1233 lines
160 KiB
XML
1233 lines
160 KiB
XML
<document id="107620D723EFF19AAA52021562E9099C" ID-CLB-Dataset="284776" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2023.2282624" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3182c10d-6788-49bf-b4de-9c365844051f" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480185" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1704715967546" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="St Laurent, Ryan A., Carvalho, Ana Paula S., Orlandin, Elton & Carneiro, Eduardo" docDate="2024" docId="733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.57.45-48.2029-2082.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 57 (45 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2282624" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Americerura brasiliensis St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin 2024, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="2077" masterDocId="8F01FFC45824FF923C5AFF99FFC3283A" masterDocTitle="The life histories of Americerura (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Cerurinae) from southern Brazil, with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="2082" masterPageNumber="2039" pageNumber="2065" updateTime="1704911434112" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8F35CFD1711438DE1ACA4A021C5AB8FC">The life histories of Americerura (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Cerurinae) from southern Brazil, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1B98AF339040861C0C87900A7BF0CE38">St Laurent, Ryan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4A0F8D04BC793910CAEF4E6479EC028E">Carvalho, Ana Paula S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4363B6EA2F1F6CFEBD524970E9EC5A94">Orlandin, Elton</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E81204350CF6DF375A81B2B0883E7157">Carneiro, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="831FA548F2502591F6C044D0E61F5C70">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2FAF93956D211B4B55041C03CFFF708E">
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<mods:date id="03F32CC65D7D7E5B1708D263584DE7F0">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4DE9F0083824A9E272B72CB59EFBA523">2024-01-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C4F441D06B30F4367510723C6A86BDB6">57</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="44F7A93F723AEA7A4B673F8256B3D677">45 - 48</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="55D647EF85958BB2BBF394170CA0F0EF">2039</mods:start>
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<subSubSection id="B38B6521583EFF883D5DFCE1FBDF2BA9" box="[263,1052,888,915]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883D5DFCE1FBDF2BA9" blockId="26.[225,1090,888,945]" box="[263,1052,888,915]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
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<heading id="A06681C6583EFF883D5DFCE1FBDF2BA9" box="[263,1052,888,915]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883D5DFCE1FC0E2BA9" authority="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[263,973,888,915]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883D5DFCE1FDE22BA9" box="[263,545,888,915]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
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St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883F8FFCE1FBDF2BA9" bold="true" box="[981,1052,888,915]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D2D657C3583EFF883F8FFCE1FBDF2BA9" box="[981,1052,888,915]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B38B6521583EFF883CBBFC0EFB812B8B" box="[225,1090,919,945]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="description">
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CBBFC0EFB812B8B" blockId="26.[225,1090,888,945]" box="[225,1090,919,945]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
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(
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<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583EFF883CB3FC0EFE532B8B" box="[233,400,919,945]" captionStart-0="Figure 14" captionStart-1="Figure 15" captionStart-2="Figure 16" captionStartId-0="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionStartId-1="28.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionStartId-2="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox-0="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetBox-1="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetBox-2="[171,1144,142,1582]" captionTargetId-0="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId-1="figure-3@28.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId-2="figure-3@29.[171,1145,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="28" captionTargetPageId-2="29" captionText-0="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-1="Figure 15. Larvae of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar, non-terminal, lateral view. b. Fifth instar, terminal, lateral view. c. Sixth instar, lateral view. d. Sixth instar, dorsal view." captionText-2="Figure 16. Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of Americerura brasiliensis; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480219" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10480219/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Figures 14–16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583EFF883DC1FC0EFE132B8B" box="[411,464,919,945]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="30.[160,225,1273,1296]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-100@30.[163,1152,142,1242]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 17. Final-instar larva of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis, sixth instar, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. b. A. rarata, final instar, United States of America, Texas, photo courtesy of D. Wagner." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480223/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">17 a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583EFF883D81FC0EFD942B8B" box="[475,599,919,945]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="31.[160,225,1037,1060]" captionTargetBox="[182,1151,143,1005]" captionTargetId="figure-109@31.[163,1153,142,1005]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 18. Genitalia of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis holotype male, genitalia prep. DZ57361, ventral view (DZUP). b. as for a but phallus. c. as for a but VIII tergite. d. A. brasiliensis paratype male, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:1, ventral (USNM). e. as for d but phallus. f. as for d but VIII tergite. g. A. rarata male, USA, Texas, St Laurent diss.: 5–12-22:8, ventral, figured originally in St Laurent et al. (2023), used with permission (USNM). h. as for g but phallus. i. as for g but VIII tergite. j. A. brasiliensis paratype female, dorsal view, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. as for j but lateral. l. as for j but ventral. m. A. brasiliensis paratype female, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:2, ventral (USNM). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480225/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">18 a–f,j–m</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583EFF883E39FC0EFD722B8B" box="[611,689,919,945]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
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<quantity id="3C699B4F583EFF883E39FC0EFD562B8B" box="[611,661,919,945]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.9" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" unit="g" value="19.0">19g</quantity>
|
||
,h,j
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); Accession numbers: DZUPIL 169
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B6521583EFF8C3CFAFC76FCF52E14" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="2069" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFC76FED72C33" blockId="26.[160,1156,1007,1484]" box="[160,276,1007,1033]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
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<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFC76FED72C33" bold="true" box="[160,276,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF883CFAFB8BFC992DF6" blockId="26.[160,1156,1007,1484]" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFB8BFF292C16" bold="true" box="[160,234,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
First-instar larvae can be easily recognised among the species discussed in the present text by the presence of extremely long spined stemapods and a silvery grey lateral band. The laterally striped pattern of intermediate instars is also unique to this species. Ultimate instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883D8BFBE2FDA12CAE" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[465,610,1147,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883D8BFBE2FDA12CAE" box="[465,610,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recognisable by their highly spotted pattern with a combination of green flecks and purplish-brown spots.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883F09FB04FBF92C8C" box="[851,1082,1181,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883F09FB04FBF92C8C" box="[851,1082,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are similar since they are also speckled and have brown dorsal saddles, but the speckles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFAFB7AFEE12CC6" box="[160,290,1251,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFB7AFEE12CC6" box="[160,290,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not both green and brown as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883EA5FB7AFC592CC6" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[767,922,1251,1276]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883EA5FB7AFC592CC6" box="[767,922,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The paraprocts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFAFA9FFEFC2D25" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[160,319,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFA9FFEFC2D25" box="[160,319,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are longer than in any previously discussed species. The related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFAFAB1FEAE2D7B" box="[160,365,1320,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFAB1FEAE2D7B" box="[160,365,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F583EFF883E28FAB1FC972D7B" box="[626,852,1320,1345]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="30.[160,225,1273,1296]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-100@30.[163,1152,142,1242]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 17. Final-instar larva of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis, sixth instar, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. b. A. rarata, final instar, United States of America, Texas, photo courtesy of D. Wagner." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480223/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Figures 17a and 17b</figureCitation>
|
||
) larva but lacks the purplebrown specks and has yellow extendable parts of the stemapods; these are red and yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CE6FAF7FE8F2DBD" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[188,332,1390,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CE6FAF7FE8F2DBD" box="[188,332,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, the thoracic protuberance at T3 is much more accentuated and extended in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883D06FA09FE282D93" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[348,491,1424,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883D06FA09FE282D93" box="[348,491,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the lighter portions of the dorsal saddle are yellower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFAFA2AFEF22DF6" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[160,305,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFA2AFEF22DF6" box="[160,305,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas the same regions are white in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883EAEFA2AFC902DF6" box="[756,851,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883EAEFA2AFC902DF6" box="[756,851,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583EFF8C3CFAFA60FCF52E14" blockId="26.[160,1157,1529,1728]" lastBlockId="30.[160,1157,1384,1582]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="2069" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFAFA60FF242E29" bold="true" box="[160,231,1529,1555]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Adult.</emphasis>
|
||
Unlike all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883D93FA63FD912E29" box="[457,594,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883D93FA63FD912E29" box="[457,594,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in south-east
