133 lines
14 KiB
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133 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="E9B66447B4B0DA170F2EB9B88130B0B6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5058.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5602576" ID-ZooBank="7477B46C-8D54-450F-B9C1-03ED3130579D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1635316137745" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Singh, Navneet, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Bisht, Santosh Singh & Param, Harsimranjeet Singh" docDate="2021" docId="160487FBFFC65708A8E01ACEC57CFA5E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5058.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5058 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lithosiini Billberg 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="EA3DFF83FFCA5704A877194DC041FF80" masterDocTitle="A catalogue of Indian Arctiinae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1699419594923" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="ACBFE2C1F44F3BA957C710C890F346F7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF8409C6AF6BCB9F766FD5EFF22515C8">
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<mods:title id="098072E6197609A7F01697CBA363367B">A catalogue of Indian Arctiinae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3E1D3AEF4851B65D21345B37630456F0">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2568DAB9E45841DC0AE5F792D46AE22F">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C565A8DD2CAE1FE961B3BEBA62226DB1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A547877182DD86331CF6203A5010E2CE">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86A6B42F87198674DB220FB732ECFB09">Bisht, Santosh Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6DB4121289437D64D7752F7764A8740A">Param, Harsimranjeet Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1B2DA55CAE9E892085B02486DECDBA32">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DEDF4E82435AEA13E72DCDEBF2A94F57">
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<mods:date id="ED703415390E6C1602308FE6F6F599B2">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="76956F88728C73C567A7C147B4F9C666">2021-10-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FAE689F17F1FBF206D052366CD832CA8">5058</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F56AA2211871E666F3101105D8AA97B6" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5058.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="160487FBFFC65708A8E01ACEC57CFA5E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5914799" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5914799" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:160487FBFFC65708A8E01ACEC57CFA5E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/160487FBFFC65708A8E01ACEC57CFA5E" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="D6B76566FFC65708A8E01ACEC151FC1D" box="[151,272,899,925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E1236EDFFC65708A8E01ACEC151FC1D" blockId="12.[151,272,899,925]" box="[151,272,899,925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="C55A8181FFC65708A8E01ACEC151FC1D" bold="true" box="[151,272,899,925]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A8E01ACEC151FC1D" ID-CoL="93N4G" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,272,899,925]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A8E01ACEC151FC1D" bold="true" box="[151,272,899,925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lithosiini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6B76566FFC65708A8E01A86C218FB1A" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="9E1236EDFFC65708A8E01A86C218FB1A" blockId="12.[151,1437,971,1502]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A8E01A86C1E5FC66" bold="true" box="[151,420,971,998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnostic characters:</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A9A81A81C20DFC66" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[479,588,972,998]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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moths are commonly called as lichen moths, because some are specialized in feeding on lichens. Adults are with rather narrow forewings and deep hindwings that may equal or exceed them in area. The monophyly of the
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A98C1D59C229FBAE" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[507,616,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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is supported by larval mandibles with an enlarged, basal molar area associated with the specialized diet of lower plants; there is a characteristic arrangement of the larval labral setae; the eggs are smooth with shallow depressions, rather than sculpted with networks of ridges (Kitching & Rawling in
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<bibRefCitation id="FA3C4B1CFFC65708A8E01DCDC110FB1A" author="Kristensen, N. P." box="[151,337,1152,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="237 - 253" refId="ref69263" refString="Kristensen, N. P. (1999) Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms. European Journal of Entomology, 96, 237 - 253." type="journal article" year="1999">Kristensen 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="FA3C4B1CFFC65708A92B1DCDC20DFB1A" author="Holloway, J. D." box="[348,588,1152,1178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref65309" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2001) The moths of Borneo. Part 7. Family Arctiidae, subfamily Lithosiinae. Malayan Nature Society, KualaLumpur, 486 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2008) 101 [40: LOANWN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="book" year="2001">
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Holloway
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A9A61DCDC24BFB1A" box="[465,522,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6B76566FFC65708A8B01DEEC57CFA5E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9E1236EDFFC65708A8B01DEEC0F4FAF2" blockId="12.[151,1437,971,1502]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A8B01DEEC246FB3D" bold="true" box="[199,519,1187,1214]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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Indian
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708AA291DE9C28AFB3E" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[606,715,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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comprise 419 species and five subspecies under 128 genera. Of the 128 genera reported from
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<collectingCountry id="E6BA767DFFC65708A9951D85C25FFB62" box="[482,542,1224,1250]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
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, 67 genera are represented by single species, 58 genera by two to 20 species and three genera,
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A9471DA1C1C6FA85" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1854" box="[304,391,1260,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Barsine" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A9471DA1C1C6FA85" box="[304,391,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Barsine</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A9E11DA1C19EFA86" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1854" box="[406,479,1260,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Cyana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A9E11DA1C19EFA86" box="[406,479,1260,1286]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cyana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708AA6A1DA1C2E6FA86" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[541,679,1260,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Miltochrista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708AA6A1DA1C2E6FA86" box="[541,679,1260,1286]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Miltochrista</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are known by 21, 42, and 54 species respectively (
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<figureCitation id="06962A68FFC65708AC9D1DA6C568FA86" box="[1258,1321,1259,1286]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1078,1102]" captionTargetBox="[155,1426,192,1040]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,1055]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Species diversity of Indian Lithosiini genera" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5602588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5602588/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig.6</figureCitation>
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). In
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<collectingCountry id="E6BA767DFFC65708AD2B1DA1C5D9FA86" box="[1372,1432,1260,1286]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708A8E01C5DC145FAAA" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,260,1296,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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is most diverse in North-East
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<collectingCountry id="E6BA767DFFC65708AA141C5DC2DCFAAA" box="[611,669,1296,1322]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
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followed by Central Himalaya, East Himalaya, and West & North- West Himalaya. Only one species is reported from Desert and no
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<taxonomicName id="59AD4D6EFFC65708AB1B1C79C398FACE" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[876,985,1332,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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are recorded from Trans-Himalaya (
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<figureCitation id="06962A68FFC65708AD181C79C0E6FAF2" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[348,1247,1170,1684]" captionTargetId="figure-31@13.[340,1247,1163,1685]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Distribution of Lithosiini within the biogeographic zones/ subzones of India and among the records like ‘throughout India’, ‘North India’, and ‘India’" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5602590" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5602590/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E1236EDFFC65708A8B01C31C57CFA5E" blockId="12.[151,1437,971,1502]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="ACD9EAFFFFC65708A8B01C31C11DFA16" bold="true" box="[199,348,1404,1430]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Food plants:</emphasis>
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The larval diet is frequently algae and lichens, occasionally bryophytes, these being grazed on the surface of leaves, branches, tree trunks etc. that may lead to these higher plants being recorded erroneously as hosts. The cocoon can be dense or very large, net-like, incorporating larval setae (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA3C4B1CFFC65708AB941C89C49AFA5E" author="Bendib, A. & Minet, J." box="[995,1243,1476,1502]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="241 - 263" refId="ref57751" refString="Bendib, A. & Minet, J. (1999 [2000]) Lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships. 1. Definition of new or resurrected tribes (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 35 (3 - 4), 241 - 263." type="journal article" year="1999">Bendib & Minet 1999</bibRefCitation>
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[2000]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |