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<mods:title id="F084C8D37221CDDF3C2EC9E6359C0C75">Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="064E36E3C64AFFA7FDEB121928BFFAD8" blockId="7.[313,1075,1267,1387]" box="[581,999,1331,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">
<heading id="5D06818FC64AFFA7FDEB121928BFFAD8" box="[581,999,1331,1355]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253" reason="3">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FDEB121929D2FAD8" bold="true" box="[581,650,1331,1355]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Genus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C64AFFA7FD3D121928BFFAD8" ID-CoL="63LKY" authority="Verhoeff, 1939" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1939" box="[659,999,1331,1355]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Partygarrupius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FD3D12192861FAD8" bold="true" box="[659,825,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Partygarrupius</emphasis>
Verhoeff, 1939
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="064E36E3C64AFFA7FE97127C2855FAF9" blockId="7.[313,1075,1267,1387]" box="[313,781,1365,1387]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C64AFFA7FE97127C2851FAF9" authority="Verhoeff, 1939: 87" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityPageNumber="87" authorityYear="1939" box="[313,777,1365,1387]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Partygarrupius">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FE97127C2ACFFAF8" box="[313,407,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Tygarrup</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FE0B127F2963FAF9" box="[421,571,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Partygarrupius</emphasis>
) Verhoeff, 1939: 87
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="064E36E3C64AFFA7FECF12AD2F38FA0C" blockId="7.[313,1269,1414,1693]" box="[353,1120,1414,1439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FECF12AD2AB6FA0D" box="[353,494,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">
<typeStatus id="D94A8841C64AFFA7FECF12AD2AC1FA0D" box="[353,409,1415,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C64AFFA7FE5312AD28EBFA0D" authority="Takakuwa, 1934" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[509,947,1414,1438]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FE5312AD29B3FA0D" box="[509,747,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Tygarrup moiwaensis</emphasis>
Takakuwa, 1934
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C64AFFA7FECF128C2ABEFA2D" blockId="7.[313,1269,1414,1693]" box="[353,486,1446,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Monotypic.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C64AFFA8FECF12ED2F86FE12" blockId="7.[313,1269,1414,1693]" lastBlockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1254" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FECF12ED2A95FA4D" box="[353,461,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Forty-one pairs of legs. Body colour homogenous, without darker patches. Body length
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FD9812CC2917FA6E" box="[566,591,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">ca</emphasis>
<quantity id="C1099B06C64AFFA7FDF712CC29FFFA6E" box="[601,679,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
. Ratio of length to width of cephalic plate
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FB0612CC2F99FA6E" box="[1192,1217,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">ca</emphasis>
1.2. Frontal line present. A single clypeal plagula, covering most of the clypeus. Clypeal setae arranged in a transversal band on the anterior half of clypeus. Buccae without setae. Spiculum absent. Side-pieces of labrum fully divided into anterior and posterior alae. Internal margin of each anterior ala reduced to a point. Posterior margin of labrum not hairy. Mandible with
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C64AFFA7FD4A11AC29A5F90E" box="[740,765,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1253">ca</emphasis>
eight pectinate lamellae. Ventral surface of mandible hairy. Coxosternum of the first maxillae divided. Coxosternum of the second maxillae undivided. Metameric pores in posterior position. Telopodites of the second maxillae slightly overreaching those of the first maxillae. Claw of second maxillae present, shaped as a pointed conical tubercle. Forcipular trochanteropraefemur with a distal tooth only. Intermediate articles of forcipules with teeth. Basal tooth of tarsungulum pointed. Forcipular tergum without median sulcus. Sternal rhachides not anteriorly furcate. Last sternum subtriangular, longer than wide. Numerous pores on the ventral surface of each coxopleuron. Anal pores present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF16A02FD5FDB2" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
The following combination of characters distinguishes this genus from
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FB2216A02FACFE32" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1914" box="[1164,1268,394,417]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FB2216A02FACFE32" box="[1164,1268,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and shows its kinship to the other
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FD7E1683281DFE52" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1912" box="[720,837,425,449]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arrupinae">Arrupinae</taxonomicName>
(in brackets the corresponding traits in
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FEF716E02A99FE72" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1914" box="[345,449,458,481]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FEF716E02A99FE72" box="[345,449,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 41 (45) pairs of legs, ventral surface of mandibles hairy (not hairy), metameric pores of second maxillae opening in a posterior (lateral) position, telopodites of second maxillae relatively thin and short (robust and long).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF1503283DFDD2" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" box="[353,869,553,577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FECF1503293DFDD2" box="[353,613,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="7EE67673C645FFA8FDDB150029E4FDD2" box="[629,700,554,577]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Japan</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="C435F801C645FFA8FD6715032865FDD2" box="[713,829,553,577]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
Id.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF15632954FD52" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FECF15632A9CFDF2" box="[353,452,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FE7C1560287CFDF2" authority="Verhoeff, 1939" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1939" box="[466,804,585,609]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Partygarrupius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FE7C15602920FDF2" box="[466,632,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Partygarrupius</emphasis>
Verhoeff, 1939
</taxonomicName>
was introduced as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FB2215602950FD12" authority="Chamberlin, 1914" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1914" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FB2215602FACFDF2" box="[1164,1268,586,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup</emphasis>
Chamberlin, 1914
</taxonomicName>
, a representative of
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FD5A15432891FD12" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1893" box="[756,969,617,641]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mecistocephalinae">Mecistocephalinae</taxonomicName>
, for a better allocation of
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FE9715A32856FD32" authority="Takakuwa, 1934" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[313,782,649,673]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FE9715A32968FD33" box="[313,560,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup moiwaensis</emphasis>
Takakuwa, 1934
</taxonomicName>
. This taxonomic placement was never questioned before.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF15E32861FCF3" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
In the present cladistic analysis of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FBAE15E22F2DFD73" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1912" box="[1024,1141,712,736]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arrupinae">Arrupinae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FB2215E3292CFC93" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis" subGenus="Partygarrupius">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FB2215E32FACFD73" box="[1164,1268,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FEEE15C32ABEFC93" box="[320,486,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Partygarrupius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FE5615C3292CFC93" box="[504,628,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">moiwaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
came out as the most basal branch within the ingroup. In the light of the results of the present analysis as well as of the previous one at the family level (Bonato
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FDF9140329D0FCD3" box="[599,648,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">et al</emphasis>
., submitted), we propose to raise it to the genus level within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FD83146229FAFCF3" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1912" box="[557,674,840,864]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arrupinae">Arrupinae</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FD1A14622871FCF3" bold="true" box="[692,809,840,864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">new status</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF14422861FC4C" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
The geographical distribution offers additional support to the morphological evidence:
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FE0414A328EDFC33" authority="(Takakuwa, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Takakuwa" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[426,949,904,928]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Partygarrupius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FE0414A3298FFC33" box="[426,727,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Partygarrupius moiwaensis</emphasis>
(Takakuwa, 1934)
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the Japanese island of
<collectingRegion id="C435F801C645FFA8FE0C14822940FC53" box="[418,536,936,960]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
, which is included in the distributional range of the genus
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FB0514822FB5FC2C" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1912" box="[1195,1261,936,959]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Arrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FB0514822FB5FC2C" box="[1195,1261,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Arrup</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FED014E22ABEFC4C" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1914" box="[382,486,968,991]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FED014E22ABEFC4C" box="[382,486,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not known from this area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="064E36E3C645FFA8FECF14CD2FEAFA6D" blockId="8.[313,1270,138,1534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FD2214C22836FC6C" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[652,878,1000,1023]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FD2214C22836FC6C" box="[652,878,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup moiwaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was provided by Takakuwa in two separate and nearly identical papers, one in Japanese (1934a), the other in German (1934b) but with four vs two figures. Curiously, different numbers of pairs of legs were reported: while a number 41 is given both in the Japanese (Takakuwa, 1934a: 59) and in the German version (Takakuwa, 1934b: 357) of the original description, in the latter paper we also find the number
<quantity id="C1099B06C645FFA8FD0A13AD2986FB0C" box="[676,734,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0922" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" unit="in" value="43.0">43 in</quantity>
a table where the new species is contrasted to
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FE97138229F9FB2C" authority="Attems, 1929" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1929" box="[313,673,1191,1215]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanicus">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FE971382295DFB2C" box="[313,517,1192,1215]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">Tygarrup javanicus</emphasis>
Attems, 1929
</taxonomicName>
, with 45 pairs of legs (Takakuwa, 1934b: 358). A few years later, in a key, Verhoeff (1939) credited
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FC8513ED2899FB4D" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[811,961,1223,1246]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FC8513ED2899FB4D" box="[811,961,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">T. moiwaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 43 (41?) pairs of legs; the question mark disappeared in Attems (1947), where the species was credited with 43 (41) pairs of legs, and in Shinohara (1965), where only 43 pairs of legs are referred to this species. No information concerning the number of pairs of legs is offered by Shinohara (1972) when recording new findings of
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FCCF126D28AEFACD" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[865,1014,1351,1374]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FCCF126D28AEFACD" box="[865,1014,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">T. moiwaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in the same paper there is a figure of the habitus of the animal with 41 pairs of legs. The
<typeStatus id="D94A8841C645FFA8FBCA124D2FCAFAEC" box="[1124,1170,1383,1407]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">type</typeStatus>
material and the additional material described by Shinohara (1972) are not available, but we consider 41 as the most probable number of pairs of legs in
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FC63128D2F3BFA2D" authorityName="Takakuwa" authorityYear="1934" box="[973,1123,1447,1470]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" genus="Tygarrup" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moiwaensis">
<emphasis id="3485EAF1C645FFA8FC63128D2F3BFA2D" box="[973,1123,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254">P. moiwaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the basis of the original description(s), the drawing provided by Shinohara (1972), the phylogenetic relationships and the strict invariance of pairs of legs in all remaining
<taxonomicName id="C1F14D60C645FFA8FB9512CC2FF6FA6D" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1912" box="[1083,1198,1510,1534]" class="Chilopoda" family="Mecistocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geophilomorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="1254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arrupinae">Arrupinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>