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883F49FA63FC912E29" box="[787,850,1530,1555]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and adjacent countries,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883CFBF984FEFE2E0C" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[161,317,1565,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883CFBF984FEFE2E0C" box="[161,317,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks any yellow-filled spots on the forewings. The male terminalia are also highly distinct due to the presence of bifurcating spines on the VIII sternite.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883D56F9FBFDD82E41" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[268,539,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883D56F9FBFDD82E41" box="[268,539,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to the widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883F93F9FBFBF22E41" box="[969,1073,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883F93F9FBFBF22E41" box="[969,1073,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which was described from Texas and is otherwise well known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583EFF883FD2F91CFC192EA4" box="[904,986,1669,1694]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and throughout Central America.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583EFF883DF7F93EFD7C2EFA" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[429,703,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583EFF883DF7F93EFD7C2EFA" box="[429,703,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="2065">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs in a species complex with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3CFAFAF1FECB2DBB" box="[160,264,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3CFAFAF1FECB2DBB" box="[160,264,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other undescribed species in Central and South America that have the same forewing patterning lacking yellow spotting. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3F9DFA12FBA72D9E" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[967,1124,1419,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3F9DFA12FBA72D9E" box="[967,1124,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a slightly larger species than typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3E23FA34FD272DFC" box="[633,740,1453,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3E23FA34FD272DFC" box="[633,740,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and has somewhat less lustrous scales, it is more darkly maculated (especially in females, with a darker abdomen), and the medial lines are thicker and usually coalesce along the anal angle of the forewing. Genitalia are very similar in the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE6622583FFF893CFAF9D4FD1E2E86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="2066" startId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" targetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583FFF893CFAF9D4FD1E2E86" blockId="27.[160,1156,1613,1724]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2066">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583FFF893CFAF9D4FEC62E5E" bold="true" box="[160,261,1613,1636]" pageId="27" pageNumber="2066">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583FFF893DC1F9D4FDB82E5E" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[411,635,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="2066" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583FFF893DC1F9D4FDB82E5E" box="[411,635,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="2066">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225838FF8E3CFAF9D4FDA82EA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480219/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="2067" startId="28.[160,225,1613,1636]" targetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5838FF8E3CFAF9D4FDA82EA5" blockId="28.[160,1156,1613,1695]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2067">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85838FF8E3CFAF9D4FECA2E5E" bold="true" box="[160,265,1613,1636]" pageId="28" pageNumber="2067">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295838FF8E3D2DF9D4FD992E5E" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[375,602,1613,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="2067" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85838FF8E3D2DF9D4FD992E5E" box="[375,602,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="2067">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All larvae are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar, non-terminal, lateral view. b. Fifth instar, terminal, lateral view. c. Sixth instar, lateral view. d. Sixth instar, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225839FF8F3CFAF9D7FCB12E87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="2068" startId="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" targetBox="[171,1144,142,1582]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5839FF8F3CFAF9D7FCB12E87" blockId="29.[160,1157,1614,1725]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2068">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85839FF8F3CFAF9D7FEC42E5F" bold="true" box="[160,263,1614,1637]" pageId="29" pageNumber="2068">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295839FF8F3EDEF9D7FCA62E5F" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[644,869,1614,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="2068" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85839FF8F3EDEF9D7FCA62E5F" box="[644,869,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="2068">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE6622583AFF8C3CFAFB60FC3A2D14" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480223" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480223/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" startId="30.[160,225,1273,1296]" targetBox="[163,1152,142,1241]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583AFF8C3CFAFB60FC3A2D14" blockId="30.[160,1157,1273,1326]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3CFAFB60FECA2D2A" bold="true" box="[160,265,1273,1296]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Final-instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3D86FB60FD932D2A" box="[476,592,1273,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3D86FB60FD932D2A" box="[476,592,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3E2DFB60FD3A2D2A" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[631,761,1273,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3E2DFB60FD3A2D2A" box="[631,761,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sixth instar, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583AFF8C3CE3FA8EFECD2D14" box="[185,270,1303,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3CE3FA8EFECD2D14" box="[185,270,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, final instar, United States of America, Texas, photo courtesy of D. Wagner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B6521583AFF8C3CFAF9F8FCD52EFA" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583AFF8C3CFAF9F8FEDE2E41" blockId="30.[160,1155,1633,1728]" box="[160,285,1633,1659]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583AFF8C3CFAF9F8FEDE2E41" bold="true" box="[160,285,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583AFF8C3CFAF91CFCD52EFA" blockId="30.[160,1155,1633,1728]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583AFF8C3CFAF91CFF092EA4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583AFF8C3CFAF91CFF092EA4" box="[160,202,1669,1694]" country="Brazil" name="The" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">The</location>
|
||
new species is named for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583AFF8C3E43F91CFD992EA4" box="[537,602,1669,1694]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A8808583AFF8C3EC1F91CFD0D2EA4" box="[667,718,1669,1694]" pageId="30" pageNumber="2069">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and country from which all confidently identified specimens of this taxon originate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE6622583BFF8D3CFAFB94FE6D2CCB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480225/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" startId="31.[160,225,1037,1060]" targetBox="[182,1151,143,1005]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583BFF8D3CFAFB94FE6D2CCB" blockId="31.[160,1157,1037,1265]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAFB94FECB2C1E" bold="true" box="[160,264,1037,1060]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Figure 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D3DD2FB94FE3F2C1E" box="[392,508,1037,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3DD2FB94FE3F2C1E" box="[392,508,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D3E7AFB94FD622C1E" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[544,673,1037,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3E7AFB94FD622C1E" box="[544,673,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype male, genitalia prep. DZ57361, ventral view (DZUP). b. as for a but phallus. c. as for a but VIII tergite. d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D3F7DFBB3FC6B2C7B" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[807,936,1066,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3F7DFBB3FC6B2C7B" box="[807,936,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype male, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:1, ventral (USNM). e. as for d but phallus. f. as for d but VIII tergite. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D3CE2FBFCFECF2C46" box="[184,268,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CE2FBFCFECF2C46" box="[184,268,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, USA, Texas, St Laurent diss.: 5–12-22:8, ventral, figured originally in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B583BFF8D3FB3FBFCFF1C2CA3" author="St Laurent RA & Goldstein PZ & Miller JS & Markee A & Staude HS & Kawahara AY & Miller SE & Robbins RK" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" pagination="1093" refId="ref19786" refString="St Laurent RA, Goldstein PZ, Miller JS, Markee A, Staude HS, Kawahara AY, Miller SE, Robbins RK. 2023. Phylogenetic systematics, diversification, and biogeography of Cerurinae (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and a description of a new genus. Insect Syst Diversity [Internet]. 7. doi: 10. 1093 / isd / ixad 004." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
St Laurent
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D380EFBFCFBBD2C46" box="[1108,1150,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, used with permission (USNM). h. as for g but phallus. i. as for g but VIII tergite. j.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D385EFB1BFB402CA3" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[1028,1155,1154,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D385EFB1BFB402CA3" box="[1028,1155,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype female, dorsal view, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. as for j but lateral. l. as for j but ventral. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D29583BFF8D3D46FB24FE672CEE" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[284,420,1213,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3D46FB24FE672CEE" box="[284,420,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paratype female, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:2, ventral (USNM). Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B6521583BFFB33CFAFAB2FCD128D7" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="2072" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583BFF8D3CFAFAB2FE872D7F" blockId="31.[160,1157,1323,1523]" box="[160,324,1323,1349]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAFAB2FE872D7F" bold="true" box="[160,324,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Type material</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583BFF8D3CFAFAD7FD092DC9" blockId="31.[160,1157,1323,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF7583BFF8D3CFAFAD7FD022DC9" collectorName="Eldorado do Sul" country="Brazil" location="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAFAD7FDA52D52" bold="true" box="[160,614,1358,1384]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAFAD7FEC82D52" bold="true" box="[160,267,1358,1384]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A8808583BFF8D3CFAFAD7FEC82D52" box="[160,267,1358,1384]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583BFF8D3D40FAD7FEB72D52" box="[282,372,1358,1384]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F848583BFF8D3DDAFAD7FDA12D52" box="[384,610,1358,1384]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583BFF8D3E2DFAD6FD002D52" box="[631,707,1359,1384]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
with the following label data (different labels separated by forward slashes), for non-abbreviated type locality see
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A8808583BFF8D3845FAEBFB472DB1" box="[1055,1156,1394,1419]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
information below: ̎BRASIL, RS,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C583BFF8D3E47FA0DFD1F2D97" box="[541,732,1428,1453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Eldorado do Sul</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C583BFF8D3EB0FA0DFCC92D97" box="[746,778,1428,1453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Pq</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3F43FA0DFC422D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3F43FA0DFC422D97" box="[793,897,1428,1453]" country="Brazil" name="Eldorado" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Eldorado</location>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3FD5FA0DFC712D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3FD5FA0DFC712D97" box="[911,946,1428,1453]" country="Brazil" name="Est" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Est</location>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3F9BFA0DFBC02D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3F9BFA0DFBC02D97" box="[961,1027,1428,1453]" country="Brazil" name="Exper" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Exper</location>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D384BFA0DFB8E2D97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D384BFA0DFB8E2D97" box="[1041,1101,1428,1453]" country="Brazil" name="Agro" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Agro</location>
|
||
., 30° 05
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CE6FA2EFF012DF5" bold="true" box="[188,194,1463,1487]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
31̎S 51°40
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3D1CFA2EFE8F2DF5" bold="true" box="[326,332,1463,1487]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
15̎
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3D2AFA2EFE482DEA" box="[368,395,1463,1488]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A583BFF8D3DC4FA2EFE7F2DEA" box="[414,444,1463,1488]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" value="2022-11-22">22</date>
|
||
.XI.2022, St Laurent & Carvalho leg.,
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3FDDFA2EFC622DEA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3FDDFA2EFC622DEA" box="[903,929,1463,1488]" country="Brazil" name="Ex" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Ex</location>
|
||
larvae/GEN.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D381FFA2EFB422DEA" box="[1093,1153,1463,1488]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">PREP</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3CFAFA43FF732DC9" box="[160,176,1498,1523]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3CE0FA43FED82DC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3CE0FA43FED82DC9" box="[186,283,1498,1523]" country="Brazil" name="Orlandin" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Orlandin</location>
|
||
2023, DZ57.361/HOLOTYPUS (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3E29FA43FD7F2DC9" box="[627,700,1498,1523]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.̎
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583BFF8D3CFAF9B7FED62E72" blockId="31.[160,1156,1582,1712]" box="[160,277,1582,1608]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAF9B7FED62E72" bold="true" box="[160,277,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A8808583BFF8D3CFAF9B7FED62E72" box="[160,277,1582,1608]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA583BFFB33CFAF9CBFCD128D7" blockId="31.[160,1156,1582,1712]" lastBlockId="33.[160,1156,142,237]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="2072" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF7583BFF8D3CFAF9CBFCC92EB7" collectionCode="S" country="Brazil" elevation="1100" location="Luiz do Puruna" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Parana" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3CFAF9CBFE992E51" bold="true" box="[160,346,1618,1643]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A583BFF8D3CFAF9CBFF3A2E51" box="[160,249,1618,1643]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F848583BFF8D3D5DF9CBFE992E51" box="[263,346,1618,1643]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583BFF8D3D30F9CBFE782E51" box="[362,443,1618,1643]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3D92F9CBFE1B2E51" box="[456,472,1618,1643]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
[ão]
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3E50F9CBFD7F2E51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3E50F9CBFD7F2E51" box="[522,700,1618,1643]" country="Brazil" name="Luiz do Puruna" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Parana">Luiz do Purunã</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F583BFF8D3E92F9CBFCE22E51" box="[712,801,1618,1643]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" unit="m" value="1100.0">
|
||
<elevation id="70BCD199583BFF8D3E92F9CBFCE22E51" box="[712,801,1618,1643]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A583BFF8D3F75F9CBFC8D2E51" box="[815,846,1618,1643]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" value="1969-12">XII</date>
|
||
.1969,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3FCDF9CBFC6A2E51" box="[919,937,1618,1643]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3FF6F9CBFC032E51" box="[940,960,1618,1643]" country="Norway" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13093" name="Botanical Museum - University of Oslo" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Herbarium">O</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C583BFF8D3F97F9CBFBD42E51" box="[973,1047,1618,1643]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Becker</collectorName>
|
||
leg., Col. BECKER
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3CA4F9EDFEE22EB7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3CA4F9EDFEE22EB7" box="[254,289,1652,1677]" country="Brazil" name="No" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Parana">No</location>
|
||
. 1234,
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3D28F9EDFE242EB7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3D28F9EDFE242EB7" box="[370,487,1652,1677]" country="Brazil" name="St Laurent" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Parana">St Laurent</location>
|
||
diss.: 11–28-22:1 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3EE2F9EDFCC02EB7" box="[696,771,1652,1677]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF7583BFF8D3F4CF9EDFD512E8A" collectorName="St Laurent" country="Brazil" location="Collection Wm Schaus" municipality="Castro" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Parana" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583BFF8D3F4CF9EDFCBF2EB7" box="[790,892,1652,1677]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD0583BFF8D3FDDF9EDFC122EB7" box="[903,977,1652,1677]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Castro</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FE4E6071583BFF8D3F87F9EDFF322E8A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E6071583BFF8D3F87F9EDFF322E8A" country="Brazil" municipality="Castro" name="Collection Wm Schaus" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" stateProvince="Parana">Collection Wm Schaus</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C583BFF8D3CA6F90EFEB22E8A" box="[252,369,1687,1712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">St Laurent</collectorName>
|
||
diss.: 11–28-22:2 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F583BFF8D3E1AF90EFD482E8A" box="[576,651,1687,1712]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF7583BFF8D3EC7F90EFBBE2E8A" box="[669,1149,1687,1712]" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Blumenau" country="Brazil" location="Santa Catarina" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB8583BFF8D3EC7F90EFC8C2E8A" bold="true" box="[669,847,1687,1712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F848583BFF8D3EC7F90EFC8C2E8A" box="[669,847,1687,1712]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD23583BFF8D3F07F90EFC6F2E8A" box="[861,940,1687,1712]" count="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C583BFF8D3FE2F90EFBEA2E8A" box="[952,1065,1687,1712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="2070">Blumenau</collectorName>
|
||
̍675 X
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
̾,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23CFAFBF5FE452CBF" box="[160,390,1132,1157]" collectorName="St Laurent" location="Pohl" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23CFAFBF5FF172CBF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23CFAFBF5FF172CBF" box="[160,212,1132,1157]" name="Pohl" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Pohl</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23C87FBF5FE932CBF" box="[221,336,1132,1157]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">St Laurent</collectorName>
|
||
diss
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23DCBFBF5FCB92CBF" box="[401,890,1132,1157]" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Neu Bremen" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
11–28-22:4 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23E42FBF5FDA02CBF" box="[536,611,1132,1157]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23E28FBF5FD7C2CBF" box="[626,703,1132,1157]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23E92FBF5FC952CBF" box="[712,854,1132,1157]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Neu Bremen</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23F04FBF5FCB92CBF" box="[862,890,1132,1157]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1934-11-13">13</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F20FBF5FC562CBF" box="[890,917,1132,1157]" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Neu Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XI</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23FCFFBF5FF2A2C9D" collectionCode="CUIC" location="Fritz Hoffmann" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">
|
||
.1934,
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23F87FBF5FB402CBF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23F87FBF5FB402CBF" box="[989,1155,1132,1157]" name="Fritz Hoffmann" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Fritz Hoffmann</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23CFCFB17FF202C9D" box="[166,227,1166,1191]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23CA8FB17FDFB2C9D" box="[242,568,1166,1191]" collectionCode="CMNH" collectorName="Neu Bremen" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23CA8FB17FE822C9D" box="[242,321,1166,1191]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23D11FB17FE142C9D" box="[331,471,1166,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Neu Bremen</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23DBEFB17FDF12C9D" box="[484,562,1166,1191]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/daw7-8h44" name="The Cleveland Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Museum">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23E18FB17FC6A2C9D" box="[578,937,1166,1191]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="17" specimenCount-male="17">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23E18FB17FD6A2C9D" box="[578,681,1166,1191]" count="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">17 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23EE9FB17FD232C9D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23EE9FB17FD232C9D" box="[691,736,1166,1191]" name="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Neu</location>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23EBDFB17FC462C9D" box="[743,901,1166,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Nova Bremen</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23FD4FB17FC6A2C9D" box="[910,937,1166,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1934-11-13">13</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23FF3FB17FC002C9D" box="[937,963,1166,1191]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XI</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1934 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23848FB17FB9C2C9D" box="[1042,1119,1166,1191]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
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<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB2382AFB17FF2F2CF0" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-01">
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1
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23827FB17FF722CF0" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">. X</materialsCitation>
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.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23CA1FB28FE942CF0" box="[251,343,1201,1226]" count="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
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),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23D33FB28FE042CF0" box="[361,455,1201,1226]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-03">
|
||
3
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D2CFB28FE492CF0" box="[374,394,1201,1226]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.X</materialsCitation>
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||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23D80FB28FDEB2CF0" box="[474,552,1201,1226]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23E60FB28FD642CF0" box="[570,679,1201,1226]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-13">
|
||
13
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23E0FFB28FDA92CF0" box="[597,618,1201,1226]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.X</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23EE3FB28FCC42CF0" box="[697,775,1201,1226]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23F40FB28FC452CF0" box="[794,902,1201,1226]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-15">
|
||
15
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F6FFB28FC8A2CF0" box="[821,841,1201,1226]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.X</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23FC3FB28FC252CF0" box="[921,998,1201,1226]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23FA3FB28FBA62CF0" box="[1017,1125,1201,1226]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-16">
|
||
16
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB2384EFB28FBEB2CF0" box="[1044,1064,1201,1226]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.X</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23822FB28FF192CD7" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23CB6FB4DFE9A2CD7" box="[236,345,1236,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-10-18">
|
||
18
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D5DFB4DFED82CD7" box="[263,283,1236,1261]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.X</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23D31FB4DFE7A2CD7" box="[363,441,1236,1261]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23D91FB4DFDF02CD7" box="[459,563,1236,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-11-05">
|
||
5
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D83FB4DFE372CD7" box="[473,500,1236,1261]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XI</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23E64FB4DFD6A2CD7" box="[574,681,1236,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-01">1.XII.1936</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23EE6FB4DFCC92CD7" box="[700,778,1236,1261]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23F46FB4DFC4B2CD7" box="[796,904,1236,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-08">
|
||
8
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F73FB4DFC882CD7" box="[809,843,1236,1261]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23FC0FB4DFC2B2CD7" box="[922,1000,1236,1261]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23FA0FB4DFBA52CD7" box="[1018,1126,1236,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-09">
|
||
9
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB2385DFB4DFBEA2CD7" box="[1031,1065,1236,1261]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23822FB4DFF192D35" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23CB6FB6FFEA52D35" box="[236,358,1270,1295]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-14">
|
||
14
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D5DFB6FFEEA2D35" box="[263,297,1270,1295]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23D2DFB6FFE062D35" box="[375,453,1270,1295]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23D8DFB6FFD932D35" box="[471,592,1270,1295]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-17">
|
||
17
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23DA8FB6FFDD02D35" box="[498,531,1270,1295]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23E38FB6FFD6C2D35" box="[610,687,1270,1295]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23E9BFB6FFCF82D35" box="[705,827,1270,1295]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1936-12-19">
|
||
19
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23E86FB6FFD3D2D35" box="[732,766,1270,1295]" collectorName="Nova Bremen" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Neu" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1936
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23F16FB6FFC592D35" box="[844,922,1270,1295]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23FF6FB6FFBCC2D35" box="[940,1039,1270,1295]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1937-01-11">
|
||
11.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23F92FB6FFC0F2D35" box="[968,972,1270,1295]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; University" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F91FB6FFBCC2D35" box="[971,1039,1270,1295]" collectionCode="CUIC" collectorName="Fritz Hoffmann" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2">.1937</materialsCitation>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23844FB6FFBB92D35" box="[1054,1146,1270,1295]" count="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23CFAFA80FE842D08" box="[160,327,1305,1330]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Fritz Hoffmann</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23D09FA80FE532D08" box="[339,400,1305,1330]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23DC5FA80FC0B2D08" box="[415,968,1305,1330]" collectorName="Pelotas" location="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="9" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23DC5FA80FDB62D08" bold="true" box="[415,629,1305,1330]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485804FFB23DC5FA80FDB62D08" box="[415,629,1305,1330]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23EDBFA80FD1A2D08" box="[641,729,1305,1330]" count="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">9 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23EB8FA80FC862D08" box="[738,837,1305,1330]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23F14FA80FC622D08" box="[846,929,1305,1330]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Pelotas</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23FF1FA80FC0B2D08" box="[939,968,1305,1330]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1938-09-20">20</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F9DFA80FC222D08" box="[967,993,1305,1330]" collectorName="Pelotas" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">.IX</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1938 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23874FA80FBBA2D08" box="[1070,1145,1305,1330]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23CFAFAA5FEC72D6F" box="[160,260,1340,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1951-01-14">
|
||
14.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23C98FAA5FF052D6F" box="[194,198,1340,1365]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; University" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
|
||
.1951
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23D4EFAA5FEA32D6F" box="[276,352,1340,1365]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23D2AFAA5FE202D6F" box="[368,483,1340,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1951-11-14">
|
||
14
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23DD6FAA5FE642D6F" box="[396,423,1340,1365]" collectorName="Pelotas" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">.XI</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1951
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23DA9FAA5FDFC2D6F" box="[499,575,1340,1365]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23E15FAA5FD702D6F" box="[591,691,1340,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1952-01-30">
|
||
30.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23E2AFAA5FDB72D6F" box="[624,628,1340,1365]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; University" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
|
||
.1952
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23E99FAA5FCCD2D6F" box="[707,782,1340,1365]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23F45FAA5FC5B2D6F" box="[799,920,1340,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1952-12-19">
|
||
19
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F63FAA5FC982D6F" box="[825,859,1340,1365]" collectorName="Pelotas" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">.XII</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1952
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23FF2FAA5FC372D6F" box="[936,1012,1340,1365]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB2385EFAA5FBAB2D6F" box="[1028,1128,1340,1365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1953-01-23">
|
||
23.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB2387FFAA5FBEA2D6F" box="[1061,1065,1340,1365]" country="Romania" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14415" name="&quot;Alexandru Ioan Cuza&quot; University" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">I</collectionCode>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23872FAA5FBAB2D6F" box="[1064,1128,1340,1365]" collectionCode="C" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">.1953</materialsCitation>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB2382EFAA5FF262D4D" count="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23CADFAC7FEC82D4D" box="[247,267,1374,1399]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D54FAC7FEE72D4D" box="[270,292,1374,1399]" collectionCode="M" isTailEnumeration="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23D54FAC7FEE72D4D" box="[270,292,1374,1399]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23D6AFAC7FDC92D4D" box="[304,522,1374,1399]" collectionCode="CUIC" location="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
de
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23D0FFAC7FE7A2D4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23D0FFAC7FE7A2D4D" box="[341,441,1374,1399]" name="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Biezanko</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23D9DFAC7FDC72D4D" box="[455,516,1374,1399]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23E4CFAC7FDA62D4D" box="[534,613,1374,1399]" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
, Guarani,
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23E8CFAC7FC882D4D" box="[726,843,1374,1399]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="1932-04-11">
|
||
11
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23EB4FAC7FCC92D4D" box="[750,778,1374,1399]" collectionCode="CUIC" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">.IV</materialsCitation>
|
||
.1932
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23F0DFAC7FCA82D4D" box="[855,875,1374,1399]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F34FAC7FC472D4D" box="[878,900,1374,1399]" collectionCode="M" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23F34FAC7FC472D4D" box="[878,900,1374,1399]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23FCAFAC7FBA92D4D" box="[912,1130,1374,1399]" collectionCode="CUIC" location="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">
|
||
de
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23FEFFAC7FBDA2D4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23FEFFAC7FBDA2D4D" box="[949,1049,1374,1399]" name="Biezanko" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Biezanko</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB2387DFAC7FBA72D4D" box="[1063,1124,1374,1399]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB2382FFAC7FE342D87" location="Estacao Experimental Agronomica" municipality="Parque Eldorado" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB2382FFAC7FF322DA0" count="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485804FFB23D52FA18FE1F2DA0" box="[264,476,1409,1434]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Eldorado do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD05804FFB23DA9FA18FD012DA0" box="[499,706,1409,1434]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Parque Eldorado</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23E83FA18FB422DA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23E83FA18FB422DA0" box="[729,1153,1409,1434]" municipality="Parque Eldorado" name="Estacao Experimental Agronomica" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul">Estação Experimental Agronômica</location>
|
||
, −30.091985°, −51.671020°, 17
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.IX.22, leg
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23E3DFA3DFCF42DE5" collectionCode="DZUP" location="Carvalho" municipality="St Laurent" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD05804FFB23E2CFA3DFD2E2D87" box="[630,749,1444,1469]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">St Laurent</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23F75FA3DFC512D87" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23F75FA3DFC512D87" box="[815,914,1444,1469]" municipality="St Laurent" name="Carvalho" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul">Carvalho</location>
|
||
[source of the eggs used for our rearing and all subsequent
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A88085804FFB23E32FA5FFD1A2DE5" box="[616,729,1478,1503]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
] (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23EB1FA5FFCF22DE5" box="[747,817,1478,1503]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB23F18FA5FFCA32E1F" location="Estacao Experimental Agronomica" municipality="Parque Eldorado" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23F18FA5FFC582DE5" box="[834,923,1478,1503]" count="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB23FFCFA5FFBD72DE5" box="[934,1044,1478,1503]" count="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485804FFB23845FA5FFF2F2E38" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Eldorado do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="1B4AACD05804FFB23CA2FA70FE7B2E38" box="[248,440,1513,1538]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Parque Eldorado</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23D9EFA70FC882E38" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23D9EFA70FC882E38" box="[452,843,1513,1538]" municipality="Parque Eldorado" name="Estacao Experimental Agronomica" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul">Estação Experimental Agronômica</location>
|
||
, −30.091985°, −51.671020°, reared from eggs
|
||
<collectedFrom id="488D75575804FFB23D2EF995FD052E1F" box="[372,710,1548,1573]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23DC7F995FD052E1F" box="[413,710,1548,1573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23DC7F995FD052E1F" box="[413,710,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Xylosma pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
during
|
||
<date id="8F2F106A5804FFB23F7CF995FCA32E1F" box="[806,864,1548,1573]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" value="2022-09" valueMax="2022-11-31" valueMin="2022-09-00">IX–XI</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.2022, derived from wild-caught
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A88085804FFB23CACF9B7FE992E7D" box="[246,346,1582,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
female,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23DE1F9B7FDEC2E7D" box="[443,559,1582,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">St Laurent</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5804FFB23E30F9B7FD0F2E7D" box="[618,716,1582,1607]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Carvalho</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5804FFB23F51F9B7FC922E7D" box="[779,849,1582,1607]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75804FFB33F38F9B7FB43289D" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="2072" location="Immature" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-egg="5" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715804FFB23F38F9B7FC0C2E7D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715804FFB23F38F9B7FC0C2E7D" box="[866,975,1582,1607]" name="Immature" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul">Immature</location>
|
||
stages: 001.1–
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235804FFB2382CF9B7FF1B2E50" count="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" type="egg">5 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
, 6 first-instar larvae; 001.2–4 second-instar larvae; 001.3–3 third-instar larvae; 001.4–3 fourth-instar larvae; 001.5–2 fifth-instar larvae; 001.6–7 first-instar head capsule; 001.7– 11 second-instar head capsules; 001.8–9 third-instar head capsules; 001.9–6 fourth-instar head capsules; 001.10–2 fourth-instar head capsule; 001.11–3 fifth-instar head capsules
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="4BF93CF75805FFB33CFAFF28FE2828D7" collectorName="St" isTailEnumeration="true" location="Parque Eldorado" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A88085805FFB33CFAFF28FEEA28F0" box="[160,297,177,202]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" type="paratype">PARATYPUS</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295805FFB33D6CFF28FDF928F0" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[310,570,177,202]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85805FFB33D6CFF28FDF928F0" box="[310,570,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Americerura brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IX-X-2022,
|
||
<location id="FE4E60715805FFB33E9DFF28FC4428F0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:733887BC583EFFB43D5DFCE1FBF92D1A:FE4E60715805FFB33E9DFF28FC4428F0" box="[711,903,177,202]" name="Parque Eldorado" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" stateProvince="Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul">Parque Eldorado</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485805FFB33FCFFF28FE8728D7" isEnumeration="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="5664537C5805FFB33D14FF4DFEA428D7" box="[334,359,212,237]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">St</collectorName>
|
||
. Laurent leg
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
./
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A88085805FFB33DAFFF4DFDB328D7" box="[501,624,212,237]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" type="paratype">PARATIPO</typeStatus>
|
||
/DZUPIL 0169.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="AFEE66225804FFB23CFAFCEEFB8D2C1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" startId="32.[160,225,887,910]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5804FFB23CFAFCEEFB8D2C1A" blockId="32.[160,1157,887,1056]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23CFAFCEEFEC42BB4" bold="true" box="[160,263,887,910]" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Figure 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23D54FCEEFE412BB4" box="[270,386,887,910]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23D54FCEEFE412BB4" box="[270,386,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adult specimens. a.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23E16FCEEFD752BB4" box="[588,694,887,910]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23E16FCEEFD752BB4" box="[588,694,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23856FCEEFB402BB4" box="[1036,1155,887,910]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23856FCEEFB402BB4" box="[1036,1155,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. splendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP). c.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23DBCFC0DFDF72B91" box="[486,564,916,939]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23DBCFC0DFDF72B91" box="[486,564,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23FD9FC0DFC2F2B91" box="[899,1004,916,939]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23FD9FC0DFC2F2B91" box="[899,1004,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23D3CFC28FE1F2BF2" box="[358,476,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23D3CFC28FE1F2BF2" box="[358,476,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. splendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23F67FC28FC4F2BF2" box="[829,908,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23F67FC28FC4F2BF2" box="[829,908,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. rivera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23D4AFC56FE572BDC" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[272,404,975,998]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23D4AFC56FE572BDC" box="[272,404,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23F05FC56FC202BDC" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[863,995,975,998]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23F05FC56FC202BDC" box="[863,995,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, paratype (USNM). i.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23D52FC75FE412C39" box="[264,386,1004,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23D52FC75FE412C39" box="[264,386,1004,1027]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. annulifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Uruguay (NHMUK). j.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23E06FC75FD1F2C39" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[604,732,1004,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23E06FC75FD1F2C39" box="[604,732,1004,1027]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23CEDFB90FECF2C1A" box="[183,268,1033,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23CEDFB90FECF2C1A" box="[183,268,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, USA, Texas (USNM). l.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295804FFB23E70FB90FD6A2C1A" box="[554,681,1033,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tehuacana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85804FFB23E70FB90FD6A2C1A" box="[554,681,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="2071">A. tehuacana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B65215805FFB73CFAFEB3FD982892" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="2076" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5805FFB33CFAFEB3FEB8297E" blockId="33.[160,379,298,324]" box="[160,379,298,324]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">
|
||
<heading id="A06681C65805FFB33CFAFEB3FEB8297E" bold="true" box="[160,379,298,324]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85805FFB33CFAFEB3FEB8297E" bold="true" box="[160,379,298,324]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Adult description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5805FFB33CFAFEC7FEE52942" blockId="33.[160,1157,350,1728]" box="[160,294,350,376]" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85805FFB33CFAFEC7FEE52942" bold="true" box="[160,294,350,376]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5805FFB03CFAFE18FDEA2908" blockId="33.[160,1157,350,1728]" lastBlockId="34.[160,1156,142,306]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="2073" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85805FFB33CFAFE18FF2229A1" bold="true" box="[160,225,385,411]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5805FFB33CA3FE1BFE4E29A1" box="[249,397,386,411]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">
|
||
Figure
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5805FFB33D1DFE1BFEB629A1" box="[327,373,386,411]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" unit="g" value="19.0">19g</quantity>
|
||
, h
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) Head: Width more than half that of thorax, frons white, eyes large, naked, occupying more than 2/3 area of head, eyes bordered posteriorly by dark brown scales; labial palpus highly reduced, not extending beyond frons, two segmented, clothed in dark brown scales; haustellum vestigial but present, antennal scape scaled in erect tuft of white scales, antennae light brown with white scales coating dorsal surface, bipectinate to tip with rami increasing in length from antennal base to slightly more than half antennal length where rami lengths abruptly become shorter, remaining short until terminus. Thorax: Ground colour scales white, prothorax with black posterior margin of scales, additional individual black spots situated more posteriorly which may or may not merge to form a black band, further thoracic spots present mesally and posteriorly on thorax dorsal surface, thorax overall thickly scaled. Legs mostly concolorous with thorax, clothed in long, fine, white scales, leg segment intersections with black scales, tarsi black scaled. Tibial spurs thin, short, clothed in fine white scales, in formula 0-2-2. Tarsal claws simple. Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5805FFB33EC6FCDDFCDA2B67" box="[668,793,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="13.0">13–17 mm</quantity>
|
||
, average
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5805FFB33FD2FCDDFC2E2B67" box="[904,1005,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" unit="mm" value="14.4">14.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 8); subtriangular, outer margin convex. Forewing dorsum ground colour shiny white, ground colour uniform across entire wing except for contrasting black lines. Overall wing pattern rather complex, best described by presence of five lines: a zigzagging antemedial line with a smaller black patch of scales present inwardly at base of wing near thorax, a wavy medial line, a second more zigzagging medial line, and a pair of zigzagging postmedial lines that jut sharpy outward at intersections with veins. Subapically, postmedial line thicker and appearing as a splotch, other lines thickest costally and along anal margin of wing. Along anal margin two medial lines and innermost postmedial line coalesce. Between antemedial line and medial line are variable black circles, one at anal angle and two near costa that variably connect. Discal spot absent. Wing margin with black marks between veins. Forewing ventrum mostly unmarked except for subapical and costal marks, faint postmedial line may be present, and intervenular black marks at wing margin. Hindwing dorsum mostly pure white but a few black scales may be present at margin and anal angle. Hindwing ventrum as for hindwing dorsum, usually without black scales. Frenulum a single bristle. Wing venation as for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295805FFB33D7CFAF6FE6F2DB2" box="[294,428,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85805FFB33D7CFAF6FE6F2DB2" box="[294,428,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Americerura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a small accessory cell and radial veins arising from its apex. Abdomen: Dorsally covered in black except terminal two segments that are mostly white, separation between abdominal segments poorly defined, ventrally white. Eighth sternite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5805FFB33D5DFA4EFE4D2DCA" box="[263,398,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="31.[160,225,1037,1060]" captionTargetBox="[182,1151,143,1005]" captionTargetId="figure-109@31.[163,1153,142,1005]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 18. Genitalia of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis holotype male, genitalia prep. DZ57361, ventral view (DZUP). b. as for a but phallus. c. as for a but VIII tergite. d. A. brasiliensis paratype male, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:1, ventral (USNM). e. as for d but phallus. f. as for d but VIII tergite. g. A. rarata male, USA, Texas, St Laurent diss.: 5–12-22:8, ventral, figured originally in St Laurent et al. (2023), used with permission (USNM). h. as for g but phallus. i. as for g but VIII tergite. j. A. brasiliensis paratype female, dorsal view, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. as for j but lateral. l. as for j but ventral. m. A. brasiliensis paratype female, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:2, ventral (USNM). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480225/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Figure 18c,f</figureCitation>
|
||
) with complex seven-pronged, antler-like structure, consisting of two pairs of thin, sharp prongs that bifurcate and a shorter, broader, blunter mesal prong and two lateral prongs, distal half of longest pair of prongs more heavily sclerotised than remainder of tergite. Genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5805FFB33EE1F9A6FCB32E62" box="[699,880,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="31.[160,225,1037,1060]" captionTargetBox="[182,1151,143,1005]" captionTargetId="figure-109@31.[163,1153,142,1005]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 18. Genitalia of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis holotype male, genitalia prep. DZ57361, ventral view (DZUP). b. as for a but phallus. c. as for a but VIII tergite. d. A. brasiliensis paratype male, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:1, ventral (USNM). e. as for d but phallus. f. as for d but VIII tergite. g. A. rarata male, USA, Texas, St Laurent diss.: 5–12-22:8, ventral, figured originally in St Laurent et al. (2023), used with permission (USNM). h. as for g but phallus. i. as for g but VIII tergite. j. A. brasiliensis paratype female, dorsal view, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. as for j but lateral. l. as for j but ventral. m. A. brasiliensis paratype female, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:2, ventral (USNM). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480225/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="2072">Figure 18a,b,d,e</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n = 3) simple in overall structure, with ovoid vinculum, weakly connected ventrum. Tegumen poorly defined. Uncus simple, fingerlike and curved, blunt, heavily sclerotised and somewhat rugose, covered in setae. Socii simple, finger-like, upcurved and heavily sclerotised, dorsal edge irregularly toothed. Broad anal tube with mesal projection quite apparent below socii. Gnathos absent. Valvae simple, narrow, smoothly curved upwards. Juxta a thin sclerotised strip, partially fused to phallus. Phallus weakly sclerotised basally, becoming gradually more heavily sclerotised distally, apex downturned and sharp, vesica thin, simple, bag-like without cornutus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5806FFB03CFAFEC7FBDA2BFF" blockId="34.[160,1156,350,965]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85806FFB03CFAFEC7FF3E2942" bold="true" box="[160,253,350,376]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5806FFB03D4EFEC7FE42294D" box="[276,385,350,375]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Figure 19j</figureCitation>
|
||
) Sexual dimorphism not pronounced but female notably larger. Head: As for male but frons with brown scales ventrally, antennae with shorter rami. Thorax: As for male but in some specimens most of prothorax entirely covered in black scales. Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB03CB7FE5FFEA029E5" box="[237,355,454,479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="15.0">15–21 mm</quantity>
|
||
, average
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB03D92FE5FFDE429E5" box="[456,551,454,479]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="17.1">17.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 9). Forewing dorsum as for male but wing broader, antemedial black circles larger and more evident. Forewing ventrum mostly unmarked but may have more dark brown to black scales distally than in male. Hindwing dorsum as in male, principally white. Hindwing ventrum as for hindwing dorsum, usually without markings. Frenulum with numerous tightly packed bristles. Abdomen: As for male but bulkier, segments more defined due to presence of white scales at segment margins. Eighth sternite simple, lacking five-pronged structure present in males. Genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5806FFB03FCAFD0FFBE02A95" box="[912,1059,662,687]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="31.[160,225,1037,1060]" captionTargetBox="[182,1151,143,1005]" captionTargetId="figure-109@31.[163,1153,142,1005]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 18. Genitalia of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis holotype male, genitalia prep. DZ57361, ventral view (DZUP). b. as for a but phallus. c. as for a but VIII tergite. d. A. brasiliensis paratype male, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:1, ventral (USNM). e. as for d but phallus. f. as for d but VIII tergite. g. A. rarata male, USA, Texas, St Laurent diss.: 5–12-22:8, ventral, figured originally in St Laurent et al. (2023), used with permission (USNM). h. as for g but phallus. i. as for g but VIII tergite. j. A. brasiliensis paratype female, dorsal view, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. as for j but lateral. l. as for j but ventral. m. A. brasiliensis paratype female, Brazil, Paraná, St Laurent diss.: 11–28-22:2, ventral (USNM). Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480225/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Figure 18j–m</figureCitation>
|
||
) (n = 2) simple; tergite VIII a thickly sclerotised band. Apophyses anteriores thick but relatively short; apophyses posteriores thin, not extending to margin of VIII. Lamella antevaginal plate membranous. Postvaginal plate very broad, being the single largest structure of the genitalia complex, plate with a heart-shaped ostium at its lobed base, lateral margins of postvaginal plate somewhat invaginated and ribbon-like, lateral components terminating in broadened, rectangular sclerotised pockets below and on either side of ostium. Ductus bursae indistinct; corpus bursae thin, bag-like, lacking signa, smaller than remaining genitalia complex. Papillae anales thin, outwardly spread, covered in long, fine setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5806FFB03CFAFC68FDD82C31" blockId="34.[160,1156,1009,1242]" box="[160,539,1009,1035]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85806FFB03CFAFC68FDD82C31" bold="true" box="[160,539,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Description of immature stages.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5806FFB03CFAFB8AFDEE2CE0" blockId="34.[160,1156,1009,1242]" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85806FFB03CFAFB8AFF102C17" bold="true" box="[160,211,1043,1069]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5806FFB03CB0FB8DFEBA2C17" box="[234,377,1044,1069]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Figure 14a,b</figureCitation>
|
||
) Average duration: ~10 days (n = ~64);
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB03F03FB8DFC722C17" box="[857,945,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter (n = 5); circular, dorsally domed, base truncated and flattened. Colouration irrorated dark and light apple green, outer margin uniform pale green, continuous with basal truncated part; inner margin of dorsal aspect covered in reticulated light green patterning except in centre where dark green is more evident due to absence of reticulation, this region becoming darker as eclosion nears.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5806FFB13CFAFA9FFD9D28F0" blockId="34.[160,1156,1286,1728]" lastBlockId="35.[160,1155,142,202]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="2074" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85806FFB03CFAFA9FFEEB2D1A" bold="true" box="[160,296,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">First instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5806FFB03D65FA9EFE7B2D1A" box="[319,440,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">Figure 14c</figureCitation>
|
||
) Average duration: ~7 days (n = 3); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB03FA7FA9EFB402D1A" box="[1021,1155,1287,1312]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="6.2" valueMax="6.9" valueMin="5.5">5.5–6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB03DC9FAB3FDDF2D79" box="[403,540,1322,1347]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="8.7" valueMax="9.2" valueMin="8.2">8.2–9.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 7); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5806FFB0381DFAB3FEC12D5C" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.949999999999999" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" unit="mm" value="0.595" valueMax="0.61" valueMin="0.58">0.58– 0.61 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 7), head hypognathous, glossy black. Body cylindrical, segments generally equal sized although thoracic segments slightly taller,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5806FFB03EA5FAF6FCD12DB2" box="[767,786,1391,1416]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 with pair of relatively large scoli at lateral apices of segment angled overhead, scoli black with about 10 spines, each spine with single seta at apex, each seta longer than spine producing it;
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5806FFB03FCAFA2CFC622DF4" box="[912,929,1461,1486]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
10 with black dorsal shield and pair of glossy black paraprocts; upon hatching general colouration black but with feeding subspiracular and ventral region noticeably more maroon in colour, supraspiracularly remaining black; pair of darker black supraspiracular lines present above a contrasting silvery grey lateral band that fades at anterior and posterior termini. Body naked except primary setae; thoracic legs black,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5806FFB03E8AF9FBFD212E41" box="[720,738,1634,1659]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
3–
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5806FFB03EA0F9FBFCCF2E41" box="[762,780,1634,1659]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="34" pageNumber="2073" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
6 prolegs coloured as for ventral portion of abdominal segments with black ring distally; crochets uniserial uniordinal; anal prolegs modified to form elongated black, extremely long-spined stemapods with maroon eversible component that is extruded when threatened, stemapod spines longest at terminus and along dorsal basal half.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5807FFB13CFAFF6FFE3F2935" blockId="35.[160,508,246,272]" box="[160,508,246,272]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85807FFB13CFAFF6FFEED292A" bold="true" box="[160,302,246,272]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Chaetotaxy.</emphasis>
|
||
As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295807FFB13D27FF6FFE352935" box="[381,502,246,271]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85807FFB13D27FF6FFE352935" box="[381,502,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5807FFB13CFAFEA2FEB52ACF" blockId="35.[160,1156,315,757]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85807FFB13CFAFEA2FE85296F" bold="true" box="[160,326,315,341]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Second instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5807FFB13D07FEA5FE17296F" box="[349,468,316,341]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Figure 14d</figureCitation>
|
||
) Average duration: ~5–6 days (n = 2); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13858FEA5FB40296F" box="[1026,1155,316,341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.3" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="8.9" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.3">8.3–9.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13DD7FEC6FDED2942" box="[397,558,351,376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.355" metricValueMax="1.43" metricValueMin="1.28" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="13.55" valueMax="14.3" valueMin="12.8">12.8–14.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 5); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB1381DFEC6FECA29A0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" metricValueMax="1.11" metricValueMin="1.07" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="1.09" valueMax="1.11" valueMin="1.07">1.07– 1.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 11), gross morphology somewhat similar to first instar, but thoracic segments more noticeably defined and more rectangular in overall shape, forming a blunt point at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13D3AFE5EFEB329DA" box="[352,368,455,480]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3. Ground colouration reddish brown-green early in instar becoming light apple green as larva grows, dorsum dark brown appearing as narrow stripe except at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13CFAFD95FF702A1F" box="[160,179,524,549]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 where narrow pattern spreads to reach protuberances and along
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13FC4FD95FC732A1F" box="[926,944,524,549]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
3–
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13F92FD95FC192A1F" box="[968,986,524,549]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
5 where saddle pattern spreads faintly laterally, one wider silver-grey lateral supraspiracular band, pair of fainter, thinner lateral supra- and subspiracular lines present, these two lines being somewhat intermittent.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13DF5FDEDFE012AB7" box="[431,450,628,653]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 apical scoli more robust and stemapod spines smaller relative to body size although still with three to four spines dramatically larger than remainder of spines along stemapods, stemapods mostly black except for faint brown banding medially and terminally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5807FFB13CFAFCB8FD472CE1" blockId="35.[160,1156,801,1243]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85807FFB13CFAFCB8FEF22B01" bold="true" box="[160,305,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Third instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5807FFB13D12FCBBFE032B01" box="[328,448,802,827]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Figure 14e</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: 7 days (n = 1); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13FD9FCBBFBE12B01" box="[899,1058,802,827]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.285" metricValueMax="1.35" metricValueMin="1.22" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="12.85" valueMax="13.5" valueMin="12.2">12.2–13.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13D7DFCDDFE002B67" box="[295,451,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.825" metricValueMax="2.04" metricValueMin="1.61" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="18.25" valueMax="20.4" valueMin="16.1">16.1–20.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 7); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13FEEFCDDFBF62B67" box="[948,1077,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.7">1.7–1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 9) head colouration light brown with irregular darker brown patterning, gross morphology rather distinct from previous two instars but
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13EF3FC13FD7F2B99" box="[681,700,906,931]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 apical scoli more robust, thoracic segments much more noticeably defined and more rectangular in overall shape, abruptly projected hump formed at dorsum of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13E00FC56FDA92BD2" box="[602,618,975,1000]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3. Ground colouration as for second instar, but patterning distinct, less latitudinally striped and more finely delimited into the contrasting dark brown dorsal saddle-like pattern which is widest at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13F68FB8DFC802C17" box="[818,835,1044,1069]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
4 and the light apple green lateral area, laterally scattered with lighter green speckles; spiracles more noticeable, orange; prolegs light green as for lateral area, stemapod colouration lighter brown with accentuated banding medially and near terminus, larger stemapod spines lighter brown in colour with dark brown apices, stemapods much more robust and more thickly spined than in previous instar, appearing saw-like.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5807FFB13CFAFA9FFD622E41" blockId="35.[160,1156,1286,1728]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85807FFB13CFAFA9FFE822D1A" bold="true" box="[160,321,1286,1312]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Fourth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5807FFB13D03FA9EFE092D1A" box="[345,458,1287,1312]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="27.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@27.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 14. Early stages of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are shown in lateral view and all stages are siblings derived from EEA female. a. Egg, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm. b. Egg, ventral view, scale bar = 1 mm. c. First instar, scale bar = 2 mm. d. Second instar, lighter form, scale bar = 2 mm. e. Third instar, scale bar = 2 m. f. Fourth instar, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480217/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Figure 14f</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: ~7 days (n = 1, other larvae took about 7 days but only one was formally tracked); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13EF4FAB3FC8C2D79" box="[686,847,1322,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.94" metricValueMin="1.3599999999999999" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="19.4" valueMin="13.6">13.6–19.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB1381DFAB3FECB2D5C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.46" metricValueMax="2.84" metricValueMin="2.08" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="24.6" valueMax="28.4" valueMin="20.8">20.8– 28.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 4); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5807FFB13F6CFAD4FC182D5C" box="[822,987,1357,1382]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.635" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.57" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074" unit="mm" value="2.635" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.57">2.57–2.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 6) gross morphology similar to third instar but
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13E0BFAF6FDA72DB2" box="[593,612,1391,1416]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 apical scoli smaller relative to body, paraprocts thicker relative to body, hump at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5807FFB13E43FA0BFDEB2D91" box="[537,552,1426,1451]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3 slightly more accentuated with a light grey colouration apically. Colouration nearly identical to third instar but dorsal saddle slightly more finely delimited and deeper chestnut brown, occasionally light brown in some individuals, both colour forms with longitudinal striations within saddle giving it a mottled, almost wooden, appearance; spiracles more noticeable, bright orange in colour, body overall more heavily speckled, stemapods lighter brown, especially laterally. Extendable portion of stemapods deep maroon with whitish tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5807FFB13C9AF91CFC922EFA" blockId="35.[160,1156,1286,1728]" pageId="35" pageNumber="2074">Fourth-instar larvae moult into either a terminal fifth instar or a fifth instar followed by an ultimate sixth instar. They are described separately below.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5800FFB63CFAFF17FCAE2C6A" blockId="36.[160,1157,142,1104]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63CFAFF17FE292892" bold="true" box="[160,490,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Fifth instar (when ultimate).</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63E58FF16FD442892" box="[514,647,143,168]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@28.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 15. Larvae of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar, non-terminal, lateral view. b. Fifth instar, terminal, lateral view. c. Sixth instar, lateral view. d. Sixth instar, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480219/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Figures 15b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63ECBFF16FD092892" box="[657,714,143,168]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@29.[171,1145,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of Americerura brasiliensis; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">16a,c</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: ~8 days (n = 1); body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63CFAFF2BFEDA28F1" box="[160,281,178,203]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="27.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="25.0">25–29 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63E51FF2BFD4028F1" box="[523,643,178,203]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="42.0" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="35.0">35–49 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 7); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63CFAFF4DFEC928D7" box="[160,266,212,237]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.07" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="4.07">4.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1), head colouration mostly brown with black splotches near apex. Morphology differs somewhat in the final instar. As in previous instars, thoracic segments enlarged and broad, forming a triangular shape when viewed from dorsum, but
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63871FE83FBFD2909" box="[1067,1086,282,307]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 lacks spined scoli and instead bears shiny black protuberances giving the anterior of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63832FEA5FBB8296F" box="[1128,1147,316,341]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 a squared appearance into which the head can be retracted, head held somewhat prognathous at rest. When threatened bright pink integument of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63FDAFE1BFC5029A1" box="[896,915,386,411]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 immediately behind and above head exposed.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63DB9FE3DFE312987" box="[483,498,420,445]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3 with a greatly pronounced hump. Paraprocts robust, elongated, and black. Lateral area of body with bright apple-green ground colour with irregular light green specks as well as slightly larger purplish-brown splotches at base of most primary setae giving an overall densely spotted appearance; spiracles bright orange except that of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63D19FDB6FE952A72" box="[323,342,559,584]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 which is darker brown and noticeably larger. Dorsum from head to
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB6380DFDB6FBAB2A72" box="[1111,1128,559,584]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
10 with well-defined saddle-like pattern. Thoracic saddle shiny dark brown with lighter central stripe, saddle widest at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63E59FDEDFDD52AB7" box="[515,534,628,653]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 becoming gradually narrower approaching the apical protuberance of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63D3EFD0EFEB72A8A" box="[356,372,663,688]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3, from
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63D95FD0EFE1D2A8A" box="[463,478,663,688]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
3 abdominal saddle widens in discrete increments at each segment, being widest at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63DE4FD23FE0C2AE9" box="[446,463,698,723]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
4 after which saddle gradually decreases in width along length of segment
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63D7CFD45FEFA2ACF" box="[294,313,732,757]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
5, saddle of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63DE7FD45FE0D2ACF" box="[445,462,732,757]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
6 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63E49FD45FDE72ACF" box="[531,548,732,757]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
7 narrow and uniform in width, widening again at
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63802FD45FBA92ACF" box="[1112,1130,732,757]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
8–
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63CFAFD66FF722B22" box="[160,177,767,792]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
10 merging with the anal plate; colouration of saddle on abdominal segments light brown with darker brown and light yellow striations,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63EB2FCBBFD3A2B01" box="[744,761,802,827]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
4 with a notably wider pair of dorsal yellow patches mesally, on
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63D83FCDDFE292B67" box="[473,490,836,861]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
4 above spiracle saddle projected ventrally along segment but not passing spiracle, above spiracle saddle may have zero, one, or two bright white patches; outer margins of thoracic and abdominal saddle outlined by bright white of variable thickness and distinctness. True legs black and green with black situated at base of each segment, prolegs apple green basally and reddish brown distally. Stemapods as in previous instars but thicker and more sharply spined along length, their colouration brown dorsally, but may be yellowish-green laterally, extendable part of stemapods bright yellow at base and tip with a broad red area in between.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5800FFB63CFAFBE2FF022DB2" blockId="36.[160,1155,1147,1416]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63CFAFBE2FD602CAF" bold="true" box="[160,675,1147,1173]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Fifth instar (when proceeding to six instars).</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63EE1FBE5FCF22CAF" box="[699,817,1148,1173]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@28.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 15. Larvae of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar, non-terminal, lateral view. b. Fifth instar, terminal, lateral view. c. Sixth instar, lateral view. d. Sixth instar, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480219/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Figure 15a</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: not recorded; body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63CA8FB06FE512C82" box="[242,402,1183,1208]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1350000000000002" metricValueMax="2.2399999999999998" metricValueMin="2.0300000000000002" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="21.35" valueMax="22.4" valueMin="20.3">20.3–22.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63EDCFB06FCE52C82" box="[646,806,1183,1208]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.045" metricValueMax="3.32" metricValueMin="2.77" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="30.45" valueMax="33.2" valueMin="27.7">27.7–33.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 3); head capsule width
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63D1FFB5BFE0B2CE1" box="[325,456,1218,1243]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 3) gross morphology as in fourth instar except head and paraprocts larger relative to body, stemapods more robust,
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63F02FB7DFCA82CC7" box="[856,875,1252,1277]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1 apical scoli reduced to minutely spined humps, not situated on a projection as in all previous instars and not glossy as in terminal fifth or sixth instars. Colouration also as in fourth instar except saddle and lateral speckling darker and faint pink colouration present behind head anteriorly on
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63CFAFAF6FF772DB2" box="[160,180,1391,1416]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">T</collectionCode>
|
||
1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5800FFB63CFAFA2DFD682E29" blockId="36.[160,1155,1460,1555]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63CFAFA2DFEED2DF4" bold="true" box="[160,302,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Sixth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63D1FFA2CFE252DF4" box="[325,486,1461,1486]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="28.[160,225,1613,1636]" captionTargetBox="[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@28.[235,1080,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 15. Larvae of Americerura brasiliensis. All larvae are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar, non-terminal, lateral view. b. Fifth instar, terminal, lateral view. c. Sixth instar, lateral view. d. Sixth instar, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480219/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Figures 15c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63DA8FA2CFDDC2DF4" box="[498,543,1461,1486]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@29.[171,1145,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of Americerura brasiliensis; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">16b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63E70FA2CFD902DF4" box="[554,595,1461,1486]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="30.[160,225,1273,1296]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-100@30.[163,1152,142,1242]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 17. Final-instar larva of Americerura. a. A. brasiliensis, sixth instar, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. b. A. rarata, final instar, United States of America, Texas, photo courtesy of D. Wagner." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480223" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480223/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">17a</figureCitation>
|
||
) Duration: Not recorded; body length
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63850FA2CFB402DF4" box="[1034,1155,1461,1486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="28.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="26.0">26–30 mm</quantity>
|
||
without stemapods,
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63DDCFA4EFE3E2DCA" box="[390,509,1495,1520]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="38.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="37.0">37–40 mm</quantity>
|
||
with stemapods (n = 3). As for terminal fifth instar except slightly more robust and proportionally larger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5800FFB63CFAF9A7FEF82EFA" blockId="36.[160,1155,1598,1728]" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63CFAF9A7FF272E62" bold="true" box="[160,228,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5800FFB63CA1F9A6FEB12E62" box="[251,370,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@29.[171,1145,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of Americerura brasiliensis; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">Figure 16d</figureCitation>
|
||
) Average duration: 22 days (n = 12). Length: ~
|
||
<quantity id="3C699B4F5800FFB63F31F9A6FC792E62" box="[875,954,1599,1624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1, female). As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295800FFB63C9FF9FBFEFF2E41" box="[197,316,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63C9FF9FBFEFF2E41" box="[197,316,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but colouration dark brown (possibly due to older age of pupa), terminus of abdomen smooth except for small spines dorsally on
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63EB4F91CFCC32EA4" box="[750,768,1669,1694]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
10, otherwise
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5800FFB63FC3F91CFC692EA4" box="[921,938,1669,1694]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
10 less rugged than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295800FFB63CE7F93EFEF52EFA" box="[189,310,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85800FFB63CE7F93EFEF52EFA" box="[189,310,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="2075">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5801FFB73CFAFF17FD982892" blockId="37.[160,603,142,168]" box="[160,603,142,168]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73CFAFF17FEC32892" bold="true" box="[160,256,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Cocoon.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5801FFB73D4DFF16FE4D2892" box="[279,398,143,168]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="29.[160,225,1614,1637]" captionTargetBox="[171,1144,142,1582]" captionTargetId="figure-3@29.[171,1145,142,1582]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 16. Larvae, prepupa, pupa and cocoon of Americerura brasiliensis; all are siblings derived from EEA female. Scale bars = 5 mm. a. Fifth instar (terminal), threat display. b. Sixth instar, threat display (head not downturned to expose pink region of T1). c. Prepupal terminal fifth instar larva. d. Pupa, ventral (left), lateral (centre), dorsal (right) views. e. Cocoon, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480221" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480221/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Figure 16e</figureCitation>
|
||
) As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73D86FF16FD962892" box="[476,597,143,168]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73D86FF16FD962892" box="[476,597,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">A. argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B65215801FFB73CFAFF7DFCE02E42" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5801FFB73CFAFF7DFC5E2C07" blockId="37.[160,1157,228,1536]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73CFAFF7DFEE428C4" bold="true" box="[160,295,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
Eggs were not observed in nature. In captivity eggs regularly hatch in the morning, generally between 8.00 and 10.00am. Larvae chew through but do not consume the entire egg chorion. First-instar larvae prefer very young foliage, specifically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73C80FED5FE7F295F" box="[218,444,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73C80FED5FE7F295F" box="[218,444,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves that are still red in colour and not fully developed, and due to the small size of these leaves, the larval resting positions depend on the shape and size of the leaf, on either the adaxial or the abaxial surface. As in the previous species, the larvae lay down a silken platform on the leaf surface and scrape the leaf surface to feed, leaving behind patches of skeletonised leaves. Unlike other species, larvae are quite restless, wandering to new leaves frequently, likely due to the small size of preferred leaf tissue per leaf. Due to the thinness of young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73FFBFD85FB472A0F" box="[929,1156,540,565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73FFBFD85FB472A0F" box="[929,1156,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">X. pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves, the skeletonisation of the leaves often cuts through the entire thickness of the leaf and so the larvae will feed on the margins of the holes cut in the leaf tissue. All subsequent instars feed from the edge of the leaf. Early third-instar larvae wander daily, stopping to feed occasionally and generally settling down to feed overnight, this daily cycle occurs until roughly halfway through the instar when the larvae become less restless and feed more consistently. Time spent in each instar and overall larval progression is slower than in previously discussed species. The fourth instar was observed to wander occasionally, but not as regularly as in the third instar. Some larvae undergo six instars, with the fourth and fifth instars of these larvae very similar to the fourth instar of larvae that undergo five total instars. Both terminal fifth and sixth instar larvae give rise to either male or female adults; thus, the number of instars was not indicative of sex. Larval behaviour is otherwise as for previous species except we noted that prepupal larvae were more regularly displaying characteristic wandering and darkening in colour in the morning rather than in the evening as in previous species. Cocoon building behaviour is also as in previous species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5801FFB73C9AFBDEFB912D0A" blockId="37.[160,1157,228,1536]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">
|
||
One of the reared larvae made a cocoon that was opened before the adult eclosed. This allowed us to observe the hatching sequence in detail. The adult moth exits the pupa in the evening but takes nearly 2 h to exit the cocoon. We noted that the cocoon near the head of the moth became darker as it was dampened by a liquid released by the moth, the moth then rapidly exits the cocoon and fully expands its wings within minutes. Unlike previous species, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73DD9FB6DFDD12D37" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[387,530,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73DD9FB6DFDD12D37" box="[387,530,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cocoons that had surviving pupae hatched within a few weeks of prepupal wandering behaviour, without any diapause during the summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5801FFB73C9AFAA3FDD32E3A" blockId="37.[160,1157,228,1536]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">
|
||
In this species we observed a threat/feigning death display in the adult.
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5801FFB73F80FAA3FC292D69" box="[986,1002,1338,1363]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
single female adult was found to lift its wings above its body, extend its legs anteriorly, and curl its abdomen under its thorax, similar in some ways to the display of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73F26FAE6FBC12DA2" box="[892,1026,1407,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Furcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73F26FAE6FC0F2DA2" box="[892,972,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Furcula</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73854FAE6FBBD2DA2" box="[1038,1150,1407,1432]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2040" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cerurinae">Cerurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73D43FA3BFE5B2D81" box="[281,408,1442,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(St Laurent pers. obs).
|
||
<specimenCount id="ED97FD235801FFB73EFBFA3BFCD02D81" box="[673,787,1442,1467]" count="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" type="adult">One adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female that was observed postemergence was apparently releasing pheromones after 11.30pm, but the end time of this behaviour was not documented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5801FFB73CFAF9A2FCE02E42" blockId="37.[160,1156,1595,1656]" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73CFAF9A2FEF22E6F" bold="true" box="[160,305,1595,1621]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
We reared a cohort of larvae on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73E9DF9A5FC322E6F" box="[711,1009,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudosalzmannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73E9DF9A5FC322E6F" box="[711,1009,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Xylosma pseudosalzmannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB7385BF9A5FBB82E6F" box="[1025,1147,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295801FFB73CB3F9C6FE642E42" box="[233,423,1631,1656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Banara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85801FFB73CB3F9C6FE642E42" box="[233,423,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="2076">Banara parviflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was offered, it was not accepted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B65215802FFB43CFAFF17FDB728D7" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5802FFB43CFAFF17FDB728D7" blockId="38.[160,1156,142,237]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43CFAFF17FEF02892" bold="true" box="[160,307,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
We have restricted the
|
||
<typeStatus id="242A88085802FFB43E0EFF16FD452892" box="[596,646,143,168]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43EA3FF16FC4E2892" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[761,909,143,168]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43EA3FF16FC4E2892" box="[761,909,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to material from the south-eastern Brazilian states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485802FFB43E50FF2BFD9A28F1" box="[522,601,178,203]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Paraná</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485802FFB43E38FF2BFCC728F1" box="[610,772,178,203]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3955F8485802FFB43F66FF2BFBC428F1" box="[828,1031,178,203]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but it may be more widespread; see Remarks below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B38B65215802FFB43CFAFE80FBF92D1A" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5802FFB43CFAFE80FC842B67" blockId="38.[159,1156,281,1312]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43CFAFE80FECF2909" bold="true" box="[160,268,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens from other regions in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43ECBFE83FD0E2909" box="[657,717,282,307]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43E82FE83FCFF2909" box="[728,828,282,307]" name="Paraguay" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43FBAFE83FB882909" box="[992,1099,282,307]" name="Argentina" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
may also be this species but further work to determine the delimitation of the full distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43CC5FEC6FEEB2942" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[159,296,351,376]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43CC5FEC6FEEB2942" box="[159,296,351,376]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside of the small area we have defined is needed, especially considering that larval characters may be the best way to identify this species. Dissected material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43CFAFE3DFEC72987" box="[160,260,420,445]" name="Paraguay" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43D61FE3DFE652987" box="[315,422,420,445]" name="Argentina" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="9D80AE6F5802FFB43DA8FE3DFDF52987" box="[498,566,420,445]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
differs somewhat in the shape of the male VIII tergite, and there is more variability in the incidence of merged black lines along the forewing anal margin than what we see in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43E37FE73FD652A39" box="[621,678,490,515]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
where this trait is more consistent.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5802FFB4387EFE73FF272A1F" author="Schreiter R" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" pagination="7 - 44" refId="ref19737" refString="Schreiter R. 1943. Notas Entomo-Biologicas y otras. Acta Zoologica Lilloana. 1: 7 - 44." type="journal article" year="1943">Schreiter (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared and figured the larva and adult of a species belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43FBFFD95FBE62A1F" box="[997,1061,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43FBFFD95FBE62A1F" box="[997,1061,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group, found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D05FDB6FE4C2A72" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2005" box="[351,399,559,584]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D05FDB6FE4C2A72" box="[351,399,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He incorrectly referred to the species as ̍
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43F39FDB6FBD62A72" authorityName="Dognin" authorityYear="1910" box="[867,1045,559,584]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Cerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43F39FDB6FBD62A72" box="[867,1045,559,584]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Cerura argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
̾, which is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D6CFDCBFDD72A51" box="[310,532,594,619]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argynnis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D6CFDCBFDD72A51" box="[310,532,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Americerura argynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larva he reared was from semi-arid Tucumán and the resulting adult is more lightly marked than specimens we have examined of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43F8FFDEDFB9C2AB7" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[981,1119,628,653]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43F8FFDEDFB9C2AB7" box="[981,1119,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so we do not think it likely that they are conspecific. The larval illustration in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5802FFB43F98FD0EFBAF2A8A" author="Schreiter R" box="[962,1132,663,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" pagination="7 - 44" refId="ref19737" refString="Schreiter R. 1943. Notas Entomo-Biologicas y otras. Acta Zoologica Lilloana. 1: 7 - 44." type="journal article" year="1943">Schreiter (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is not very detailed but it does not resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43E3CFD23FD2C2AE9" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[614,751,698,723]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43E3CFD23FD2C2AE9" box="[614,751,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae that we reared. Regardless, the association of a South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43E4BFD45FD922ACF" box="[529,593,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43E4BFD45FD922ACF" box="[529,593,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group taxon with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43F27FD45FC6E2ACF" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2005" box="[893,941,732,757]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43F27FD45FC6E2ACF" box="[893,941,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is noteworthy and suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D6FFD66FE7D2B22" authorityName="St Laurent, Carvalho and Orlandin" authorityYear="2024" box="[309,446,767,792]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D6FFD66FE7D2B22" box="[309,446,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could also be found in association with that genus of plants in the future. Other records of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D92FCBBFDCB2B01" box="[456,520,802,827]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D92FCBBFDCB2B01" box="[456,520,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group, including our own, are mostly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43871FCBBFB402B01" box="[1067,1155,802,827]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Xylosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43871FCBBFB402B01" box="[1067,1155,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Xylosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and never
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D4EFCDDFE872B67" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2005" box="[276,324,836,861]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D4EFCDDFE872B67" box="[276,324,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Salix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5802FFB43D0AFCDDFDBF2B67" author="Janzen DH & Hallwachs W" box="[336,636,836,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" refId="ref18908" refString="Janzen DH, Hallwachs W 2017. Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica [internet]. http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu." type="url" year="2017">Janzen and Hallwachs 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5802FFB43ED2FCDDFCF92B67" author="Miller JS & Wagner DL & Opler PA & Lafontaine JD" box="[648,826,836,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" pagination="314" refId="ref19061" refString="Miller JS, Wagner DL, Opler PA, Lafontaine JD. 2018. Drepanoidea, Doidae, and Noctuoidea, Notodontidae (part): pygaerinae, Notodontinae, Cerurinae, Phalerinae, Periergosinae, Dudusinae, Hemiceratinae. In: Lafontaine JD, editor. The moths of North America, fasc. 22.1 A. Washington (DC): The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation; p. 314." type="book chapter" year="2018">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43E91FCDDFD3A2B67" box="[715,761,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB2E36AA5802FFB43C9AFCFEFBF92D1A" blockId="38.[159,1156,281,1312]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43CAEFCFEFEF52BBA" box="[244,310,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43CAEFCFEFEF52BBA" box="[244,310,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group is wide-ranging in the Americas, and morphology is quite uniform across populations. However, considering some morphological consistencies in the south-eastern Brazilian population and the unique larval phenotypes observed in our rearing, we consider this population to be distinct enough to warrant specific treatment separate from other South American populations and certainly from the other named taxa belonging to this group from geographically distant locations in southern North America and Central America (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43DCAFBAEFE2E2C6A" box="[400,493,1079,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43DCAFBAEFE2E2C6A" box="[400,493,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5802FFB43DA0FBAEFD742C6A" box="[506,695,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">
|
||
Figure 19k and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43EFCFBAEFD742C6A" authority="(Draudt)" baseAuthorityName="Draudt" box="[678,695,1079,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tehuacana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43EFCFBAEFD742C6A" box="[678,695,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. tehuacana (Draudt),
|
||
<figureCitation id="63AA2A2F5802FFB43FF9FBAEFBD12C6A" box="[931,1042,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="32.[160,225,887,910]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetId="figure-212@32.[163,1153,142,855]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 19. Americerura adult specimens. a. A. argynnis male, reared, DZ57366 (DZUP). b. A. splendens male, reared, DZ57362 (DZUP).c. A. rivera male, reared, DZ57364 (DZUP). d. A. argynnis female, reared, DZ57365 (DZUP). e. A. splendens female, reared, DZ57359 (DZUP). f. A. rivera female, reared, DZ57363 (DZUP). g. A. brasiliensis holotype male, reared, DZ57361 (DZUP). h. A. brasiliensis male, paratype (USNM). i. A. annulifera Uruguay (NHMUK). j. A. brasiliensis female paratype, reared, DZ57360 (DZUP). k. A. rarata male, USA, Texas (USNM). l. A. tehuacana male, Mexico (NHMUK). Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480227" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10480227/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Figure 19l</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB4380BFBAEFB402C6A" box="[1105,1155,1079,1104]" name="Peru" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43CFDFBC3FE952C49" box="[167,342,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43CFDFBC3FEC02C49" box="[167,259,1114,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">A. rarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
optima
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bryk, a taxon not examined by the authors). Ideally, a complete taxonomic revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D16FBE4FE4D2CAC" box="[332,398,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D16FBE4FE4D2CAC" box="[332,398,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group will be completed in which the Brazilian population can be further contextualised.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9F004B5B5802FFB43DF8FB06FDA82C82" author="Miller JS & Wagner DL & Opler PA & Lafontaine JD" box="[418,619,1183,1208]" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" pagination="314" refId="ref19061" refString="Miller JS, Wagner DL, Opler PA, Lafontaine JD. 2018. Drepanoidea, Doidae, and Noctuoidea, Notodontidae (part): pygaerinae, Notodontinae, Cerurinae, Phalerinae, Periergosinae, Dudusinae, Hemiceratinae. In: Lafontaine JD, editor. The moths of North America, fasc. 22.1 A. Washington (DC): The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation; p. 314." type="book chapter" year="2018">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43DBDFB06FDDB2C82" box="[487,536,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that genetic differences separated up to three cryptic species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D97FB5BFDCC2CE1" box="[461,527,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D97FB5BFDCC2CE1" box="[461,527,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43E21FB5BFD2F2CE1" box="[635,748,1218,1243]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
alone, none of which are conspecific with true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C914D295802FFB43D52FB7DFEA02CC7" box="[264,355,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Americerura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9E5EAB85802FFB43D52FB7DFEA02CC7" box="[264,355,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">A. rarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Texas and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8386763A5802FFB43E4EFB7DFDA62CC7" box="[532,613,1252,1277]" name="Mexico" pageId="38" pageNumber="2077">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Ongoing genomic work suggests a wide range of cryptic diversity in this species group across the Americas (St Laurent unpublished).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |