777 lines
66 KiB
XML
777 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.91153" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1937-2426-1-55" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F2597B310BCD58ECAB4F5C6D52C2286B" ID-ZooBank="A73E49F0A2DE4F9F9140CDCC85D5CBAF" ModsDocID="1937-2426-32-1-55" checkinTime="1681896784913" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Deranja, Maks, Adzic, Karmela & Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin" docDate="2023" docId="ABCF84E0B7115AC3A5D150F803EA471E" docLanguage="en" docName="JourOrthoptRes 32(1): 55-62" docOrigin="Journal of Orthoptera Research 32 (1)" docPubDate="2023-04-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.91153" docTitle="Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo 2018" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="F2597B310BCD58ECAB4F5C6D52C2286B" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="F2597B310BCD58ECAB4F5C6D52C2286B" masterDocTitle="Towards a better understanding of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, Scelimeninae): New insights and notes on the taxonomy, ecology, and physiology of the genus in Peninsular Malaysia" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1681897086135" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Towards a better understanding of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, Scelimeninae): New insights and notes on the taxonomy, ecology, and physiology of the genus in Peninsular Malaysia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Muhammad, Amira Aqilah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5772-1149</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. & IUCN / SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. & SIGTET-Special Interest Group Tetrigidae, Bonn, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">miamedulla@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Deranja, Maks</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5710-1916</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>SIGTET-Special Interest Group Tetrigidae, Bonn, Germany. & IUCN / SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Zagreb, Croatia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Adzic, Karmela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-4759</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>SIGTET-Special Interest Group Tetrigidae, Bonn, Germany. & IUCN / SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Zagreb, Croatia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1111-2732</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:title>Journal of Orthoptera Research</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2023-04-18</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>32</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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||
<mods:start>55</mods:start>
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||
<mods:end>62</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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||
<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.91153</mods:url>
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||
</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.91153</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1937-2426-1-55</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A73E49F0A2DE4F9F9140CDCC85D5CBAF</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">F2597B310BCD58ECAB4F5C6D52C2286B</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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||
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="results">
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||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ABCF84E0B7115AC3A5D150F803EA471E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ABCF84E0B7115AC3A5D150F803EA471E" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="8Q3SM" LSID="ABCF84E0-B711-5AC3-A5D1-50F803EA471E" authority="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018" authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena producta" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">Scelimena producta</taxonomicName>
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(Serville, 1838) -
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<bibRefCitation author="Mahmood, K" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1272 - 1284" refId="B12" refString="Mahmood, K, Idris, AB, Salmah, Y, 2007. Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica 50: 1272 - 1284" title="Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species." volume="50" year="2007">Mahmood et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 1279;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" author="Storozhenko, SY" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="527 - 554" refId="B21" refString="Storozhenko, SY, Dawwrueng, P, 2015. New and little-known pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa 4052: 527 - 554, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" title="New and little-known pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" volume="4052" year="2015">Storozhenko and Dawwrueng 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 543).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">Scelimena gombakensis</taxonomicName>
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Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018: 6, 46.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Examined material.</emphasis>
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-
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-09-24" collectorName="Muhammad, A. A., Muhammad Hafiz Mohd Amin, Afyza Maisarah Azizan" country="MALAYSIA" location="Selangor" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Selangor" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: PENINSULAR
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<collectingCountry name="Malaysia">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Selangor">Selangor</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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•
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak Field Studies Centre;
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<collectingDate value="2017-09-24">24 Sept. 2017</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Muhammad, A. A.</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Muhammad Hafiz Mohd Amin</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName>Afyza Maisarah Azizan</collectorName>
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leg.; ZRC
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-09-24" collectingDateMax="2018-03-09" collectingDateMin="2017-09-24" collectorName="Muhammad, A. A., Abdullah, N. A., Muhammad Hafiz Mohd Amin, Afyza Maisarah Azizan" country="MALAYSIA" location="Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Selangor" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: PENINSULAR
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<collectingCountry name="Malaysia">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Selangor">Selangor</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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•
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ABCF84E0B7115AC3A5D150F803EA471E:66F1CC33AD83CEB9CB5B14E6CC48B322" country="MALAYSIA" name="Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre" stateProvince="Selangor">Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre</location>
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;
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<collectingDate value="2018-03-09">9 Mar. 2018</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Muhammad, A. A.</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName>Abdullah, N. A.</collectorName>
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leg.; ZRC •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; FRIM •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; FRIM •
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<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre;
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<collectingDate value="2017-09-24">24 Sept. 2017</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Muhammad, A. A.</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Muhammad Hafiz Mohd Amin</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName>Afyza Maisarah Azizan</collectorName>
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leg.; FRIM •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Other material</emphasis>
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||
:
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="1961-06-07" collectingDateMax="1997-07-07" collectingDateMin="1961-06-07" collectorName="Chua Eng Lok, L. Teo, B. H. Voon, Aru, K. C. Tung, Wong Yow Sin, Heng. L. P., Hoo Ah Teng, Zuraidah Mian, Daiqah, Hasleyza, Rosliza, W. C. Kang, Rohaya, McGyver, Khaironizam Md. Zain, Salleh, Baki" country="MALAYSIA" location="Ulu Gombak" specimenCount="60" specimenCount-female="24" specimenCount-male="36" stateProvince="Selangor">
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PENINSULAR
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<collectingCountry name="Malaysia">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Selangor">Selangor</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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•
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<specimenCount type="male">8 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
;
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ABCF84E0B7115AC3A5D150F803EA471E:6372DFB698461E23C72443944C2E15B2" country="MALAYSIA" name="Ulu Gombak" stateProvince="Selangor">Ulu Gombak</location>
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||
;
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<collectingDate value="1964-03-07">7 Mar. 1964</collectingDate>
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; AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002350, 002351, 002355, 002361, 002362, 002366, 002367, 002369 •
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<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM IOt 002357, 002363, 002379 •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak 16ms. [miles];
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<collectingDate value="1964-05-27">27 May 1964</collectingDate>
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; AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002347 •
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<specimenCount type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak, 16ms. [miles];
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<collectingDate value="1964-04-15">15 Apr. 1964</collectingDate>
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; AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002371, 002373 •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak, 12ms;
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<collectingDate value="1964-04-15">15 Apr. 1964</collectingDate>
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, AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002372 •
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<specimenCount type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak, Bt [Batu] 16;
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<collectingDate value="1964-03-07">7 Mar. 1964</collectingDate>
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; AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002348, 002349, 002356 •
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<specimenCount type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM IOt 002358 to 002360, 002365 •
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<specimenCount type="male">7 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Langat;
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<collectingDate value="1964-03-16">16 Mar. 1964</collectingDate>
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; AAM leg.; MZUM IOt 002333, 002334, 002340, 002342 to 002345 •
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<specimenCount type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM IOt 002339, 002341 •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak;
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<collectingDate value="1969-07-15">15 Jul. 1969</collectingDate>
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; JAB leg.; MZUM IOt 002428 •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak;
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<collectingDate value="1974-09-15">15 Sept. 1974</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Chua Eng Lok</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002407 •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding;
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<collectorName>L. Teo</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002408 •
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding;
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<collectorName>B. H.Voon</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002415 •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding;
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<collectorName>Aru</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002413 •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding;
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<collectorName>K. C. Tung</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002414 •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Langat;
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<collectingDate value="1974-10-27">27 Oct. 1974</collectingDate>
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;
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<collectorName>Wong Yow Sin</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002411, •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as of preceding; P. F. K. leg.; MZUM IOt 002412 •
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Pansoon;
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<collectingDate value="1974-10-27">27 Oct. 1974</collectingDate>
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;
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||
<collectorName>Heng. L. P.</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002409 •
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||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as of preceding;
|
||
<collectorName>Hoo Ah Teng</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002416 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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; Sg. [Sungai] Tua;
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||
<collectingDate value="1979-07-27">27 July 1979</collectingDate>
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||
; C. L. leg.; MZUM IOt 002406 •
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||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Ulu Gombak;
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||
<collectingDate value="1982-12-01">1 Dec. 1982</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectorName>Zuraidah Mian</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002388 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
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; Ulu Gombak;
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||
<collectingDate value="1984-10-21">21 Oct. 1984</collectingDate>
|
||
;
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||
<collectorName>Daiqah</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002410 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Ulu Gombak;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1995-09-18">18 Sept. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName>Hasleyza</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002386 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Ulu Gombak;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1997-07-07">7 July 1997</collectingDate>
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||
;
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||
<collectorName>Rosliza</collectorName>
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||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002430 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
; Ulu Gombak; MZUM IOt 002391.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</collectingRegion>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
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<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Ulu Bendul;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1989-08-12">12 Aug. 1989</collectingDate>
|
||
; ZZ leg.; MZUM IOt 002427.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Pahang">Pahang</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
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; Ketari;
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||
<collectingDate value="1961-06-07">7 June 1961</collectingDate>
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; MZUM IOt 002385 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
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; same data as of preceding; MZUM IOt 002387 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Nenasi;
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||
<collectingDate value="1974-11-17">17 Nov. 1974</collectingDate>
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||
;
|
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<collectorName>W. C. Kang</collectorName>
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leg.; MZUM IOt 002404 •
|
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Lentang;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1995-12-02">2 Dec. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName>Rohaya</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002426.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Perak">Perak</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Grik;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1991-02-17">17 Feb. 1991</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>McGyver</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002418 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Perlok;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1997-05-20">20 May 1997</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Khaironizam Md. Zain</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002399.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Johor">Johor</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; B[atu] Pahat;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1974-11-20">20 Nov. 1974</collectingDate>
|
||
; M. Ali-S leg.; MZUM IOt 002403 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Duhsun;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1974-11-17">17 Nov. 1974</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName>Salleh</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002417.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Terengganu">Terengganu</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Jerangau;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1974-03-02">2 Mar. 1974</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName>Baki</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; MZUM IOt 002405.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Malaysia" name="Kelantan">Kelantan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
; Kg Senyul;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1962-06-15">15 June 1962</collectingDate>
|
||
; KJK leg.; MZUM IOt 002375 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as of preceding; MZUM IOt 002374 •
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; F[ort] Brooke;
|
||
<collectingDate value="1962-04-15">15 Apr.1962</collectingDate>
|
||
; JAB leg.; MZUM IOt 002381
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="inaturalist observation.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">iNaturalist observation.</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Perak</emphasis>
|
||
• Hulu Perak;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="5.5027776">5°30'10"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="101.436386">101°26'11"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 4 July 2008; Fabio Cianferoni leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45968367.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Selangor</emphasis>
|
||
• Hulu Yam;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="1" value="3.4002779">3°24'1"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="4" value="101.68445">101°41'4"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5 Dec. 2009; CheongWeei Gan leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127199050 • Hulu Yam;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="3.3319445">3°19'55"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="6" value="101.70166">101°42'6"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5 Dec. 2009; CheongWeei Gan leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127199054 • Hulu Langat;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="7" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="48" value="3.1299999">3°7'48"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="17" value="101.888054">101°53'17"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 26 Aug. 2013; Phil Benstead leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71201238 • Gombak;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="3.3241665">3°19'27"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="101.74833">101°44'54"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 30 Aug. 2013; Erland Refling Nielsen leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63194111 • Hulu Langat;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="37" value="3.2102778">3°12'37"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="33" value="101.8425">101°50'33"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 11 Dec. 2021; Puteri Nuraida Syuhada Binti Abdullah leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/102847175.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Negeri Sembilan</emphasis>
|
||
• Seremban;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="2.7986112">2°47'55"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="3" value="101.800835">101°48'3"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 29 Jan. 2019; Kees van Reenen leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35679667.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Penang</emphasis>
|
||
• Timur Laut;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="2" value="5.433889">5°26'2"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="46" value="100.29611">100°17'46"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 23 Feb. 2019; Yiquan Chin leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20687721 • Timur Laut;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="5.4316664">5°25'54"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="100.29861">100°17'55"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 19 Dec. 2019; Alexius L.Z.L leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36773269 • Mukim 17;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="5.359722">5°21'35"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="100.49222">100°29'32"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 11 Dec. 2021; Alexius L.Z.L leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/102908617 • Tanjung Bungah;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="5.4649997">5°27'54"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="100.281944">100°16'55"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 1 Mar. 2022; Albert Kang leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107814195.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pahang</emphasis>
|
||
• Genting Highlands;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="3.411111">3°24'40"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="101.79444">101°47'40"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 14 Dec. 2021; Chloe Alison leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103086028.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Kelantan</emphasis>
|
||
• Pasir Puteh;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="49" value="5.7636113">5°45'49"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="102.40889">102°24'32"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 13 May 2022; Aiman Azmi leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116921973. THAILAND,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Narathiwat</emphasis>
|
||
• Waeng;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="5.7952776">5°47'43"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="42" value="101.82833">101°49'42"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; June 2021; Vatcharavee Sriprasertsil leg.; iNaturalist.org: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/84546541.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Examination of the specimens deposited at FRIM, MZUM, and ZRC revealed that the species was previously known from the region but was not recognized as a separate species.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been wrongly identified by researchers as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena producta" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="producta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena producta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Serville, 1838) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mahmood, K" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1272 - 1284" refId="B12" refString="Mahmood, K, Idris, AB, Salmah, Y, 2007. Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica 50: 1272 - 1284" title="Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species." volume="50" year="2007">Mahmood et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, D.K. McE.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kevan’s">Kevan's</normalizedToken>
|
||
notes on specimen labels in the UM collection).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="producta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. producta subsp. producta" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="producta" subSpecies="producta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. producta producta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described from Java and has a similar body coloration to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see specimen photographs available on OSF). However, it can be morphologically differentiated by two characteristics: pointed tubercles at humeral angles to the pronotum (rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and numerous clearly visible teeth on the ventral side of its hind femora (while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only two small teeth) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" author="Muhammad, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B15" refString="Muhammad, AA, Tan, MK, Abdullah, NA, Azirun, MS, Bhaskar, D, Skejo, J, 2018. An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa 4485: 1 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" title="An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" volume="4485" year="2018">Muhammad et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we correct previous identifications and consider all listed specimens to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, making these identifications new locality records for the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="variability">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Variability.</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Thanks to the large number of specimens that we were able to examine, we found
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a rather variable species, especially in terms of body size (♂: 18.0-24.0 mm; ♀: 24.0-31.0 mm). Nymphs do not differ much from adults, having similar coloration and general appearance, although they do have significantly shorter pronotum, making them easily distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Peninsular Malaysia. During the fieldwork, we observed one specimen belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unique coloration-the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="specimen’s">specimen's</normalizedToken>
|
||
general body coloration was brown (opposed to the common dark green coloration) with orange markings (opposed to yellow markings; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Fig. 2. Change of coloration in pinned specimens of Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 compared to the living specimen. A - C. Pinned S. gombakensis specimens; D. Living S. gombakensis specimens. E. Coloration variability and camouflage of three living S. gombakensis specimens; F. Natural habitat of S. gombakensis at the type locality Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839630" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2E</figureCitation>
|
||
, indicated by an arrow). This coloration could be recessive given its rarity, or it could be caused by some kind of infection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839630" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Fig. 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Change of coloration in pinned specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 compared to the living specimen.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Pinned
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Living
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Coloration variability and camouflage of three living
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Natural habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the type locality Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
A change of coloration was also observed in pinned specimens (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Fig. 2. Change of coloration in pinned specimens of Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 compared to the living specimen. A - C. Pinned S. gombakensis specimens; D. Living S. gombakensis specimens. E. Coloration variability and camouflage of three living S. gombakensis specimens; F. Natural habitat of S. gombakensis at the type locality Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839630" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is a very interesting but rarely mentioned observation in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(an example of such observation was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1042.66381" author="Mathieu, E" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="41 - 50" refId="B14" refString="Mathieu, E, Pavlovic, M, Skejo, J, 2021. The true colours of the Formidable Pygmy Grasshopper (Notocerus formidabilis Guenther, 1974) from the Sava region (Madagascar). ZooKeys 1042: 41 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1042.66381" title="The true colours of the Formidable Pygmy Grasshopper (Notocerus formidabilis Guenther, 1974) from the Sava region (Madagascar)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1042.66381" volume="1042" year="2021">Mathieu et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the MZUM collection, which holds a large number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, we observed color degradation in the older specimens. The colors of the older specimens were generally faded more than in recent ones, which gradually lost their dark green coloration with yellow markings and became generally brown in coloration. However, it is important to note that not all specimens had lost their color to the same extent, as some specimens from the 1960s are not as faded as the one represented in this paper (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Fig. 2. Change of coloration in pinned specimens of Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 compared to the living specimen. A - C. Pinned S. gombakensis specimens; D. Living S. gombakensis specimens. E. Coloration variability and camouflage of three living S. gombakensis specimens; F. Natural habitat of S. gombakensis at the type locality Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839630" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Since all the specimens were collected around the same time and were all stored in the same box under the same conditions, it is possible that pre-pinning conditions play a vital role in coloration preservation in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Such factors might be influenced by the sampling and euthanization methods, duration of pinning of the specimens, preservation techniques, etc. Since we did not have information on the pre-pinning conditions older specimens were exposed to, this hypothesis requires consideration in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Distribution of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">S. gombakensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
At first, it was hypothesized that this species would have general ecological traits similar to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, in general, highly confined to water bodies, as they are often found in close proximity to fast-flowing rocky rivers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14551" author="Tan, MK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Orthoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="73 - 80" refId="B25" refString="Tan, MK, Yeo, H, Hwang, WS, 2017. Ground dwelling pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Southeast Asian tropical freshwater swamp forest prefer wet microhabitats. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 73 - 80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14551" title="Ground dwelling pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Southeast Asian tropical freshwater swamp forest prefer wet microhabitats." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14551" volume="26" year="2017">Tan et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even so, we have also observed specimens flying long distances and maneuvering well during flight. It is likely that this species, like many other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is tightly linked to large flowing bodies of water and disperses passively by water during diving as an escape behaviour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
With recently described species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, additional knowledge on species distribution, behavior, and other aspects of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
ecology are frequently understudied and incomplete. Revisiting old specimens deposited in museums or private collections is thus an important next step in understanding a species, as these repositories might hold historical specimens belonging to the species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" author="Muhammad, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B15" refString="Muhammad, AA, Tan, MK, Abdullah, NA, Azirun, MS, Bhaskar, D, Skejo, J, 2018. An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa 4485: 1 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" title="An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" volume="4485" year="2018">Muhammad et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to Sungai Gombak of the Gombak Catchment in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Revision of specimens deposited in museum collections (UKM, UM, FRIM, and ZRC) and photos on online databases have shown that the species is, in fact, widely distributed across the country, especially along the West coast (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution map of species Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 based on museum collection and iNaturalist data." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839631" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Social media observations on iNaturalist have greatly contributed to understanding species distribution (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Observations of Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 specimens in Peninsular Malaysia found on iNaturalist platform (www. inaturalist. org) (the last column refers to iNaturalist observation ID)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6D03082AFC1FB2030AAB3AA4A46355E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="6D03082AFC1FB2030AAB3AA4A46355E5">1</tableCitation>
|
||
), once again demonstrating how useful citizen science can be (for other examples of the contributions of citizen science to the study of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tetrigidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.3" author="Skejo, J" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="546 - 560" refId="B19" refString="Skejo, J, Gupta, SK, Chandra, K, Panhwar, WA, Franjevic, D, 2019. Oriental macropterous leaf-mimic pygmy grasshoppers-genera Oxyphyllum and Paraphyllum (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and their taxonomic assignment. Zootaxa 4590: 546 - 560, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.3" title="Oriental macropterous leaf-mimic pygmy grasshoppers-genera Oxyphyllum and Paraphyllum (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and their taxonomic assignment." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.3" volume="4590" year="2019">Skejo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.65885" author="Kasalo, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Orthoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="173 - 184" refId="B9" refString="Kasalo, N, Deranja, M, Adzic, K, Sindaco, R, Skejo, J, 2021. Discovering insect species based on photographs only: The case of a nameless species of the genus Scaria (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 30: 173 - 184, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.65885" title="Discovering insect species based on photographs only: The case of a nameless species of the genus Scaria (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.65885" volume="30" year="2021">Kasalo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pavlovic, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" refId="B16" refString="Pavlovic, M, Bozicevic, L, Adzic, K, Deranja, M, Franjevic, D, Skejo, J, 2022. "Threatened Tetrigids Online": Assessing Pygmy Rainforests Before They are Gone. Poster, European Congress on Orthoptera Conservation (ECOC III), Leiden (Netherlands), April 2022." title="" Threatened Tetrigids Online ": Assessing Pygmy Rainforests Before They are Gone. Poster, European Congress on Orthoptera Conservation (ECOC III), Leiden (Netherlands), April 2022." year="2022">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavlović">Pavlovic</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839631" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Fig. 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 based on museum collection and iNaturalist data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an example of a species that is easily recognized through photographs and highly unlikely to be misidentified in Peninsular Malaysia, making identification using iNaturalist very reliable. Additionally, thanks to iNaturalist, we were able to discover an observation of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Waeng district of Narathiwat, Thailand, very close to the border of Peninsular Malaysia; this represents the first official record of the species outside of Peninsular Malaysia, making this the first record for the country (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution map of species Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 based on museum collection and iNaturalist data." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839631" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Observations of Scelimena gombakensis Muhammad, Tan & Skejo, 2018 specimens in Peninsular Malaysia found on iNaturalist platform (www. inaturalist. org) (the last column refers to iNaturalist observation ID)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6D03082AFC1FB2030AAB3AA4A46355E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="6D03082AFC1FB2030AAB3AA4A46355E5">1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Further clarification of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
distribution is possible by comparing this species with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena discalis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena discalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hancock, 1915 specimens from Thailand (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" author="Storozhenko, SY" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="527 - 554" refId="B21" refString="Storozhenko, SY, Dawwrueng, P, 2015. New and little-known pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa 4052: 527 - 554, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" title="New and little-known pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2" volume="4052" year="2015">Storozhenko and Dawwrueng 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which may include some misidentified specimens. For now, we refrain from comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. discalis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. discalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to the inaccessibility of physical specimens and the lack of molecular and online data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Ecology and habitat of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">Scelimena gombakensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" author="Muhammad, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B15" refString="Muhammad, AA, Tan, MK, Abdullah, NA, Azirun, MS, Bhaskar, D, Skejo, J, 2018. An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa 4485: 1 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" title="An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1" volume="4485" year="2018">Muhammad et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found perched on river rocks in lowland secondary rainforest where it is cool and very humid, especially in areas shadowed by tree canopies. Further field observation revealed that high moisture and indirect sunlight may be key to their survival, in tandem with the abundance of lichens and mosses that are their food source (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" author="Zha, L" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="372 - 382" refId="B28" refString="Zha, L, Yu, F, Boonmee, S, Eungwanichayapant, PD, Wen, T, 2017. A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology. Entomological News 126: 372 - 382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" title="A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" volume="126" year="2017">Zha et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the rocks,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to crowd near the water surface, where the high turbidity of the flowing stream creates a suitable humid biota. Juveniles are more likely to be observed close to the water surface than adults, as they are more susceptible to desiccation due to their immature exoskeletons. The juveniles are also less agile and unable to fly; hence, staying close to the water surface might increase their success rate when escaping from predators by diving underwater. Although individuals of various life stages can be found on the same rock, the place where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lays their eggs remains a mystery. For some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, it is speculated that the eggs are laid elsewhere, such as in the sand along the riverbanks, and are perhaps well adapted to waterlogged conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" author="Zha, L" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="372 - 382" refId="B28" refString="Zha, L, Yu, F, Boonmee, S, Eungwanichayapant, PD, Wen, T, 2017. A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology. Entomological News 126: 372 - 382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" title="A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" volume="126" year="2017">Zha et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="physiology of scelimena gombakensis as key to adaptation to a semi-aquatic environment.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Physiology" lsidName="Physiology of" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rank="species" species="of">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Physiology of</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muhammad, Tan & Skejo" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">Scelimena gombakensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">as key to adaptation to a semi-aquatic environment.</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Closer observation of the characteristics of the hind legs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
elucidates their swimming ability (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the hind leg of S. gombakensis in ventral view. A. Hind tibia; B. First tarsal segment; C. Magnified view of the serration lining the edges of both tibia and tarsal segment; D. Tarsal claw. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, B); 50 μm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839632" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). A close-up of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="insect’s">insect's</normalizedToken>
|
||
hind tibia and its first tarsal segment under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals the following hydrodynamic characters: the first tarsal segment is laterally compressed along the whole length, and serration exists along the lateral edges of both the first tarsal segments and the hind tibiae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the hind leg of S. gombakensis in ventral view. A. Hind tibia; B. First tarsal segment; C. Magnified view of the serration lining the edges of both tibia and tarsal segment; D. Tarsal claw. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, B); 50 μm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839632" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4A, B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral compression provides a wider surface area for paddling underwater and likely aids in better propulsion during swimming. The serration along the lateral edges could serve multiple functions, but the tarsal serration most likely enhances the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="legs’">legs'</normalizedToken>
|
||
grip on wet and slippery rock surfaces since the arolium is absent underneath the claws (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the hind leg of S. gombakensis in ventral view. A. Hind tibia; B. First tarsal segment; C. Magnified view of the serration lining the edges of both tibia and tarsal segment; D. Tarsal claw. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, B); 50 μm (C, D)." figureDoi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839632" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the presence of microscopic serrations means porous rock surfaces offer more grip to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
limbs. Morphologically similar to riblet-like shark skin, another possible function of the serrations is to improve hydrodynamics by reducing the water drag acting upon its serrated tibiae when propelling underwater, reducing the formation of vortices and making swimming more energy efficient. The orientation of both microscopic structures is also parallel to the flow of water, hinting at functional homology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0219-3" author="Han, X" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Science Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1587 - 1592" refId="B6" refString="Han, X, Zhang, D, Li, X, Li, Y, 2008. Bio-replicated forming of the biomimetic drag-reducing surfaces in large area based on shark skin. Chinese Science Bulletin 53: 1587 - 1592, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0219-3" title="Bio-replicated forming of the biomimetic drag-reducing surfaces in large area based on shark skin." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0219-3" volume="53" year="2008">Han et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60105-9" author="Zhang, DY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hydrodynamics" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="204 - 211" refId="B29" refString="Zhang, DY, Luo, YH, Xiang, LI, Chen, HW, 2011. Numerical simulation and experimental study of drag-reducing surface of a real shark skin. Journal of Hydrodynamics 23: 204 - 211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60105-9" title="Numerical simulation and experimental study of drag-reducing surface of a real shark skin." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60105-9" volume="23" year="2011">Zhang et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/jor.32.91153.fig4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/839632" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Fig. 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrographs of the hind leg of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Hind tibia;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">B.</emphasis>
|
||
First tarsal segment;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Magnified view of the serration lining the edges of both tibia and tarsal segment;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Tarsal claw. Scale bars: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
); 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">C, D)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Our observations suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
utilizes both its hind legs and hindwings for navigation and survival, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zha, L. & T. Wen" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena songkrana" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="songkrana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena songkrana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Zha & Wen, 2017 from Thailand, which seldom flies but often jumps, as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" author="Zha, L" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="372 - 382" refId="B28" refString="Zha, L, Yu, F, Boonmee, S, Eungwanichayapant, PD, Wen, T, 2017. A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology. Entomological News 126: 372 - 382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" title="A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" volume="126" year="2017">Zha et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena melli" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena melli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1938 from China behaves similarly to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except for the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. melli" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. melli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaps further (for 10 meters or more). The mating behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. gombakensis" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gombakensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. gombakensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistent with that of other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Scelimena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scelimena" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Scelimena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" author="Zha, L" journalOrPublisher="Entomological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="372 - 382" refId="B28" refString="Zha, L, Yu, F, Boonmee, S, Eungwanichayapant, PD, Wen, T, 2017. A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology. Entomological News 126: 372 - 382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" title="A new species of the genus Scelimena (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) in Thailand and notes on its biology and ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/021.126.0505" volume="126" year="2017">Zha et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in which the male securely positions itself on top of the female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |