482 lines
49 KiB
XML
482 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.16.2884" ID-PMC="PMC3492932" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-16-65" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFEBDE64FFEEFFA5FF97B25BFFD5FFD1" ID-PubMed="23233812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576135" ModsDocID="1314-2003-16-65" checkinTime="1451251979255" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Manoko, Mkabwa L. K., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Berg, Ronald G. van den & Mariani, Celestina" docDate="2012" docId="502D402B3D4C433A33662FFC3175F7E4" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 16: 65-74" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 16" docPubDate="2012-08-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.16.2884" docTitle="Solanum umalilaense Manoko 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFEBDE64FFEEFFA5FF97B25BFFD5FFD1" lastPageNumber="70" masterDocId="FFEBDE64FFEEFFA5FF97B25BFFD5FFD1" masterDocTitle="A new tetraploid species of Solanum L. sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) from Tanzania" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1668140124635" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new tetraploid species of Solanum L. sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) from Tanzania</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Manoko, Mkabwa L. K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, Box 35060, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania & Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Huygens building, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden and Genebank, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 11, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Berg, Ronald G. van den</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Radix building, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mariani, Celestina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Huygens building, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-08-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>65</mods:start>
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<mods:end>74</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.16.2884</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.16.2884</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-16-65</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFEBDE64FFEEFFA5FF97B25BFFD5FFD1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576135</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:502D402B3D4C433A33662FFC3175F7E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/502D402B3D4C433A33662FFC3175F7E4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName LSID="502D402B-3D4C-433A-3366-2FFC3175F7E4" authority="Manoko" authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umalilaense" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense" status="sp. nov.">Solanum umalilaense Manoko</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Holotype specimen of Solanum umalilaense Manoko sp. nov. (DSM)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10160" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Part of the NJ tree from Manoko (2007). Numbers at the nodes are NJ Jackknife support values. Cluster I contains Solanum tarderemotum and Solanum florulentum. In cluster II are Solanum retroflexum and Solanum hirsutum. Cluster III is composed of individuals of Solanum umalilaense" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10161" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">, 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from other African species of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sect.
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its extremely developed branching, each branch producing many multi-flowered inflorescences, flowers with short calyx lobes and producing persistent, small, light yellowish brown fruits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Tanzania.</emphasis>
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Mbeya: Mbeya District, Umalila Forest Reserve, ca. 7 km W of Ruanda II on road to Izumbwe, 2 km SSE of Mbogo Mtn. main peak,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.183333">09°11'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="33.3">33°18'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 2180 m, on bushy south-facing slopes with scattered shrubs. 14 Nov 1992.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">R.E. Gereau, D.K. Harder, C.J. & M.J. Kayombo 5084</emphasis>
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(holotype, DSM!; isotypes: K, not seen, MO, not seen, NHT!).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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Herb, up to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.5 m, erect, predominantly with many erect or spreading branches from the base; stems dark purple, angular with well marked ridges, teeth on ridges very small, glabrescent to sub-glabrous with sparse, long, appressed, eglandular hairs. Leaf simple, petiolate, ovate to elliptic with wings running to petiole base, margins entire, apex acuminate to acute, base truncate; petiole 0.6-1.3 cm; leaf blade 1.8-2.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.1-1.4 cm, widest 1-1.7(-2.1) cm from apex. Inflorescences numerous, up to 100 per plant, consisting of simple, rarely forked cymes, 2-9(-11) flowered; peduncle (0.5-)1.1-3.2, erect; pedicels 5-7(-9) mm, pendent. Calyx pentagonal, 3-3.2(-4) mm diam., lobes short (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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1 mm), broadly triangular, equal and adherent to mature berries; corolla stellate, 7-11 mm diam. white, margins occasionally tinged with purple, style protruding the anthers, straight or sometimes hooked with eglandular hairs at the base, 3.1-3.5(-4.2) mm; anthers equal, yellow, 1.8-2 mm, filaments 0.5-1 mm; fully hydrated pollen 24.6-26.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diam. Berries globose, changing from green to dull yellowish green, at mature stage light yellowish brown, texture soft, persistent and aromatic, 3-4(-5) mm diam.; sclerotic granules present; seeds obovate, brownish, 9 to 22 per berry. 1.6-2.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.3-1.8 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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Chromosome counts on accession A24750133 using standard cytological methods and flow cytometry on root and leaf cells respectively, showed that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had 48 chromosomes (2n=4x=48). The same was found for related African species such as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florulentum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum florulentum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum hirsutum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grossidentatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum grossidentatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, indicating that all these species are tetraploid.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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In phenetic and cladistic analyses of an AFLP (
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<bibRefCitation author="Vos, P" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" publicationUrl="10.1093/nar/23.21.4407" refId="B19" refString="Vos, P, Hogers, R, Bleeker, M, Reijans, M, van der Lee, T, Hornes, M, Frijters, A, Pot, J, Peleman, J, Kuiper, M, Zabeau, M, 1995. 10.1093/nar/23.21.4407" url="10.1093/nar/23.21.4407" year="1995">Vos et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
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) dataset of the tetraploid species from Africa, including
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florulentum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum florulentum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grossidentatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum grossidentatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum hirsutum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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had 100% jackknife support in the neighbour joining and maximum parsimony analyses (
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<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B16" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf." title="A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http: // dare. ubn. kun. nl / bitstream / 2066 / 30032 / 1 / 30032. pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). A NJ tree was constructed using 435 polymorphic AFLP loci generated from 102 tetraploid individuals. Here only results for 44 individuals are shown, representing about 50% of the tree (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Part of the NJ tree from Manoko (2007). Numbers at the nodes are NJ Jackknife support values. Cluster I contains Solanum tarderemotum and Solanum florulentum. In cluster II are Solanum retroflexum and Solanum hirsutum. Cluster III is composed of individuals of Solanum umalilaense" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10161" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B16" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf." title="A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http: // dare. ubn. kun. nl / bitstream / 2066 / 30032 / 1 / 30032. pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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indicated as "sp A". Cluster I was made up of individuals morphologically similar but not identical (
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<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B16" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf." title="A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http: // dare. ubn. kun. nl / bitstream / 2066 / 30032 / 1 / 30032. pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Part of the material conformed to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forms A and B described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B17" refString="Olet, EA, 2004. Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway." title="Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway." year="2004">Olet (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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, and two remaining accessions were
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florulentum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum florulentum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Individuals that conformed to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forms A and B in this cluster shared morphological characteristics not only with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florulentum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum florulentum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but also with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form C. Cluster II was composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a taxon that we identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Solanum hirsutum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B16" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf." title="A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http: // dare. ubn. kun. nl / bitstream / 2066 / 30032 / 1 / 30032. pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both taxa have ovate calyx lobes, covering only half of the fruit during development, but reflexed away from mature fruits. The globose fruits, turning from green to purple/black, remain with the pedicel on the plant and are not aromatic. Cluster III is composed only of individuals of accession A24750133, which we describe here as the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Part of the NJ tree from Manoko (2007). Numbers at the nodes are NJ Jackknife support values. Cluster I contains Solanum tarderemotum and Solanum florulentum. In cluster II are Solanum retroflexum and Solanum hirsutum. Cluster III is composed of individuals of Solanum umalilaense" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10161" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10160" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Manoko sp. nov. (DSM)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10161" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Part of the NJ tree from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B16" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf." title="A systematic study of African Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD thesis, Radboud University Nijmegen. http: // dare. ubn. kun. nl / bitstream / 2066 / 30032 / 1 / 30032. pdf" year="2007">Manoko (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Numbers at the nodes are NJ Jackknife support values. Cluster I contains
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarderemotum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum tarderemotum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florulentum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum florulentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In cluster II are
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum hirsutum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cluster III is composed of individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Mbeya region, Tanzania, at elevations between 1952 and 2052 m (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10163" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
During our collecting trip in the Umalila area (July 7-10, 2010) we found many plants in cultivated fields (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Pictures A, B, C, D taken from plants grown at the Experimental Garden, Radboud University Nijmegen (A 24750133). Pictures E, F, G, H taken from plants growing in Mbeya region, Tanzania (E, F: Manoko et al. 2010 - 2; G, H: Manoko et al. 2010 - 14)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10162" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3E,F</figureCitation>
|
||
) on the slope of mountains, or left in abandoned cultivated plots (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Pictures A, B, C, D taken from plants grown at the Experimental Garden, Radboud University Nijmegen (A 24750133). Pictures E, F, G, H taken from plants growing in Mbeya region, Tanzania (E, F: Manoko et al. 2010 - 2; G, H: Manoko et al. 2010 - 14)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10162" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
), which also contained maize and beans.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10162" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Pictures A,B,C,D taken from plants grown at the Experimental Garden, Radboud University Nijmegen (A24750133). Pictures E,F,G,H taken from plants growing in Mbeya region, Tanzania (E,F: Manoko et al. 2010-2; G,H: Manoko et al. 2010-14).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
According to the information on
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Gereau et al. 5084</emphasis>
|
||
the species is frequent on the ash layer in charcoal-burning areas. The Umalila area is located in the Mbeya region, in the South West of Tanzania at the border with Malawi and Zambia (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Pictures A, B, C, D taken from plants grown at the Experimental Garden, Radboud University Nijmegen (A 24750133). Pictures E, F, G, H taken from plants growing in Mbeya region, Tanzania (E, F: Manoko et al. 2010 - 2; G, H: Manoko et al. 2010 - 14)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10162" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because of its elevation, the region is also known as the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, with volcanic type of soil, temperatures ranging from 12 to 23°C, and annual rainfall levels from 1500 to 2700 mm. The vegetation is mountainous, with cool temperature grasslands and the region is good for cultivation of coffee, maize, beans and vegetables (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anonymous," pageId="5" pageNumber="70" refId="B1" refString="Anonymous, , 1997. Mbeya District socio-economic profile. Joint publication by The Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Mbeya District Council, Mbeya, Mbeya District. http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Mbeyadis.pdf." title="Mbeya District socio-economic profile. Joint publication by The Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Mbeya District Council, Mbeya, Mbeya District. http: // www. tzonline. org / pdf / Mbeyadis. pdf" year="1997">Anon. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to the area the species was found. Umalila (Malilaor Umalila) is the highland area of the Malila, a relatively unknown ethnic group in south-west Tanzania (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Walsh, M" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B20" refString="Walsh, M, 1998. The Malila: Preliminairy notes on language, history and ethnography. Unpublished paper. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14539285/The-Malila-Preliminary-Notes-on language-History-and-Ethnography." title="The Malila: Preliminairy notes on language, history and ethnography. Unpublished paper. http: // www. scribd. com / doc / 14539285 / The-Malila-Preliminary-Notes-on language-History-and-Ethnography" year="1998">Walsh 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Based on the information on the type specimen,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in the Umalila forest reserve. We visited the villages of Maganjo, Isangati, Igala, and different wards and found that the species was cultivated as an important and well known leafy vegetable. It has been cultivated for many generations and farmers collect fruits and keep dried seeds for the next growing season. Since this species is cultivated as a food crop and has become almost domesticated, its preliminary conservation status can be considered to be of Least Concern (LC,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN, Species Survuval Commission" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B13" refString="IUCN, Species Survuval Commission, 2001. IUCN Red List Catagories: Version 3.1. IUCN Gland and Cambridge." title="IUCN Red List Catagories: Version 3.1. IUCN Gland and Cambridge." year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) although its very narrow distribution may be cause for further analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="local names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Local names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Insungwe, so called by the Malila (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schippers, RR" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B18" refString="Schippers, RR, 2004. Legumes Africains Indigenes: presentation des especes cultivees. Margraf Publishers GmbH, Scientific books, Weikersheim, 369-407." title="Legumes Africains Indigenes: presentation des especes cultivees. Margraf Publishers GmbH, Scientific books, Weikersheim, 369 - 407." year="2004">Schippers 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" type="uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Used as a leafy vegetable. Leaves can be picked from the plant untill the plant starts flowering. Using leaves when the plant is in flower is not attractive because of their bitter taste (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Latham, P" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B15" refString="Latham, P, 2006. Plants visited by bees and other useful plants of Umalila, Southern Tanzania. Third edition, 174." title="Plants visited by bees and other useful plants of Umalila, Southern Tanzania. Third edition, 174." year="2006">Latham 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Specimens examined. Tanzania. Mbeya Rural District:</emphasis>
|
||
Maganjo village (Lwindi ward),
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="29" value="-9.041389">09°02'29"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="33.398335">033°23'54"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 8, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Manoko et al. 2010-11</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, and Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga ward),
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="-9.07">09°04'12"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="33.42361">033°25'25"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 8, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Manoko et al. 2010-2</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, and Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Igala village (Holondo ward),
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-9.055834">09°03'21"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="33.445557">033°26'44"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 8, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Manoko et al. 2010-8</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga Mapinduzi ward),
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="-9.084167">09°05'03"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="33.43139">033°25'53"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 9, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Manoko et al. 2010-11</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Isangati village (Iyunga Mapinduzi ward),
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="-9.084167">09°05'03"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="33.43139">033°25'53"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 9, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Manoko et al. 2010-12</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="start">Garden</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and Genebank herbarium); field plot near Umalila Forest reserve,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="south" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="26" value="-9.190556">09°11'26"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="033" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="46" value="33.34611">033°20'46"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, July 9, 2010,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Manoko et al. 2010-14</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM, WAG, Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium); Uyole (Mbeya), 5500 ft, 22 May 1968,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">A.A. Mwambunga A.A.M.6</emphasis>
|
||
(DSM).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">The Netherlands</emphasis>
|
||
. AccessionA24750133 from the Umalila area cultivated at Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(Radboud University Experimental Garden and Genebank herbarium).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all other species that have been described or studied so far from Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" refId="B2" refString="Bitter, G, 1912. Solana nova vel minus cognita. I. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg.10: 529-565." title="Solana nova vel minus cognita. I. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 10: 529 - 565." year="1912">Bitter 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B3" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana Africana. I. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.49 (5): 560-569." title="Solana Africana. I. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49 (5): 560 - 569." year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bukenya, ZR" journalOrPublisher="Bothalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" pagination="79 - 88" refId="B6" refString="Bukenya, ZR, Hall, JB, 1988. Solanum (Solanaceae) in Ghana. Bothalia 18: 79 - 88" title="Solanum (Solanaceae) in Ghana." volume="18" year="1988">Bukenya and Hall 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Bothalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B7" refString="D'Arcy, WG, Rakotozafy, A, 1994. Famille 176. Solanaceae. In: Morat P (Ed) Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris." title="Famille 176. Solanaceae. In: Morat P (Ed) Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris." year="1994">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Rakotozafy 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B10" refString="Edmonds, JM, Chweya, JA, 1997. Black nightshades. Solanum nigrum L. and related species. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Reources Institute, Rome, Italy, 5-113." title="Black nightshades. Solanum nigrum L. and related species. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben / International Plant Genetic Reources Institute, Rome, Italy, 5 - 113." year="1997">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="start">Edmonds</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and Chweya 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bosser, J" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B4" refString="Bosser, J, Cadet, T, Gueho, J, Marais, W, 2000. Flore des Mascareignes: La Reunion, Maurice and Rodrigues. The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew." title="Flore des Mascareignes: La Reunion, Maurice and Rodrigues. The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew." year="2000">Bosser et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jacoby, A" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B14" refString="Jacoby, A, 2003. Genetic variability in the Solanum nigrum L. complex and related species in South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa." title="Genetic variability in the Solanum nigrum L. complex and related species in South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa." year="2003">Jacoby 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B17" refString="Olet, EA, 2004. Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway." title="Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway." year="2004">Olet 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Goncalves, AE" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B11" refString="Goncalves, AE, 2005. Solanaceae. In: Pope GV, Polhill RM, Martin ES (Eds) Flora Zambesiaca, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 8 (4)." title="Solanaceae. In: Pope GV, Polhill RM, Martin ES (Eds) Flora Zambesiaca, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 8 (4)." year="2005">
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonçalves">Goncalves</normalizedToken>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Thulin, M" journalOrPublisher="3, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" pagination="207 - 208" refId="B8" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2006a. Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Thulin, M, Ed., , Flora Somalia, Vol. 3, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 207 - 208" title="Solanum L. section Solanum." volumeTitle=", Flora Somalia, Vol." year="2006 a">Edmonds 2006a</bibRefCitation>
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|
||
). The new species produces a large number of inflorescences such that at full anthesis the plant appears to be covered with white flowers, strikingly different from other species in the section. Seeds of "species A", as it was provisionally labeled, were received from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania where this taxon is a common leafy vegetable. Morphologically, it could not be assigned to any known species, therefore
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schippers, RR" journalOrPublisher="), Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" refId="B18" refString="Schippers, RR, 2004. Legumes Africains Indigenes: presentation des especes cultivees. Margraf Publishers GmbH, Scientific books, Weikersheim, 369-407." title="Legumes Africains Indigenes: presentation des especes cultivees. Margraf Publishers GmbH, Scientific books, Weikersheim, 369 - 407." year="2004">Schippers (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had given it the name species A. Herbaria surveys at NHT and DSM in Tanzania produced comparable material, all collected from Umalila Forest Reserve in Mbeya by R.E. Gereau et al. in 1992 (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">R.E. Gereau, D.K. Harder, C.J. & M.J. Kayombo 5084</emphasis>
|
||
, the DSM specimen of which we designate as holotype). They had found these plants 'frequent on ash, in charcoal-burning
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="area’">area'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. During our collection-trip in Tanzania in the same region, however, we always found this species in cultivated plots, never in ash.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gereau’s">Gereau's</normalizedToken>
|
||
material had been first determined by the late W.G.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’">D'</normalizedToken>
|
||
Arcy (MO) in 1993 as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">americanum</emphasis>
|
||
Mill. Later, L.B. Mwasumbi (DSM) changed the name to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. These names refer to a diploid and to a hexaploid species, respectively, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Manoko" authorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umalilaense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum umalilaense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tetraploid. This clearly demonstrates that the suggested affinities with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Edmonds’s">Edmonds's</normalizedToken>
|
||
opinion (JM Edmonds pers. comm.) that it might be a hybrid between two tetraploid species was investigated. We found that for the three generations we grew the plants (between 2002-2004) none of the characters showed segregation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
|
||
All together, the distinct morphology, chromosome number different from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a clear separate clustering from other species of the section, make this African species unique in section
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10163" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |