD4A5BB6B01E3BFD8CEA78FB944D4C" baseAuthorityName="Emerson and Tate" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">C. nippon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B183481D587CF8F6FE5BE71B712C97" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">Rusa timorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="194A51C4184C5AD932C46EF2B1B4CCB8" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB66AF7815137390BB4645051AC08A31" italics="true" pageNumber="662">R. unicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which the sister group consists of European Red Deer according to study of the mtDNA control region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7BBD3873E5C9B2B7BD4D6BB2B00CF333" author="Randi, E. & N. Mucci & F. Claro-Hergueta & A. Bonnet & E. J. P. Douzery" refId="ref297395" refString="Randi, E., N. Mucci, F. Claro-Hergueta, A. Bonnet, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: Speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation. Animal Conservation, 4: 1 - 11." year="2001">Randi et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2D1B7DA9A8E3435A4AC01C84070E8B8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="179B59CEC1E118EAE836008E098FEA33" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be polyphyletic (supported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2C7D561C178BFBE74B17F3F7C47CF717" author="Kuwayama, R. & T. Ozawa" refId="ref202052" refString="Kuwayama, R., and T. Ozawa. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among European red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15: 115 - 123." year="2000">Kuwayama and Ozawa, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but not by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="95E57167E4304ADB98599BB119000356" author="Mahmut, H. & R. Masuda & M. Onuma & M. Takahashi & J. Nagata & M. Suzuki & N. Ohtaishi" refId="ref221882" refString="Mahmut, H., R. Masuda, M. Onuma, M. Takahashi, J. Nagata, M. Suzuki, and N. Ohtaishi. 2002. Molecular phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in Xinjiang of China: Comparisons with other Asian, European, and North American Populations. Zoological Science, 19: 485 - 495." year="2002">Mahmut et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The work of these authors and A. Lister and I.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="018E12768706666ACA46781E27D871FC" country="Turkey" name="Van">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Piljen (in litt.) distinguished western and eastern lineages in the species, the western lineage including
|
||
<emphasis id="5CBD3E9ACA9B668835AFD05505804B90" italics="true" pageNumber="662">atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="10BC7D5397BCE695A597E354F29F8869" italics="true" pageNumber="662">corsicanus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17BEC9EC3161E489C888E6B20B52A0CF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B343FC64C4479AD444FE170C20AB2D0" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="35E4299D9C5D31500E4E6DB354E3B44B" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B15B61FFCB9E8AADC010B4B4C45F970C" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hippelaphus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="BB200F3BFD74BCC360CA33AB01B0216D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hispanicus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="CAFF6FA3F4AD721334952C1096CC258D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
and the eastern lineage
|
||
<emphasis id="3D35360659325356E70626B8AF588830" italics="true" pageNumber="662">alashanicus</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="479C736B9D5D3DF72B6480CC77368B34" italics="true" pageNumber="662">kansuensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="681F2301A68CDE4AC3DF3C174A705939" italics="true" pageNumber="662">macneilli</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="A31660646ED1AAB8DD9C33822894294F" italics="true" pageNumber="662">manitobensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="68486BA7EFDFEA5EF36163B75BB092CF" italics="true" pageNumber="662">nannodes</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="3DB8E1D1C99C86D1F52B2F4C4981D2B2" italics="true" pageNumber="662">nelsoni</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="5F86FBAB40F6E60C472064E4F384D4FE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
, cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="5C71381165DBEEBB4681552AC0FECE2C" italics="true" pageNumber="662">sibiricus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="56DE9235697CA659679875A1CC331195" italics="true" pageNumber="662">songaricus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FA5A476C70368DE9ABD5E494124D9B4D" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="660B3B8874CAFF362386A1BA93B874F9" italics="true" pageNumber="662">xanthopygus</emphasis>
|
||
: the
|
||
<emphasis id="44803DD524C051D76AE17647A8F8B683" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
division appears to be paraphyletic, with
|
||
<emphasis id="09CACC27F81C7C7C965056878E3364C5" italics="true" pageNumber="662">alashanicus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D8EC74AB28C23C2ACE2E7E406DF8D983" italics="true" pageNumber="662">macneilli</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="E1E6A261982E8876EE6CA8670204B149" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
affined to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94526EDA0032BA9638D5BBACBDB2BE9E" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="21FC7360246340E6DAD489F437027514" italics="true" pageNumber="662">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="500A335F67328CFFDCCA26E61E8C56D3" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="66ED381D5D385DB74BD3AFB0E0F56120" italics="true" pageNumber="662">yarkandensis</emphasis>
|
||
associated with nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C5150B62215161F8F7ABD9C34A74272" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B05C289CFC38DC3AF64554A74E8B6BCE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="41C9F5C63192DC013B71B18489B43AA0" author="Groves, C. P." refId="ref132608" refString="Groves, C. P. 2003. Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian Subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 100: 341 - 362." year="2003">Groves (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ranked
|
||
<emphasis id="6ABD2B5752B657513BDAE4382670001F" italics="true" pageNumber="662">hanglu</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="24D312D564ED6DD3901417EE272A18BE" italics="true" pageNumber="662">wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0341511034D99CF81A74E2E6F83533B" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B24263569D8BC9E126A42B93838B52DB" italics="true" pageNumber="662">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as species separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="347A6C760F6143A9F9DAD8BE839E2F12" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaphus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2C57F76C52CABDE4E047B8F164A0B700" italics="true" pageNumber="662">C. elaphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |