264 lines
32 KiB
XML
264 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="F5F19ADE104E0DE1CA578C4E3997F7E1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="26facfec-e615-4814-88c5-c966fcbc9efc" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="248259" ID-ZooBank="2066C0D1-2ED6-41EB-AF3C-3DAB58EA1718" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460694621800" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Krikken, Jan & Li, Chun-Lin" docDate="2013" docId="03ABBA06FFA9FFCFA181F914FB84F9CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03731p519.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3731 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bolbochromus Boucomont 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="499" masterDocId="FF92C27EFFABFFCBA116FFB7FFCBFFE1" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the Oriental genus Bolbochromus: a generic overview and descriptions of four new species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)" masterLastPageNumber="519" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="497" updateTime="1698353700889" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="DD1DEF3C53F7751A7C0B31FE8D6B6DF9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8EEF1178974D4F9B8BE7EB9736C50DEC">
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<mods:title id="FCCA23F1D22DA5801B28210A8D92A2E3">Taxonomy of the Oriental genus Bolbochromus: a generic overview and descriptions of four new species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B18C923E6F76E32F348F878FC43B9B0B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A98FBA31BA4B35A12824F3B254626B55">Krikken, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="F663C6092CE5B783B6A5683AA7897B60" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="880B7EED51A75C5F48E4FC90D7267FBF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1FB3027E2C92001D60163F21D10F8F04">Li, Chun-Lin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9CD70C1BCB78EF0A964B318EBCDFE07E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="214A01186F969D8438369DC3975298BE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="EBCFD2808504209268C8165CE3DADB5E">
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<mods:date id="ABF1EA25090EDD6CD26B273BED6C5BA8">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="419A72ADE0A42069863158EBC5EDE17C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="48822E91039C086843403BA409449DBA">3731</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="3604F432B9CD14A957BD1BD923208F04" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="ABE7F596B357A18CB906DEA2B6DA8F8A">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="8621EDBD46A77194DD907982F202D3F9">495</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="AA281A115FD995953BB6A55A089279C1">519</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="3703F0DF289DB17E8AB7978535C97ACE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C4872319502D87AF48DB1C4B4212253B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="64FDE2A5E57D5D57EE3A80E4BD5B01A5" type="GBIF-Dataset">26facfec-e615-4814-88c5-c966fcbc9efc</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CBA73E17CB4132D6A688B8A86C34AED0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2301728F867D001B99E8EDA4FB51BC4B" type="Zenodo-Dep">248259</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ABBA06FFA9FFCFA181F914FB84F9CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680744" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119581751" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680744" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ABBA06FFA9FFCFA181F914FB84F9CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ABBA06FFA9FFCFA181F914FB84F9CD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="499" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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<subSubSection id="C318589BFFA9FFC8A181F914FD84FE69" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="498" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA9FFC9A181F914FDB4F95C" blockId="2.[151,639,1698,1725]" box="[151,639,1698,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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<heading id="D0F5BC7CFFA9FFC9A181F914FDB4F95C" bold="true" box="[151,639,1698,1725]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA9FFC9A181F914FDB4F95C" bold="true" box="[151,639,1698,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFA9FFC9A1F8F915FDB4F95C" authority="Boucomont, 1909" authorityName="Boucomont" authorityYear="1909" box="[238,639,1698,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA9FFC9A1F8F915FE54F95D" bold="true" box="[238,415,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
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Boucomont, 1909
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA9FFC8A181F95EFD84FE69" blockId="2.[151,1436,1769,2010]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="498" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA9FFC9A181F95EFE44F8E3" bold="true" box="[151,399,1769,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Generic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA9FFC9A08DF95EFE13F8E0" box="[411,472,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Head</emphasis>
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. Outline of mandibles (sub)symmetrical. Outer margin of right mandible sinuate, poorly lobed, or simply arcuate. Labrum with at most shallowly concave anterior side (surface proper may be transversely elevated, but lacks discrete ridge). General outline of clypeus in dorsal view in both sexes (extra marginal projections aside) approximately semicircular to nearly semielliptic, anterior section of perimarginal ridge bordering clypeal surface arcuate or straight (sides always rounded, not angularly trapeziform as in many
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<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFA9FFC9A181F82AFEDCF854" box="[151,279,1949,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolboceras" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="497" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA9FFC9A181F82AFEDCF854" box="[151,279,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="497">Bolboceras</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and related genera, see Krikken 2013); clypeal margin in some species with apicomedian protrusion (slight, in some species longer, some with long horn), clypeogenal angles on either side of clypeal base may also be protuberant (distinctly so in.
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<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFA8FFC8A0CFFF2EFDA2FF51" box="[473,617,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcicollis">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A0CFFF2EFDA2FF51" box="[473,617,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">B. sulcicollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, see below). Frontovertex usually (major individuals) with single median projection (development and position different according to species, in some species shifted forward, just behind clypeus, in some with pair of slight paramedian tubercles on low transverse ridge). Vertex immediately below pronotal edge not steeply declivous. Anterior margin of eye canthus simply arcuate (not angular or protuberant). Eye canthus and temporal lobe (sub)contiguous, dividing eye in upper and lower part. Size of dorsally visible area of eye (in foramen) varying according to species. Paraocular ridge delimiting eye canthus from frontal disc distinct, posteriorly fine, absent, or obsolescent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318589BFFA8FFC8A1D1FE22FDCFF8C9" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FE22FB93FD49" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FE22FE23FE4D" box="[199,488,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Pronotum and scutellum</emphasis>
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. Pronotum at most with (up to 4) very slight (short, more-or-less transverse) antediscal protrusion(s), anterior declivity generally convex, in some species slightly deplanate, or more strongly depressed; disc in many species with punctate median longitudinal impression; some species have deeper (punctate) median longitudinal sulcus. Pronotal base medially immarginate, posterolateral border widely rounded. Pronotal apex medially marginate or immarginate, border evenly arcuate (axial view), margin may be deplanate (as distinct in lateral view), but lacking isolated protrusion(s). Scutellum deltoid, anterior half of lateral edge depressed, on either side leaving slight slit against elytral border; scutellum wide, l/w ratio 1.0–1.5, apex (sub)angular; general surface of scutellum even, base more or less abruptly delimited.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FD03FED9FC44" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FD03FEC6FD2D" box="[199,269,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Elytra</emphasis>
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. Elytral base immarginate (margin not elevated-ridged). Elytral epipleuron reaching apicosutural angle. Elytron with up to 13+1 punctate striae, including either 7 or 5 between suture and humeral umbone (
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A5E9FD6FFAE9FD0E" box="[1279,1314,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">i.e.</emphasis>
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, in species with 7 striae 2 and 5 are shortened in front, not reaching base; these striae 2 and 5 completely obsolete in some species). Stria 1 proceeding to elytral base alongside scutellum. Most discal striae distinctly impressed (and interstrial surface more or less convex); juxtasutural interstria (= 1) more convex than 2. Humeral angle of elytron unmodified. Elytral epipleuron as well as adjacent marginal gutter with numerous long setae. Alae normally developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FC07FB77FBD5" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FC07FEEFFC26" box="[199,292,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Antenna</emphasis>
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. Antennal club large, not remarkably thickened (lamellae at most indistinctly telescoped, their plane slightly, evenly curved), outline of club generally oval; proximal surface of club antennomere 1 with distinct elliptic, glossy brown “plate”, surrounded by narrow marginal pubescent surface; distal side of club antennomere 3 entirely pubescent and unmodified (lacking the long grooves of
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<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFA8FFC8A272FBABFB64FBD5" authority="Olsoufieff, 1907" authorityName="Olsoufieff" authorityYear="1907" box="[868,1199,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbotrypes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A272FBABFC20FBD5" box="[868,1003,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Bolbotrypes</emphasis>
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Olsoufieff, 1907
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FBF6FB28FB41" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FBF6FED9FBB9" box="[199,274,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Pectus</emphasis>
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(ventral thoracic elements). Postocular surface slightly concave. Preprosternum slightly tricostate (low paramedian ridges, and one median); postprosternum lacking any median protrusion. Mesocoxae subcontiguous, anteromedian process of metasternum indistinct. Metasternal disc more or less rhombic in outline.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FB1AFD47FAB4" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FB1AFF37FB25" box="[199,252,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Legs</emphasis>
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. Distal fossorial elevations of mesotibiae and metatibiae with arcuate spiniferous crest, usually with 2–3 complete anteapical elevations, proximal elevations smaller, obsolescent or noticeable as pairs of slight denticles. Protibia normally dilated, usually with 7–11 external denticles, gradually decreasing in size proximad. Femora unmodified (not dentate or otherwise modified). Terminal protibial spur long, tapering. Protarsomere 1 short, mesotarsi and metatarsi unmodified, slender.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FAD7FE7CFA04" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FAD7FEFAFA99" box="[199,305,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Genitalia</emphasis>
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. Aedeagal structure shows considerable diversity, usually with externally distinct parameres, and with or without other more or less complex elements, including median apparatus (male genital structure used for infrageneric classification, see further below; note new subgenus
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A26CFA1FFB98FA21" box="[890,1107,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Metabolbochromus</emphasis>
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). Distal abdominal segments not particularly modified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1FA47FA9BF9CC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1FA47FE55F9E9" box="[199,414,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
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. Externally limited, if distinct at all. Protrusions and impressions on head and pronotum (if present at all) similar. Punctation-rugulation may be different (
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A242F9A2FCB6F9CD" box="[852,893,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">e.g.</emphasis>
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, stronger punctation on head of females).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1DBF98FFDFCF8E5" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1DBF98FFDDAF9B1" box="[205,529,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Colours, pilosity, body shape</emphasis>
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. Head black or dark (rufous) brown. Dorsal side of body largely glossy, colour in majority of (sub)species not uniformly black or brown, but with simple, variably delimited symmetric pronotal and elytral pattern (black or brown
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A0EFF936FD8AF979" box="[505,577,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">versus</emphasis>
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yellow to red); few (sub)species more uniform on pronotum, scutellum and elytra (
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1F1F912FEC4F95D" box="[231,271,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">e.g.</emphasis>
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, entirely black or pale yellow). Pilosity on dorsal side virtually absent (frons may have some long, erect setae, juxtepipleural elytral margin with row of setae); pilosity elsewhere abundant. Body generally strongly convex, length usually 4.5–13.0 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1F8A6FDCFF8C9" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,516,1807,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1F8A6FE4BF8C9" box="[199,384,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Immature stages</emphasis>
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. Unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318589BFFA8FFC8A1D1F883FD87F83C" pageId="3" pageNumber="498" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1F883FD3CF8AC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,759,1844,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1F883FEA9F8AC" bold="true" box="[199,354,1844,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<typeStatus id="54B9B5B2FFA8FFC8A1D1F883FEC9F8AC" box="[199,258,1844,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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See under nominotypical subgenus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFA8FFC8A1D1F8E0FD87F83C" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFA8FFC8A1D1F8E0FE08F891" bold="true" box="[199,451,1879,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Generic distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A0DDF8E0FDF1F891" box="[459,570,1879,1904]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A365F8E0FD64F891" box="[627,687,1879,1904]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">India</collectingCountry>
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, Himalayas,
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A254F8EEFC7AF890" box="[834,945,1881,1905]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A2ABF8E0FBE8F891" box="[957,1059,1879,1904]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A526F8E0FBBDF891" box="[1072,1142,1879,1904]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">China</collectingCountry>
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, Indochina,
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A417F8E0FA98F891" box="[1281,1363,1879,1904]" name="Taiwan" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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and S Ryukyu Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFA8FFC8A04FF8CBFE11F874" box="[345,474,1916,1941]" name="Philippines" pageId="3" pageNumber="498">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, Sulawesi, Sundaland, east to the Lesser Sundas (! Sumbawa: unidentifiable, worn female seen). Undoubtedly also in some missing adjacent countries. Total 23 named species, additional species seen from continental Oriental Region.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318589BFFAFFFCFA1D1FF20FB84F9CD" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFAFFFCFA1D1FF20FBD8FDDC" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA1D1FF20FE48FF51" bold="true" box="[199,387,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Related genera.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA09DFF2FFDE6FF51" box="[395,557,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA09DFF2FFDE6FF51" box="[395,557,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an Oriental branch of the bolboceratine section defined by the presence of (a) a generally rounded, curved anterior side of the clypeus and (b) (sub)contiguous mesocoxae. Most of these bolboceratines occur in the Holarctic, or at least north of the equator—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA508FF57FA5CFF19" authority="Krikken 1979" authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1979" box="[1054,1431,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbocerosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA508FF57FB06FF19" box="[1054,1229,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbocerosoma</emphasis>
|
||
(Krikken 1979)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA181FEB3FD64FEFD" authority="Boucomont, 1911 (Krikken 1977)" authorityName="Boucomont, 1911 (Krikken" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,687,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbelasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA181FEB3FEEDFEFD" box="[151,294,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbelasmus</emphasis>
|
||
Boucomont, 1911 (Krikken 1977)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA3AAFEB3FBC3FEFD" authority="Olsoufieff, 1907" authorityName="Olsoufieff" authorityYear="1907" box="[700,1032,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbotrypes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA3AAFEB3FC8FFEFD" box="[700,836,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbotrypes</emphasis>
|
||
Olsoufieff, 1907
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA502FEB2FBFEFEFD" box="[1044,1077,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">etc</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA552FEB3FB18FEFD" box="[1092,1235,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbelasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA552FEB3FB18FEFD" box="[1092,1235,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbelasmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
enters the tropics with some species in both Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3154B80FFAFFFCFA309FE90FDB4FEA1" box="[543,639,295,320]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southeast Asia (east to Java); in Palaearctic Asia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA5FBFE9FFA57FEA1" box="[1261,1436,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbocerosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA5FBFE9FFA57FEA1" box="[1261,1436,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbocerosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaches the southern side of the Himalayas. The two character states just mentioned are also shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA427FEFBFE98FE69" authority="Samouelle, 1819" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Odonteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA427FEFBFA57FE85" box="[1329,1436,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Odonteus</emphasis>
|
||
Samouelle, 1819
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Carpaneto
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA310FEC6FDFCFE69" box="[518,567,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005), but this genus appears morphologically very different, for instance by the unusual ornamentation of the forebody, including (in the male sex) a very long, slender, backward-curved clypeal horn (note the recent proposal of the group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA3C3FE00FC3FFE31" authority="Shokhin, 2008" authorityName="Shokhin" authorityYear="2008" box="[725,1012,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Odonteini">Odonteini Shokhin, 2008</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We hypothesise that all these genera have a long history in the northern hemisphere, and that their interrelationships will prove to be paraphyletic; although they are similar, there is at this moment no obvious correlation of morphological apomorphies between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA181FD93FEF2FDDD" box="[151,313,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA181FD93FEF2FDDD" box="[151,313,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and any of the other genera (see also comments in Introduction).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFAFFFCFA1D1FDF0FC03FCBC" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
The distribution of the morphological character states (including potential apomorphies) over the genera as hitherto analysed appears chequered (clypeal outline, configuration of elytral striae and interstriae, absence/ presence of broader metasternal process between mesocoxae, shape and extension of eye canthi,
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA5CBFD26FB35FD49" box="[1245,1278,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">etc</emphasis>
|
||
.). The genital structure is very diverse, but not yet critically analysed over the various genera; the structure of the genitalia is unique in some species clusters (subgenera) within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA3F9FD6FFC5AFD11" box="[751,913,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA3F9FD6FFC5AFD11" box="[751,913,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and very probably autapomorphic. Note the remarkable Afrotropical genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA0ECFD4BFC4EFCF4" authority="Carpaneto, Mignani" authorityName="Carpaneto, Mignani" box="[506,901,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Somalobolbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA0ECFD4BFD52FCF5" box="[506,665,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Somalobolbus</emphasis>
|
||
Carpaneto, Mignani
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, & Piattella, 1992, which, although not closely related, superficially looks like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA304FC97FD7FFCD9" box="[530,692,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA304FC97FD7FFCD9" box="[530,692,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—if bolboceratine supraspecific character states indeed have a chequered distribution,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA0B6FCF3FDF4FCBD" box="[416,575,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Somalobolbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA0B6FCF3FDF4FCBD" box="[416,575,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Somalobolbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would constitute a prime example.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD0B10FFAFFFCFA1D1FCD0FB84F9CD" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA1D1FCD0FE76FC61" bold="true" box="[199,445,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Generic subdivision.</emphasis>
|
||
The species with a median frontal protrusion only and an unmodified (and an at most apicomedially slightly angular) clypeus are all kept in the nominotypical subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA5ACFC3BFA97FC45" box="[1210,1372,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA5ACFC3BFA97FC45" box="[1210,1372,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see introduction, key, and subgeneric treatments below). Their genitalia show distinct parameres and various median elements (median lobe), in some species characteristically shaped and complex; this diversity needs further study (homologies!) and may, apart from species identification, have consequences for the supraspecific taxonomy of the nominotypical subgenus (note that there is the question of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B9B5B2FFAFFFCFA271FBAAFC5CFBD4" box="[871,919,1053,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species identity). The species with a distinct (usually long) projection on their clypeal apex are placed in two new subgenera,
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA59AFBF7FAAEFBB9" box="[1164,1381,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Metabolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA181FBD3FE8CFB9D" box="[151,327,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromops</emphasis>
|
||
, which may then be separated on their very different male genitalia,
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA54CFBD3FAF8FB9D" box="[1114,1331,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Metabolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
having a curious aedeagal capsule, with apparently modified parameres and/or ditto median lobe (Figs. 58–59). These two subgenera seem to be limited to the Sundaland-Philippine region. A full phylogenetic discussion of the infrageneric classification (and a decision as to which hierarchic rank is then plausible) must be postponed due to the limited overall scope of information currently available, particularly on the continental
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA53EFB43FB01FAED" box="[1064,1226,1268,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA53EFB43FB01FAED" box="[1064,1226,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Bolbochromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fauna, which also includes forms with odd aedeagi (like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA347FAAEFD00FACE" box="[593,715,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA347FAAEFD00FACE" box="[593,715,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">B. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2456A79FFAFFFCFA3C2FAAFFCABFAD1" box="[724,864,1303,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, Figs. 60–61). As is obvious from
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6803EABFFAFFFCFA5E4FAA0FA8CFAD1" box="[1266,1351,1303,1328]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[165,255,202,225]" captionTargetBox="[165,1268,276,1250]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Synoptic guide to Bolbochromus species" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7D5B98FFAEFFCEA1B3FF7DFD28FF00" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" tableUuid="DF7D5B98FFAEFFCEA1B3FF7DFD28FF00">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
further grouping is possible, the
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA0AFFA8AFDEDFAB5" box="[441,550,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">B. laetus-</emphasis>
|
||
like forms, for instance, taking a somewhat separate position, for instance, in their pronotal antediscal shape and the forward position of their frontal tubercle. One further point must be made: the reduction of the number of elytral striae from 7 to 5 between the suture and the humeral umbone in Indian and Sulawesi species, respectively, is likely a homoplasy, judged from the sum of their differences; the onset of a reduction of striae 2 and 5 of the original seven is already noticeable in other species, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA580FA7AFF13F9E9" authority="Westwood, 1848" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Bolbochromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA580FA7AFAC4FA05" box="[1174,1295,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">B. lineatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Westwood, 1848)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA025FA58FE2BF9E9" box="[307,480,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bolboceratinae">Bolboceratinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like the odd
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C027093FFAFFFCFA39EFA47FCEDF9E9" box="[648,806,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Bolboceratidae" genus="Somalobolbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976D702FFAFFFCFA39EFA47FCEDF9E9" box="[648,806,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Somalobolbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned above, also have a reduced set of striae). Further information on intrageneric diversity in the next sections (including
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6803EABFFAFFFCFA2FAF9A3FBF5F9CD" box="[1004,1086,1556,1581]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[165,255,202,225]" captionTargetBox="[165,1268,276,1250]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Synoptic guide to Bolbochromus species" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7D5B98FFAEFFCEA1B3FF7DFD28FF00" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" tableUuid="DF7D5B98FFAEFFCEA1B3FF7DFD28FF00">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |