594 lines
68 KiB
XML
594 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="7240190CA316F3E44A2FA75F178BAB3D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Actia interrupta Curran 1933" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="76AA36C5244EFBBB7EE97383DF800DC1">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E82051EF1FAACA4574747B7ADE2F982">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6272DB7B0500CEE22AE750BBE0CB17DB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7C39F8700D911332C43FA4EF551827EA">
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<mods:date id="CDC7D9586A7072872A6E1645182F7736">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6FB9AFCBA7738232BCDD89A15E386550" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E244ACF0A990459CA4F20D54E20B36F0">938</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2BB380297610098ACFF030B790693647" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265496" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335209" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265496" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C330B9454FE97FC4725ABF88A" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330B9455FE97FC47223DFB91" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97FC4724AEFC28" blockId="16.[264,731,976,1002]" box="[264,731,976,1002]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="AD3281E6330B9455FE97FC4724AEFC28" bold="true" box="[264,731,976,1002]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FC4724AEFC28" bold="true" box="[264,731,976,1002]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE97FC47240CFC28" ID-CoL="9SQM" authority="Curran, 1933" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1933" box="[264,633,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FC4727BCFC28" bold="true" box="[264,457,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actia interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FE4FFC47240CFC28" author="Curran" box="[464,633,976,1002]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Curran, C. H. (1933) The North American species of Actia in the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates, 614, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1933">Curran, 1933</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F330B9455FD19FC4724AEFC28" box="[646,731,976,1002]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 42" captionStartId="15.[264,382,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[293,1309,345,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[264,1323,333,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 42. Habitus images. 37. Actia diffidens. 38. Actia interrupta. 39. Ceromasia auricaudata. 40. Compsilura concinnata. 41. Cyzenis incrassata. 42. Eumea caesar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171160/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97FB8C223DFB91" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FB8C27B7FBF1" bold="true" box="[264,450,1051,1075]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host records ex.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE55FB8C25E7FBF1" authority="Prentice 1955" authorityName="Prentice" authorityYear="1955" box="[458,914,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conflictana">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE55FB8C2482FBF1" bold="true" box="[458,759,1051,1075]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE55FB8C249BFBF1" bold="true" box="[458,750,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura conflictana</emphasis>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD61FB8B25E7FBF1" author="Prentice" box="[766,914,1052,1075]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473." type="journal article" year="1955">Prentice 1955</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(SK, MB);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FB8AFB8B22D7FBF1" author="O'Hara" box="[1045,1186,1052,1075]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
(†MB, SK); †
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEDCFBAB27A4FB91" author="Arnaud" box="[323,465,1084,1107]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(SK, MB); †
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FDC4FBAB256DFB91" author="Huber" box="[603,792,1084,1107]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
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||
Huber
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD38FBAB24A8FB91" box="[679,733,1084,1107]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FCB9FBAB25F1FB91" box="[806,900,1084,1107]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
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north of
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FC79FBAB2249FB91" box="[998,1084,1084,1107]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330B9454FE97FBCC279FFE31" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97FBCC2436FAF1" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FBCC27B7FBB1" bold="true" box="[264,450,1115,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host records ex.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE55FBCC25EFFBB1" authority="Daviault 1946" authorityName="Daviault" authorityYear="1946" box="[458,922,1115,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE55FBCC2482FBB1" bold="true" box="[458,759,1115,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE55FBCC2498FBB1" bold="true" box="[458,749,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD61FBCB25EFFBB1" author="Daviault" box="[766,922,1116,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Daviault, L. (1946) Forest entomology. Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the province of Quebec for the year ending March 31 st, 1945, 113 - 122." type="journal article" year="1946">Daviault 1946</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FC52FBCB22E9FBB1" box="[973,1180,1116,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FC52FBCB22E9FBB1" box="[973,1180,1116,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FB76FBCB27DDFB51" author="Reeks" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="Reeks, W. A., Forbes, R. S. & Cuming, F. G. (1948) Maritime provinces and Newfoundland. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Annual Report of the Forest Insect Survey, Forest Insect Investigations, 1947, 9 - 23." type="journal article" year="1948">
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||
Reeks
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FEA7FBEB2718FB51" box="[312,365,1148,1171]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Maritime provinces and NF);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD6BFBEB25FFFB51" author="Daviault" box="[756,906,1148,1171]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Daviault, L. (1950) Les parasites de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) dans la province de Quebec. Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 31, 41 - 45." type="journal article" year="1950">Daviault 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC4AFBEB22DDFB51" author="Dowden" box="[981,1192,1148,1171]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article" year="1951">
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||
Dowden
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FBAAFBEB221EFB51" box="[1077,1131,1148,1171]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1951
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FB46FBEB27D8FB71" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB46FBEB27D8FB71" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(NY);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FE61FB0B24F7FB71" author="Miller" box="[510,642,1180,1203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17." type="journal article" year="1955">Miller 1955</bibRefCitation>
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||
, as
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FD31FB0B25A0FB71" box="[686,981,1180,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD31FB0B25A0FB71" box="[686,981,1180,1203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gymnophthalma interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FBBAFB0B235FFB71" author="McGugan" box="[1061,1322,1180,1203]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783." type="journal article" year="1959">McGugan & Blais 1959</bibRefCitation>
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||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEE1FB2B2785FB11" author="Blais" box="[382,496,1212,1235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FDA4FB2B2526FB11" author="MacDonald" box="[571,851,1212,1235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6." type="journal article" year="1963">MacDonald & Webb 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC36FB2B225CFB11" author="Miller" box="[937,1065,1212,1235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7." type="journal article" year="1963">Miller 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FBEBFB2B2293FB11" author="Blais" box="[1140,1254,1212,1235]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1965">Blais 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEDCFB4B2448FB31" author="Tilles" box="[323,573,1244,1267]" pageId="16" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles & Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ME);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD14FB4B2531FB31" author="Huber" box="[651,836,1244,1267]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD4BFB4B257FFB31" box="[724,778,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC10FB4B22F0FB31" author="Cappuccino" box="[911,1157,1244,1267]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Cappuccino, N., Lavertu, D., Bergeron, Y. & Regniere, J. (1998) Spruce budworm impact, abundance and parasitism rate in a patchy landscape. Oecologia, 114, 236 - 242." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Cappuccino
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB8AFB4B223FFB31" box="[1045,1098,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FB4FFB4B2790FAD1" author="Cappuccino" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Cappuccino, N., Houle, M. - J. & Stein, J. (1999) The influence of understory nectar resources on parasitism of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana in the field. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Cappuccino
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FEF0FB6B27D2FAD1" box="[367,423,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FDA9FB6B2533FAD1" author="Schoenmaker" box="[566,838,1276,1299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="45" refString="Schoenmaker, A., Cusson, M. & Frankenhuyzen, K. van. (2001) Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and parasitoids of late-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1697 - 1703." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Schoenmaker
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD4FFB6B257DFAD1" box="[720,776,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC3DFB6B2216FAD1" author="Smith" box="[930,1123,1276,1299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, S. M., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Nealis, V. G. & Bourchier, R. S. (2002) Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In: Mason, P. G. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.), Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981 - 2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and New York, pp. 58 - 68." type="book chapter" year="2002">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FC72FB6B2250FAD1" box="[1005,1061,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FB55FB6B236AFAD1" box="[1226,1311,1276,1299]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEA7FA8B278BFAF1" author="Cusson" box="[312,510,1308,1331]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Cusson, M., Laforge, M., Regniere, J., Beliveau, C., Trudel, D., Thireau, J. C., Bellemare, G., Keirstead, N. & Stolz, D. (2002) Multiparasitism of Choristoneura fumiferana by the ichneumonid Tranosema rostrale and the tachinid Actia interrupta: occurrence in the field and outcome of competition under laboratory conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 102, 125 - 133." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cusson
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE12FA8B27B6FAF1" box="[397,451,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97FAAC245BFA11" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FAAC254BFA91" bold="true" box="[264,830,1339,1363]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE57FAAC249EFA91" box="[456,747,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE57FAAC249EFA91" bold="true" box="[456,747,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FCDAFAAC2376FA91" authority="Brown 1941" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1941" box="[837,1283,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FCDAFAAC2202FA91" bold="true" box="[837,1143,1339,1363]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FCDAFAAC221BFA91" bold="true" box="[837,1134,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FBE1FAAB2376FA91" author="Brown" box="[1150,1283,1340,1363]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1941">Brown 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FEA7FACB24F3FAB1" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" box="[312,646,1372,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FEA7FACB246CFAB1" box="[312,537,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cacoecia fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FDB7FACB240BFAB1" box="[552,638,1372,1395]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD0EFACB251DFAB1" author="Dowden" box="[657,872,1372,1395]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD6CFACB255CFAB1" box="[755,809,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FC05FACB2212FAB1" box="[922,1127,1372,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FC05FACB2212FAB1" box="[922,1127,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FB21FACB236AFAB1" box="[1214,1311,1372,1395]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEDCFAEB27A9FA51" author="Zwolfer" box="[323,476,1404,1427]" pageId="16" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FD8AFAEB24D8FA51" box="[533,685,1404,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD8AFAEB24D8FA51" box="[533,685,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FC97FAEB251CFA51" box="[776,873,1404,1427]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC16FAEB226BFA51" author="Arnaud" box="[905,1054,1404,1427]" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FBC9FAEB2298FA51" box="[1110,1261,1404,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FBC9FAEB2298FA51" box="[1110,1261,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FDF4FA0B248DFA71" author="O'Hara" box="[619,760,1436,1459]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FCB6FA0B25C9FA71" box="[809,956,1436,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FCB6FA0B25C9FA71" box="[809,956,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, ID, †OR, CO, AB, MB, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, VT).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97FA4C227FF9D1" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97FA4C270BF9D1" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE52FA4C2487FA31" box="[461,754,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE52FA4C2487FA31" bold="true" box="[461,754,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FC9DFA4C2258FA31" box="[770,1069,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FC9DFA4C2258FA31" bold="true" box="[770,1069,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FB14FA4C2701F9D1" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB14FA4C2701F9D1" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FE0FFA6B2471F9D1" author="Ross" box="[400,516,1532,1555]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FC37FA6B258BF9D1" box="[936,1022,1532,1555]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97F98C2780F991" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97F98C27B1F9F1" bold="true" box="[264,452,1563,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE52F98C25EEF9F1" authority="O'Hara 1991" authorityName="O'Hara" authorityYear="1991" box="[461,923,1563,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lambertiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE52F98C2570F9F1" bold="true" box="[461,773,1563,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE52F98C248EF9F1" bold="true" box="[461,763,1563,1587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura lambertiana</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC92F98B25EEF9F1" author="O'Hara" box="[781,923,1564,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MT); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC66F98B22C8F9F1" author="Huber" box="[1017,1213,1564,1587]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FBD8F98B220AF9F1" box="[1095,1151,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FB52F98B235EF9F1" box="[1229,1323,1564,1587]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FE0CF9AB279CF991" box="[403,489,1596,1619]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97F9CC2211F951" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97F9CC27CAF9B1" bold="true" box="[264,447,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE5AF9CC25D3F9B1" authority="McKnight 1974" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1974" box="[453,934,1627,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE5AF9CC2482F9B1" bold="true" box="[453,759,1627,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE5AF9CC249BF9B1" bold="true" box="[453,750,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FD62F9CB25D3F9B1" author="McKnight" box="[765,934,1628,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1974">McKnight 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CO);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC6EF9CB229DF9B1" author="Harris" box="[1009,1256,1628,1651]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris & Dawson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FEA7F9EB27B6F951" author="O'Hara" box="[312,451,1660,1683]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(BC, ID, MT); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FDE8F9EB2541F951" author="Huber" box="[631,820,1660,1683]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD5BF9EB248CF951" box="[708,761,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FCDDF9EB25D5F951" box="[834,928,1660,1683]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330B9455FB9DF9EB222DF951" box="[1026,1112,1660,1683]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97F90C22E0F8D1" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97F90C244BF971" bold="true" box="[264,574,1691,1715]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host records probably ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FDD5F90C226BF971" authority="Bedard 1938" authorityName="Bedard" authorityYear="1938" box="[586,1054,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FDD5F90C25F4F971" bold="true" box="[586,897,1691,1715]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FDD5F90C250DF971" bold="true" box="[586,888,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC12F90B226BF971" author="Bedard" box="[909,1054,1692,1715]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="16" pageNumber="39" refString="Bedard, W. D. (1938) An annotated list of the insect fauna of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata rafinesque) in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Canadian Entomologist, 70, 188 - 197." type="journal article" year="1938">Bedard 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FBCEF90B228BF971" box="[1105,1278,1692,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FBCEF90B228BF971" box="[1105,1278,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actia pilipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FEA7F92B246CF911" box="[312,537,1724,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FEA7F92B246CF911" box="[312,537,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cacoecia fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Douglas fir (“northern Rocky Mountain region”); Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB2EF92B2292F911" box="[1201,1255,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1949, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FECAF94B240CF931" box="[341,633,1756,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FECAF94B240CF931" box="[341,633,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gymnophthalma interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FD39F94B254FF931" box="[678,826,1756,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FD39F94B254FF931" box="[678,826,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FC1BF94B22F1F931" author="Carolin" box="[900,1156,1756,1779]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FB2AF94B2715F8D1" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB2AF94B2715F8D1" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FE29F96B2430F8D1" author="Coppel" box="[438,581,1788,1811]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FDF3F96B25E5F8D1" box="[620,912,1788,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FDF3F96B25E5F8D1" box="[620,912,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gymnophthalma interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FC21F96B2227F8D1" box="[958,1106,1788,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FC21F96B2227F8D1" box="[958,1106,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330B9455FE97F88C27C7F891" blockId="16.[264,1323,1051,1875]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE97F88C220BF8F1" bold="true" box="[264,1150,1819,1843]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FE4AF88C2577F8F1" box="[469,770,1819,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FE4AF88C2577F8F1" bold="true" box="[469,770,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330B9455FCFAF88C220BF8F1" authority="Schaupp et al. 1991" authorityName="Schaupp et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[869,1150,1819,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retiniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FCFAF88C2200F8F1" bold="true" box="[869,1141,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Choristoneura retiniana</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330B9455FB16F88B2718F891" author="Schaupp" pageId="16" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Schaupp
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330B9455FB6FF88B235EF8F1" box="[1264,1323,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(OR).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FE97FE8C255AFEB1" blockId="17.[264,1323,283,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE97FE8C24CEFEF1" bold="true" box="[264,699,283,308]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE53FE8B24CEFEF1" authority="Benjamin & Drooz 1954" authorityName="Benjamin & Drooz" authorityYear="1954" box="[460,699,283,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE53FE8B24C7FEF6" bold="true" box="[460,690,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD5CFE8B25A4FEF1" author="Benjamin" box="[707,977,284,307]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. & Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin & Drooz 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FB82FE8B235FFEF1" author="Dixon" box="[1053,1322,284,307]" pageId="17" pageNumber="41" refString="Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270." type="journal article" year="1963">Dixon & Benjamin 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(WI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FEE2FEAB244FFE91" author="Allen" box="[381,570,316,339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE5CFEAB2789FE91" box="[451,508,316,339]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD0CFEAB2550FE91" author="Arnaud" box="[659,805,316,339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(WI, MI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FC3AFEAB2240FE91" author="O'Hara" box="[933,1077,316,339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MB, ON, †WI, MI); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FEDCFECB2475FEB1" author="Huber" box="[323,512,348,371]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE10FECB27B0FEB1" box="[399,453,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FD91FECB2419FEB1" box="[526,620,348,371]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FD51FECB2551FEB1" box="[718,804,348,371]" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FE97FEEC279FFE31" blockId="17.[264,1323,283,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE97FEEC2486FE51" bold="true" box="[264,755,379,404]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE4FFEEB2486FE51" authority="Schuh & Mote 1948" authorityName="Schuh & Mote" authorityYear="1948" box="[464,755,379,404]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE4FFEEB249CFE56" bold="true" box="[464,745,380,404]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura rosaceana</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD62FEEB2594FE51" author="Schuh" box="[765,993,380,403]" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Schuh, J. & Mote, D. C. (1948) The oblique-banded leaf roller on red raspberries [Archips rosaceana (Harris)]. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin, 13, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1948">Schuh & Mote 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FB86FEEB2297FE51" box="[1049,1250,380,403]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB86FEEB2297FE51" box="[1049,1250,380,403]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Archips rosaceana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FEA7FE0B2420FE71" author="Neunzig" box="[312,597,412,435]" pageId="17" pageNumber="43" refString="Neunzig, H. H. & Gyrisco, G. G. (1955) Some insects injurious to birdsfoot trefoil in New York." type="book" year="1955">Neunzig & Gyrisco 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NY); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD28FE0B253EFE71" author="Arnaud" box="[695,843,412,435]" pageId="17" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(OR, NY);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FC44FE0B22AAFE71" author="Hagley" box="[987,1247,412,435]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" refString="Hagley, E. A. C. & Barber, D. R. (1991) Foliage-feeding Lepidoptera and their parasites recovered from unmanaged apple orchards in southern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 122, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1991">Hagley & Barber 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FEA7FE2B27B1FE11" author="O'Hara" box="[312,452,444,467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(†OR, ON, NS, NY); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD5CFE2B25F7FE11" author="Huber" box="[707,898,444,467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC8FFE2B2533FE11" box="[784,838,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FC0EFE2B259AFE11" box="[913,1007,444,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FBCBFE2B22DFFE11" box="[1108,1194,444,467]" name="Mexico" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FB22FE2B27DCFE31" author="Wilkinson" pageId="17" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkinson, T. K., Landis, D. A. & Gut, L. J. (2004) Parasitism of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in commercially managed Michigan apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1524 - 1530." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Wilkinson
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FEA7FE4B271BFE31" box="[312,366,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501330A9454FE97FDB225ABF88A" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FE97FDB22515FC16" blockId="17.[264,1324,549,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE97FDB227B0FDFC" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[264,453,549,574]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE97FDB227B0FDFC" box="[264,453,549,574]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very small tachinid, generally
|
||
<quantity id="313D9B6F330A9454FCF8FDB225B5FDFD" box="[871,960,549,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5mm</quantity>
|
||
long, that is easily recognized among the species treated here by the dorsally haired wing veins
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB93FDDA226BFDA4" box="[1036,1054,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
|
||
1,
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FBA6FDDA223EFDA4" box="[1081,1099,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R</emphasis>
|
||
4+5 and
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB35FDDA22ABFDA4" box="[1194,1246,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">CuA</emphasis>
|
||
1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F330A9454FB64FDDA275DFD56" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 13. 11" captionStartId="6.[264,370,845,866]" captionTargetBox="[278,1312,292,813]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,281,831]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 13. 11. Lateral view of tachinid thorax. 12. Actia diffidens, right wing. 13. Actia interrupta, right wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171155/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is a common and widespread species found mostly in wooded areas from Alaska and British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FE0BFD35247DFD7E" box="[404,520,674,700]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Newfoundland, and south to California in the West and Virginia and Tennessee in the East (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FDCDFD5D2481FD26" author="O'Hara" box="[594,756,714,740]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC94FD5D25BFFD21" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[779,970,714,739]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC94FD5D25BFFD21" box="[779,970,714,739]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FD36FD652521FCC9" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[681,852,754,779]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FD36FD652521FCC9" box="[681,852,754,779]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FC7FFD65221AFCCE" author="Ross" box="[992,1135,754,780]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FD5FFC8D2504FCF1" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[704,881,794,819]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FD5FFC8D2504FCF1" box="[704,881,794,819]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC3BFC8D2232FCF1" box="[932,1095,794,819]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC3BFC8D2232FCF1" box="[932,1095,794,819]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A330A9454FB4EFC8D275EFC9E" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FEC7FCD52502FC9E" author="Coppel" box="[344,887,834,860]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">
|
||
Coppel (1960, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FDB6FCD5251EFC99" box="[553,875,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FDB6FCD5251EFC99" box="[553,875,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gymnophthalma interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FC1CFCD522C8FC9E" author="Tilles" box="[899,1213,834,860]" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles and Woodley (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE97FCFD27D4FC41" box="[264,417,874,899]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE97FCFD27D4FC41" box="[264,417,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the five tachinids treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FE5EFC05241AFC6E" box="[449,623,914,940]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article">O’Hara (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC9AFC0525E8FC69" box="[773,925,914,939]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Gymnophthalma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC9AFC0525E8FC69" box="[773,925,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and figured portions of its puparium in his revision of the Nearctic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC83FC2D252FFC11" ID-CoL="NMT" box="[796,858,954,979]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC83FC2D252FFC11" box="[796,858,954,979]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FEA7FC752411FB8E" blockId="17.[264,1324,549,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Eggs laid by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE47FC752463FC39" ID-CoL="NMT" box="[472,534,994,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE47FC752463FC39" box="[472,534,994,1019]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females contain fully developed first instars that hatch soon after oviposition. It is likely that the eggs are laid in the vicinity of a host and the first instar actively searches for the host.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FEA7FBCD2721FA76" blockId="17.[264,1324,549,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FEA7FBCD278DFBB1" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[312,504,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FEA7FBCD278DFBB1" box="[312,504,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacks coniferfeeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC80FBCD25BFFBB1" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[799,970,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FC80FBCD25BFFBB1" box="[799,970,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as late instar larvae, usually attacking the fifth or sixth instar but occasionally the fourth, and emerges from the sixth instar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FE3DFB3D24E9FB06" author="Dowden" box="[418,668,1194,1220]" pageId="17" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FD8CFB3D2427FB01" box="[531,594,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD32FB3D2535FB06" author="Miller" box="[685,832,1194,1220]" pageId="17" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17." type="journal article" year="1955">Miller 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FCCFFB3D220CFB06" author="Carolin" box="[848,1145,1194,1220]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FB15FB3D2732FB2E" author="Cusson" pageId="17" pageNumber="41" refString="Cusson, M., Laforge, M., Regniere, J., Beliveau, C., Trudel, D., Thireau, J. C., Bellemare, G., Keirstead, N. & Stolz, D. (2002) Multiparasitism of Choristoneura fumiferana by the ichneumonid Tranosema rostrale and the tachinid Actia interrupta: occurrence in the field and outcome of competition under laboratory conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 102, 125 - 133." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Cusson
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB74FB3D235EFB01" box="[1259,1323,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FEFBFB4524E2FB29" ID-CoL="5YCZ9" box="[356,663,1234,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FEFBFB4524E2FB29" box="[356,663,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura rosaceana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently attacked earlier, from the third instar onwards, with emergence from the third to sixth instar (Bostanian, pers. comm.; Westbrook, pers. comm.). There are two or more generations per year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FBBFFAB52787FAA6" author="Schaffner" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp." type="book" year="1959">Schaffner 1959, Westbrook, pers. comm.</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a variety of alternate hosts. Fully developed maggots pupariate away from the host and the species overwinters in the pupal stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FBD0FAE52732FA76" author="Tilles" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles & Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FEA7FA5525C3F936" blockId="17.[264,1324,549,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FEA7FA55278CFA19" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[312,505,1474,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FEA7FA55278CFA19" box="[312,505,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actia interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is frequently recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FCFEFA552279FA19" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[865,1036,1474,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FCFEFA552279FA19" box="[865,1036,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, but parasitism rates are generally low. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD08FA7D255CF9C6" author="Blais" box="[663,809,1514,1540]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1965">Blais (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded up to 32% parasitism in a residual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE97F98527D9F9E9" box="[264,428,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE97F98527D9F9E9" box="[264,428,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outbreak in Québec, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD7FF9852594F9EE" box="[736,993,1554,1580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article">
|
||
Schaupp
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FCD1F98525FEF9E9" box="[846,907,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported 40% parasitism in an endemic population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FDD8F9AD2487F991" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[583,754,1594,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FDD8F9AD2487F991" box="[583,754,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in southern Oregon.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FBBAF9AD235EF996" box="[1061,1323,1594,1620]" pageId="17" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article">
|
||
Schaupp
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB0BF9AD22A7F991" box="[1172,1234,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE1AF9F52468F9B9" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[389,541,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE1AF9F52468F9B9" box="[389,541,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually rare in epidemic populations of coniferfeeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FB4EF9F52716F961" ID-CoL="925CM" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FB4EF9F52716F961" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The relatively low fecundity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FCCFF91D259DF961" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[848,1000,1674,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FCCFF91D259DF961" box="[848,1000,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably not more than a hundred or so eggs, compared to thousands in goniine tachinids that produce microtype eggs) may limit its ability to respond quickly to outbreaks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A330A9454FEA7F89E25ABF88A" blockId="17.[264,1324,549,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE3DF89E244FF8E0" ID-CoL="9SQM" box="[418,570,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Actia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98330A9454FE3DF89E244FF8E0" box="[418,570,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include about 25 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FC18F89E2272F8E1" ID-CoL="HBJ" box="[903,1031,1801,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a species each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE97F8B927EAF88A" ID-CoL="6247J" box="[264,415,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09330A9454FE47F8B9240DF88A" ID-CoL="99D6W" box="[472,632,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FD18F8B92552F88A" author="Arnaud" box="[647,807,1838,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B330A9454FCACF8B925A4F88A" author="O'Hara" box="[819,977,1838,1864]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776." type="journal article" year="1991">O’Hara 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |