216 lines
21 KiB
XML
216 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134" ID-GBIF-Dataset="117bbf8b-77ab-452c-9ed9-2c0f4ff43f8e" ID-PMC="PMC4591724" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-520-109" ID-PubMed="26448715" ID-ZBK="A3F77DC0CA0F48149F097FE1A6042447" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-520-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 520" ModsDocTitle="Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereusoppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)" checkinTime="1451243986484" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Robbins, Robert K., Heredia, Maria Dolores & Busby, Robert C." docDate="2015" docId="6DFC821B393E67465B0A536BCC1294A2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 520: 109-130" docOrigin="ZooKeys 520" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134" docTitle="Thereus lomalarga Robbins, Heredia & Busby, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="39501F5C-16C9-437D-874F-74722CEF1AB6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="118" masterDocId="FF9D895BFFF3BC5E281FFF8CFFA8FFD9" masterDocTitle="Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereusoppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="114" updateTime="1668160661356" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
|
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:title>Male secondary sexual structures and the systematics of the Thereusoppia species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Eumaeini)</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart>Robbins, Robert K.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart>Heredia, Maria Dolores</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role>
|
|
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart>Busby, Robert C.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part>
|
|
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number>520</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start>109</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end>130</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location>
|
|
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.520.10134</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-520-109</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">A3F77DC0CA0F48149F097FE1A6042447</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F77DC0CA0F48149F097FE1A6042447</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152062296" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:39501F5C-16C9-437D-874F-74722CEF1AB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6DFC821B393E67465B0A536BCC1294A2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="multiple">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Lycaenidae</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
|
|
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/39501F5C-16C9-437D-874F-74722CEF1AB6" authority="Robbins, Heredia & Busby" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga Robbins, Heredia & Busby</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="114">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
Figs 2, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20, 23, 25
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="type material">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Type material.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
|
|
Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 2). [printed on white paper] COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca/Cali, Pance, Loma Larga/1200m,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="3.3166666">3°19'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
/
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.566666">76°34'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
/1 April 2011/Leg. M.D. Heredia. [printed label on red paper] Holotype/
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
/Robbins, Busby, & Heredia. [printed white barcode label] Instituto Humboldt/Colombia/IAvH-E-146988. Deposited IAVH.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
|
|
Paratypes (32♂, 41♀). Costa Rica. 1♀ Turrialba, 2,000 ft, 13 Jul 1965 (USNM). Panama. Canal Area.
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíso">Paraiso</normalizedToken>
|
|
, Cerro Luisa, 4 Feb 1979 (2♂ USNM), 16 Feb 1979 (1♂ USNM), 1 Mar 1979 (1♂ USNM), 4 Mar 1979 (1♂ USNM), 10 Mar 1979 (1♂ USNM). Pedro Miguel, Chiva Chiva Road, 14 Jan 1979
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="115" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
|
1♀ USNM). Panama Province. Cerro Campana. 1500 ft/500m. 3 Jan 1965 (1♀), 26 Jan 1966 (1♀ USNM), 28 Jan 1980 (1♀ USNM). 850 m. 23 Feb 1979 (1♀ USNM).
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
|
|
Province. Potrerillos. 3600 ft. 27 Dec 1965 (1♀USNM), 28 Dec 1965 (2♀ USNM), 27 Dec 1965 (1♀USNM), 1 Jan 1966 (2♀ USNM), 28 Jan 1966 (2♀ USNM), 29 Jan 1966 (1♀ USNM), 2 Feb 1966 (1♀ USNM), 19 Feb 1966 (1♀ USNM), 5 Mar 1966 (1♀ USNM). Colombia. Valle del Cauca, Cali. Pance, 3000 ft, 14 Jan 1985 (1♀ USNM)). Loma Larga, 1200m.
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="3.3166666">3°19'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
/
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.566666">76°34'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
. 15 May 2009 (1♂ MUSENUV).18 Nov 2010 (1♂ USNM, IAvH-E-112219). 5 Dec 2010 (1♂ MUSENUV). 10 Dec 2010 (1♀ MUSENUV). 13 Jan 2011 (1♀ USNM, IAvH-E-112207). 15 Mar 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 17 Mar 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 19 Mar 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 31 Mar 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 1 Apr 2011 (1♂&1♀ MUSENUV). 2 Apr 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 5 Apr 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 6 Apr 2011 (1♀ IAVH, IAvH-E-146990). 24 Apr 2011 (1♂
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="116" start="start">IAVH</pageBreakToken>
|
|
, IAvH-E-146982). 21 May 2011 (1♂ USNM, IAvH-E-146983). 29 May 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 30 May 2011 (1♂ IAVH, IAvH-E-146987). 1 Jun 2011 (1♂ USNM, IAvH-E-146985). 15 Jun 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 17 Jun 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 21 Jun 2011 (1♀ IAVH, IAvH-E-146986). 23 Jun 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 27 Jun 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 28 Jun 2011 (1♀ IAVH, IAvH-E-146984). 14 Jul 11 (1♂ MUSENUV). 23 Jul 2011 (1♂ MUSENUV). 17 Dec 2011 (1♀ MUSENUV). 31 Dec 2011 (1♀ USNM, IAvH-E-146989). 20 Feb 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 23 Feb 2012 (1♀ MUSENUV). 3 Mar 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 4 Mar 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 6 Mar 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 12 Mar 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 3 Apr 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 15 Apr 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 19 Apr 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 22 Apr 2012 (1♀ MUSENUV). 29 Aug 2012 (1♂ MUSENUV). 25 Jun 2014 (1♀ MUSENUV). 4 Jul 2014 (1♂ MUSENUV). 3 Jul 2014 (1♂ MUSENUV). Ecuador. Pichincha, 10 km Celica-Sardinas Road,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="0.19333334">0°11.6'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-79.013336">79°00.8'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 550-775 m, 27 May 2008, (1♀ RCB); 7 km Pacto-Guayabillas Road,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="0.15">0°09.0'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-78.815">78°48.9'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1600m, 18 Jun 2014, (2♀ RCB); 5 km Nanegal-
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
|
|
Moreno Road,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="0.15333334">0°09.2'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-78.65667">78°39.4'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
, 1375-1700m 21 Jan 2015, (1♀ RCB); 24 May 2008, (1♀ RCB).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">This species is named for Loma Larga, a housing development on the outskirts of Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Loma Larga has had an ecological and conservation policy for about 15 years that has designated a substantial plot of land for natural forest regeneration (Fig. 27) in contrast to cow pasture. The name is a noun in apposition.</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
Figure 27. Natural succession forest in Loma Larga, the type locality of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with flowering
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Miconia minutiflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutiflora">Miconia minutiflora</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Bonpl.) DC.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="type locality">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Type locality</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">(Fig. 27). The type locality is naturally regenerated forest in Loma Larga.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="diagnosis and description">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
belongs to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thereus</taxonomicName>
|
|
because it possesses the synapomorphies of the genus (Figs 16, 23, 25). It belongs to the
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus oppia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oppia">Thereus oppia</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group (Figs 2, 10, 13). It shares a dorsal forewing scent pad with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus brocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brocki">Thereus brocki</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Figs 6, 8), but differs in having an iridescent scent patch on the dorsal hindwing and in lacking erect piliform setae on the inner margin of the ventral forewing (Figs 2, 10, 13). The male has evident teeth on the dorsal tip of the penis (Fig. 16), which distinguishes it from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus orasus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orasus">Thereus orasus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus brocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brocki">Thereus brocki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The wing pattern, androconia, genitalia, and antennae are illustrated (Figs 2, 6, 10, 13, 16, 20, 23, 25). Mean forewing size of males is 11.67 mm (sd = 0.52, N = 23) and of females is 11.34 mm (sd = 0.65, N = 16).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="variation">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Variation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
Expression of the female orange-red spot at the anal lobe of the ventral hindwing between vein Cu2 and the inner margin varies from a fused double spot, as in Fig. 2, to completely absent. The ventral ground color varies from gray to brown. The postmedian line on the ventral hindwing varies slightly in shape from that in Fig. 2 to that of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus brocki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brocki">Thereus brocki</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Fig. 4.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Distribution</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
(Fig. 26). Costa Rica to the western slope of the Andes in Ecuador. It is allopatric with
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus orasus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orasus">Thereus orasus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, its hypothesized phylogenetic sister (Fig. 28). Their ranges overlap in Costa Rica and Panama, but in these countries,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
is recorded below 1100 m and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus orasus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orasus">Thereus orasus</taxonomicName>
|
|
at 1800 m.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
Figure 28. Most parsimonious cladogram for of the
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus oppia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oppia">Thereus oppia</taxonomicName>
|
|
species group with unambiguous character state changes (22 steps, CI = 81, RI = 66). Hollow circles are homoplastic changes. Numbers to right of nodes in brackets are bootstrap values. The dorsal forewing scent pad (Character 12) was unambiguously lost twice. See text for further explanation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" type="habitat">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="116">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="7" pageNumber="116">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs in the great variety of forested habitats. In Central America, it occurs from sea level to lower montane humid forest at 1100 m elevation.
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="117" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
|
|
South America, it also occurs at elevations up to 1600 m. Although two females have labels with the elevation range 1375-1700 m, we have since learned from the collectors that they were found in the lower half of this range.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="117" type="phenology">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="117">Phenology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="117">Adults in Panama were collected during the dry season without exception, suggesting adult seasonality. However, caterpillars in Colombia were found throughout the year and reared to the adult stage. Perhaps adults of this species are more apparent to collectors during the dry season.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="118" type="male behavior">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="118" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
|
|
behavior.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">
|
|
Six males displayed territorial hilltopping behavior from 09:00-09:30 hours during the dry season (February, March 1979) at the top of a small tree on the southwest edge of the summit of Cerro Luisa,
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraíso">Paraiso</normalizedToken>
|
|
(
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="9.033334">9°02'N</geoCoordinate>
|
|
,
|
|
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.61667">79°37'W</geoCoordinate>
|
|
), Canal Area, Panama (vouchers in USNM). The longitude on one specimen is incorrectly labeled 79°38'W.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="118" type="caterpillar food plant">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">Caterpillar food plant.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Oryctanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oryctanthus alveolatus" order="Santalales" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alveolatus">Oryctanthus alveolatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(H.B.K.) Kuijt (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Loranthaceae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) growing on
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Miconia minutiflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutiflora">Miconia minutiflora</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Bonpl.) DC. Details of the life history will be published elsewhere (Heredia and Robbins in prep.).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="118" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a peculiar butterfly in that adult females are far more frequently encountered-at least by butterfly collectors-than are adult males. For example, all collected adults from Costa Rica, Colombia, and Ecuador are females. Among collected adults in Panama, females have been found from sea level in the Canal Area to Cerro Campana (at about 850 m along the trail to the summit, Panama Province) to Potrerillos at 1,100 m (
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
|
|
Province). In contrast, adult males have been collected only at the top of one small tree on Cerro Luisa in the Canal Area in the dry season in 1979. All other males, including the holotype, were reared from caterpillars. Among 44 reared individuals at the type locality, 27 are males, so the sex ratio among immatures is not biased towards females.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="118">
|
|
No museum specimens other than those in the type series have been seen by the authors. However, females of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thereus lomalarga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lomalarga">Thereus lomalarga</taxonomicName>
|
|
are "non-descript small gray hairstreaks", and other specimens may be found in museum collections.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |