415 lines
56 KiB
XML
415 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BE2FD44CA0E3421D3A7AAFCDE577080F">Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9AC005D24B5A81940866A0AFAD230DB7">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC311F3115695CFB7AC7E3FC10A3B027">Cicimurri, David J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8366C2665FCA652907085726DDB6069">Stringer, Gary L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C9736166660C424FD407C0E94D41A74D">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="18174D41FF9CFFB4FD679AA64C3B0D58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3664514" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162073107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3664514" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:18174D41FF9CFFB4FD679AA64C3B0D58" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/18174D41FF9CFFB4FD679AA64C3B0D58" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9CFFB6FD679AA64ED90A9A" box="[673,914,1426,1453]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FD679AA64ED90A9A" blockId="25.[673,914,1426,1488]" box="[673,914,1426,1453]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<heading id="CB494B3BFF9CFFB6FD679AA64ED90A9A" box="[673,914,1426,1453]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9CFFB6FD679AA64E220A9B" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[673,873,1426,1453]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FD679AA64E220A9B" bold="true" box="[673,873,1426,1453]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FD679AA64FBC0A9A" bold="true" box="[673,759,1426,1453]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Otodus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FCCF9AA64E140A9A" bold="true" box="[777,863,1426,1453]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Otodus</emphasis>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9CFFB6FD1B9A824E1C0AE7" box="[733,855,1462,1488]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FD1B9A824E1C0AE7" blockId="25.[673,914,1426,1488]" box="[733,855,1462,1488]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FF9CFFB6FD1B9A824E6B0AE7" box="[733,800,1462,1488]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,463,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[189,1398,454,1648]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L. Otodus (Otodus) sp. A–C. MSC 2999.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 3008.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 35761.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 35761.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. J. Labial view. K. Lingual view. L. Mesial view. — M–X. Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. M–O. MSC 37019, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of Carl Sloan. M. Labial view. N. Lingual view. O. Distal view. P–R. MSC 37172, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of James Lowery. P. Labial view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 2371, Gosport Sand. S. Labial view. T. Lingual view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 2370, Gosport Sand. V. Labial view. W. Lingual view. X. Distal view. Scale bars: A–F, M–X =1 cm; G–L=5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660277/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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A–L
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4E310902" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4E7C0925" blockId="25.[189,890,1528,1590]" box="[189,823,1528,1554]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0AEDB79FF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4E7C0925" box="[189,823,1528,1554]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4FFF0925" author="Maisch H. M. & Becker M. A. & Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A." box="[189,692,1528,1554]" page="189" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2014">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4FFF0925" authority="- Maisch et al. 2014: 189" authorityName="Maisch" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="2014" box="[189,692,1528,1554]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FF7B9ACC4C350925" box="[189,382,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Otodus obliquus</emphasis>
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–
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<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9CFFB6FE5D9ACC4FFF0925" author="Maisch H. M. & Becker M. A. & Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A." box="[411,692,1528,1554]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="183 - 209" refId="ref145693" refString="Maisch H. M., Becker M. A., Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A. 2014. Chondrichthyans from the Lisbon- Tallahatta Formation Contact (middle Eocene), Choctaw County, Silas, Alabama. Paludicola 9 (4): 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="2014">
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Maisch
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FE3F9ACD4F7F0925" box="[505,564,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
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2014: 189
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 3:1–2.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FF7B992F4E310902" blockId="25.[189,890,1528,1590]" box="[189,890,1563,1590]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0AEDB79FF9CFFB6FF7B992F4E310902" box="[189,890,1563,1590]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9CFFB6FF7B992F4C030902" authorityName="Glikman" authorityYear="1958" box="[189,328,1563,1589]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FF7B992F4C030902" box="[189,328,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cretolamna</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
sp. –
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||
<treatmentCitation id="111FDA46FF9CFFB6FE48992F4F8D0901" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[398,710,1563,1590]" page="55" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9CFFB6FE48992F4F8D0901" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[398,710,1563,1590]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case 2016: 55</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 6, figs 1–3.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9CFFB6FF7B9969490E09FD" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FF7B99694CE10940" blockId="25.[189,426,1629,1655]" box="[189,426,1629,1655]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<heading id="CB494B3BFF9CFFB6FF7B99694CE10940" bold="true" box="[189,426,1629,1655]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FF7B99694CE10940" bold="true" box="[189,426,1629,1655]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Material examined</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FF7B99B8490E09FD" blockId="25.[189,1398,1675,1738]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FF9CFFB6FF7B99B84F2A0991" box="[189,609,1676,1702]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</collectingCountry>
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–
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<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FD4F99BF4FB00992" bold="true" box="[649,763,1675,1701]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF9CFFB6FD4F99BF4FB00992" box="[649,763,1675,1701]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Alabama</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
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• 9 isolated teeth; Claiborne Group;
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<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FB0999B848520991" box="[1231,1305,1676,1702]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ANSP</collectionCode>
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23413,
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<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FF7B999B4DB009FE" box="[189,251,1711,1737]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MSC</collectionCode>
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||
2998.3,
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<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FEA4999B4CEB09FE" box="[354,416,1711,1737]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MSC</collectionCode>
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||
2999.2,
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<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FDC0999B4F0F09FE" box="[518,580,1711,1737]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MSC</collectionCode>
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||
3008.1,
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||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FD6D999B4FA209FE" box="[683,745,1711,1737]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MSC</collectionCode>
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||
35761.1–2,
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||
<collectionCode id="F6AF6492FF9CFFB6FCBD999B4EF209FE" box="[891,953,1711,1737]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MSC</collectionCode>
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||
38528.1–3.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9CFFB5FF7B99C54ED50E7E" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB6FF7B99C54C05083C" blockId="25.[189,334,1777,1803]" box="[189,334,1777,1803]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<heading id="CB494B3BFF9CFFB6FF7B99C54C05083C" bold="true" box="[189,334,1777,1803]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9CFFB6FF7B99C54C05083C" bold="true" box="[189,334,1777,1803]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Description</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9CFFB5FF7B98144ED50E7E" blockId="25.[189,1399,1823,2027]" lastBlockId="26.[189,1398,267,329]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Our sample includes anterior, lateral, and posterolateral teeth. All teeth have a triangular, unserrated main cusp and single pair of triangular, divergent, lateral cusplets. Labial and lingual crown faces smooth. Labial crown face flat; lingual face convex. Tooth root holaulacorhizous. Root lobes range from rounded to angular and thin basally. One or more nutritive foramina present on lingual root face. Crown taller and more erect in anterior files, but lower, broader, and distally inclined on lateral teeth. Root bilobate, with narrow, elongate, diverging lobes on anterior teeth. Lateral teeth with short, broad, sub-rectangular lobes. Interlobe area U-shaped, deep in anterior files but shallow on lateral teeth. In basal view, anterior teeth have a prominent, box-like, well delineated, lingual boss.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D8A4AFDCFF9FFFB4FF7B9E444C3B0D58" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9FFFB5FF7B9E444C640EBD" blockId="26.[189,303,368,394]" box="[189,303,368,394]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<heading id="CB494B3BFF9FFFB5FF7B9E444C640EBD" bold="true" box="[189,303,368,394]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B9E444C640EBD" bold="true" box="[189,303,368,394]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9FFFB5FF7B9EAB4F130A1A" blockId="26.[189,1399,415,1325]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Paleogene specimens from Alabama with a similar morphology to the teeth in our sample have traditionally been referred to the genera
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<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FD4A9EF64FAA0EEB" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[652,737,450,476]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FD4A9EF64FAA0EEB" box="[652,737,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
or
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||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FCC39EF64EDB0EEB" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[773,912,450,476]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FCC39EF64EDB0EEB" box="[773,912,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(see
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FC0C9EF6499C0EEB" author="Ehret D. J. & Ebersole J. A." box="[970,1239,450,476]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="625" refId="ref141546" refString="Ehret D. J. & Ebersole J. A. 2014. Occurrence of the megatoothed sharks (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) in Alabama, USA. PeerJ 2: e 625. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 625" type="journal article" year="2014">Ehret & Ebersole 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FB279EF64DB00D37" author="Maisch H. M. & Becker M. A. & Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="183 - 209" refId="ref145693" refString="Maisch H. M., Becker M. A., Raines B. W. & Chamberlain J. A. 2014. Chondrichthyans from the Lisbon- Tallahatta Formation Contact (middle Eocene), Choctaw County, Silas, Alabama. Paludicola 9 (4): 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Maisch
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FAFB9EF7483C0EEB" box="[1341,1399,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FEC19ED24F5E0D36" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[263,533,486,513]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For many years authors have recognized the morphological similarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FF7B9D3D4C030D14" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,328,521,547]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B9D3D4C030D14" box="[189,328,521,547]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FE479D3D4C9D0D14" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[385,470,521,547]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FE479D3D4C9D0D14" box="[385,470,521,547]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth, lending strong support to the idea that the two genera are part of a single lineage where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FEAF9D184CBF0D71" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[361,500,556,582]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FEAF9D184CBF0D71" box="[361,500,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gives rise to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FD7A9D184E5A0D71" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[700,785,556,582]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FD7A9D184E5A0D71" box="[700,785,556,582]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. It is readily accepted that the transition from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FF7B9D644C030D5D" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,328,592,618]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B9D644C030D5D" box="[189,328,592,618]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FEAA9D644C8A0D5D" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[364,449,592,618]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FEAA9D644C8A0D5D" box="[364,449,592,618]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred in the Paleocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FCC79D644EE50D5D" author="Siverson M." box="[769,942,592,618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3" refId="ref150385" refString="Siverson M. 1992. Biology, dental morphology, and taxonomy of lamniform sharks from the Campanian of the Kristianstad Basin, Sweden. Palaeontology 35 (3): 519 - 5." type="journal article" year="1992">Siverson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FC7F9D6449200D5D" author="Zhelezko V. I." box="[953,1131,592,618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="136 - 141" refId="ref154726" refString="Zhelezko V. I. 2000. The evolution of teeth system of sharks of Pseudoisurus Gluckman, 1957 genus - the biggest pelagic sharks of Eurasia. In: Cuvasov B. I. (ed.) Materialy po stratigrafii i paleontologii Urala 4: 136 - 141. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="2000">Zhelezko 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FBB09D6449B20D5D" author="Ward D. J." box="[1142,1273,592,618]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 342" refId="ref153267" refString="Ward D. J. 2010. Sharks and rays. In: Young J. R., Gale A. S., Knght R. I. & & Smith A. B. (eds) Field Guide to Fossils Number 12: Fossils of the Gault Clay. The Palaeontological Association, London 1 - 342. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / gj. 1260" type="book chapter" year="2010">Ward 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Siversson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B9D404DBD0DBA" box="[189,246,627,653]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015;), but it is unclear as to how late in the Paleogene members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FBB09D47484A0DBA" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[1142,1281,627,653]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FBB09D47484A0DBA" box="[1142,1281,627,653]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
persisted.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FF7B9DA24C030D87" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,328,662,688]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B9DA24C030D87" box="[189,328,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens have been reported in Ypresian deposits elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FBEF9DA3499D0D86" author="Cappetta H." box="[1065,1238,663,689]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref137948" refString="Cappetta H. 2012. Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, Teeth). Handbook of Palaeoichthyology. Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen." type="book" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and deposits as young as the Lutetian in Alabama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FDA99D8E4E310DE2" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[623,890,698,725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and often these teeth have been referred to the Late Cretaceous taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FE329DE94EA50DC0" authority="(Agassiz, 1843)" baseAuthorityName="Agassiz" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[500,1006,733,759]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FE329DE94E650DC0" box="[500,814,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Agassiz, 1843)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FBEA9DE948390DC0" author="Noubhani A. & Cappetta H." box="[1068,1394,733,759]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref147972" refString="Noubhani A. & Cappetta H. 1997. Les Orectolobiformes, Carcharhiniformes et Myliobatiformes (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) des Bassins a phosphates du Maroc (Maastrichtien-Lutetien basal). Systematique, biostratigraphie, evolution et dynamique des faunes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 8: 1 - 327." type="journal article" year="1997">Noubhani & Cappetta 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FF7B9C344C020C2D" author="Adnet S." box="[189,329,768,794]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref135647" refString="Adnet S. 2006. Nouvelles faunes de selaciens (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) de l'Eocene des Landes (Sud-Ouest, France). Implication dans les connaissances des communautes d'eaux profondes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 10: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="2006">Adnet 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FE929C344F1E0C2C" author="Carlsen A. W. & Cuny G." box="[340,597,768,795]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="39 - 88" refId="ref138223" refString="Carlsen A. W. & Cuny G. 2014. A study of the sharks and rays from the Lillebaelt Clay (early-middle Eocene) of Denmark, and their palaeoecology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 62: 39 - 88." type="journal article" year="2014">Carlsen & Cuny 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FD999C354EDF0C2C" author="Vasquez S. & Pimiento C." box="[607,916,768,795]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="165 - 169" refId="ref153012" refString="Vasquez S. & Pimiento C. 2014. Sharks and rays from the Tonosi Formation (Eocene of Panama). Revista Geologica de America Central 51: 165 - 169." type="journal article" year="2014">Vasquez & Pimiento 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This later species, however, has become a ‘waste-basket’ taxon, and recent studies have shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FCB79C1049700C09" authority="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[881,1083,804,830]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="appendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FCB79C1049700C09" box="[881,1083,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F99D3EFF9FFFB5FB849C10499F0C09" box="[1090,1236,804,830]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is, at present, stratigraphically and geographically restricted to the Turonian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FF9FFFB5FC629C73494D0C56" box="[932,1030,839,865]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FBD59C7349F50C56" author="Siverson M." box="[1043,1214,839,865]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="49 - 66" refId="ref150474" refString="Siverson M. 1999. A new large lamniform shark from the uppermost Gearle Siltstone (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) of Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 90: 49 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300002509" type="journal article" year="1999">Siverson 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Siversson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FAF89C7C483C0C56" box="[1342,1399,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015). A redescription of the genus by Siversson
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FD359C5F4E670CB2" box="[755,812,875,901]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015) has shown a good degree of morphological variability among the teeth of the various Late Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC459CBA49450C9F" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[899,1038,910,936]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC459CBA49450C9F" box="[899,1038,910,936]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, making it difficult to determine what characteristics can be utilized to separate them from those of the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FADC9C8548240CFC" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[1306,1391,945,971]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FADC9C8548240CFC" box="[1306,1391,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This lack of disparity can be seen among the unserrated Paleocene and Eocene otodontid teeth recovered in Alabama, as it remains uncertain whether they should be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC319CCC49070B25" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[1015,1100,1016,1042]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC319CCC49070B25" box="[1015,1100,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FBB79CCC49B70B25" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[1137,1276,1016,1042]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FBB79CCC49B70B25" box="[1137,1276,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although much more clarity is needed to resolve the taxonomy of these unserrated Paleogene otodontids, it is our opinion that the Claiborne specimens are likely best placed within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC199B0B49ED0B6E" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[991,1190,1087,1113]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC199B0B497F0B6E" box="[991,1076,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FB819B0B49D70B6E" box="[1095,1180,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because it seems more parsimonious to extend the Paleocene-derived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FCE89B564EBE0B4A" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[814,1013,1122,1149]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FCE89B564EC80B4B" box="[814,899,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC509B564EA00B4B" box="[918,1003,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage into the middle Eocene, as opposed to further extending the range of the Late Cretaceous-derived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FB829BB149840BA8" authority="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[1092,1231,1157,1183]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FB829BB149840BA8" box="[1092,1231,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9F99D3EFF9FFFB5FB1C9BB248380BA8" box="[1242,1395,1157,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
. Furthermore, we have observed that, towards the commissure, the teeth of several fossil lamniform sharks become broader, low-crowned, more recurved, and with wider lateral cusplets than teeth in more anterior positions. Therefore, Eocene specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC549BDB49560A3E" authorityName="Ebersole & Cicimurri & Stringer" authorityYear="2019" box="[914,1053,1263,1289]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Otodontidae" genus="Cretalamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC549BDB49560A3E" box="[914,1053,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cretalamna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could represent more lateral/ posterior teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FE4B9A274F180A1A" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[397,595,1299,1325]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FE4B9A274CA90A1A" box="[397,482,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FE359A274F030A1A" box="[499,584,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9FFFB4FF7B9A6149120E59" blockId="26.[189,1399,1364,2027]" lastBlockId="27.[189,1399,267,366]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FEBC9A604C840A59" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[378,463,1364,1390]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FEBC9A604C840A59" box="[378,463,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have previously been described from Paleogene deposits in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF9FFFB5FB619A60485F0A59" box="[1191,1300,1364,1390]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FAE49A604CB20AA5" authority="(Leriche, 1942)" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FAE49A604C7F0AA5" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FE819A4C4CBA0AA5" author="Leriche M." box="[327,497,1400,1426]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref145078" refString="Leriche M. 1942. Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la Plaine cotiere atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis. Les synchronismes des formations tertiaires des deux cotes de l'Atlantique. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 45 (2 - 4): 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1942">Leriche, 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FDFF9A4C4E320AA5" authority="Agassiz, 1843" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[569,889,1400,1426]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FDFF9A4C4F8D0AA5" box="[569,710,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
Agassiz, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FC4A9A4C49E70AA5" author="Ehret D. J. & Ebersole J. A." box="[908,1196,1400,1426]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="625" refId="ref141546" refString="Ehret D. J. & Ebersole J. A. 2014. Occurrence of the megatoothed sharks (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) in Alabama, USA. PeerJ 2: e 625. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 625" type="journal article" year="2014">Ehret & Ebersole 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The taxonomic validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FEFF9AA84C990A82" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[313,466,1435,1462]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FEFF9AA84C990A82" box="[313,466,1435,1462]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, is in question because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FC8B9AAF4EB20A82" author="Leriche M." box="[845,1017,1435,1461]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 110" refId="ref145078" refString="Leriche M. 1942. Contribution a l'etude des faunes ichthyologiques marines des terrains tertiaires de la Plaine cotiere atlantique et du centre des Etats-Unis. Les synchronismes des formations tertiaires des deux cotes de l'Atlantique. Memoires de la Societe geologique de France 45 (2 - 4): 1 - 110." type="journal article" year="1942">Leriche (1942)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF9FFFB5FB1F9AAF48080A82" box="[1241,1347,1435,1461]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and his
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF9FFFB5FF209A8B4C060AEE" box="[230,333,1471,1497]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
included a range of morphologies from both the Danian Midway Group of Wilcox County, AL, and the Thanetian Cannonball Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF9FFFB5FD3D9AD64ED40ACB" box="[763,927,1506,1532]" country="United States of America" name="North Dakota" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">North Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FF9FFFB5FC6C9AD64EA30ACB" box="[938,1000,1506,1532]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FB559AD648390ACA" author="Arambourg C." box="[1171,1394,1506,1533]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 372" refId="ref136183" refString="Arambourg C. 1952. Les vertebres fossiles des gisements de phosphates (Maroc-Algerie-Tunisie). Notes et Memoires du Service geologique du Maroc 92: 1 - 372." type="journal article" year="1952">Arambourg (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FF7B99314F6D0928" author="Cvancara A. M. & Hoganson J. W." box="[189,550,1541,1568]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref140549" refString="Cvancara A. M. & Hoganson J. W. 1993. Vertebrates of the Cannonball Formation (Paleocene) in North and South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (1): 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1993.10011484" type="journal article" year="1993">Cvancara & Hoganson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FD6399314E070928" author="Muller A." box="[677,844,1541,1567]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref146931" refString="Muller A. 1999. Ichthyofaunen aus dem atlantischen Tertiar der USA. Leipziger Geowissenschaften 9 - 10: 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1999">Müller (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC18993249310928" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[990,1146,1541,1568]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC18993249310928" box="[990,1146,1541,1568]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FF7B991D4C0C0975" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[189,327,1576,1603]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B991D4C0C0975" box="[189,327,1576,1603]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species originally described from the Ypresian London Clay in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8A9BCC7FF9FFFB5FB9A991C49890975" box="[1116,1218,1576,1602]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
. As part of this study, the specimens in our sample were compared directly to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC0E997849280951" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[968,1123,1612,1638]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC0E997849280951" box="[968,1123,1612,1638]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F0542F5FF9FFFB5FBAD997849990951" box="[1131,1234,1612,1638]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
at the USNM (USNM 8256, USNM 25957-59, USNM 25961–67, USNM 25970), as well as illustrated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FB2A9944483D09BE" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[1260,1398,1647,1674]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FB2A9944483D09BE" box="[1260,1398,1647,1674]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from the London Clay (i.e., Agassiz 1843: fig. 208a–e;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9FFFB5FC1F99A64927099B" author="Casier E." box="[985,1132,1682,1708]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref139171" refString="Casier E. 1966. Faune ichthyologique du London Clay. British Museum (Natural History), London." type="book" year="1966">Casier 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6–7). The teeth in our sample (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FF9FFFB5FE9499824CDC09E7" box="[338,407,1718,1744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,463,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[189,1398,454,1648]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L. Otodus (Otodus) sp. A–C. MSC 2999.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 3008.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 35761.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 35761.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. J. Labial view. K. Lingual view. L. Mesial view. — M–X. Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. M–O. MSC 37019, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of Carl Sloan. M. Labial view. N. Lingual view. O. Distal view. P–R. MSC 37172, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of James Lowery. P. Labial view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 2371, Gosport Sand. S. Labial view. T. Lingual view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 2370, Gosport Sand. V. Labial view. W. Lingual view. X. Distal view. Scale bars: A–F, M–X =1 cm; G–L=5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660277/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–L) differ from both of these taxa in being of smaller size (not exceeding 3.0 cm in greatest height for anterior teeth,
|
||
<quantity id="574651B2FF9FFFB5FDAD99ED4FF709C3" box="[619,700,1753,1780]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
for lateral teeth), and by having a main cusp that is not as wide (especially those in the anterior files). Furthermore, the mesial and distal cutting edges on the main cusp on the anterior teeth in our sample (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FF9FFFB5FD6398144FA1080D" box="[677,746,1824,1850]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,463,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[189,1398,454,1648]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L. Otodus (Otodus) sp. A–C. MSC 2999.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 3008.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 35761.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 35761.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. J. Labial view. K. Lingual view. L. Mesial view. — M–X. Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. M–O. MSC 37019, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of Carl Sloan. M. Labial view. N. Lingual view. O. Distal view. P–R. MSC 37172, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of James Lowery. P. Labial view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 2371, Gosport Sand. S. Labial view. T. Lingual view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 2370, Gosport Sand. V. Labial view. W. Lingual view. X. Distal view. Scale bars: A–F, M–X =1 cm; G–L=5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660277/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–F) are concave at the base, as opposed to straight or often bi-convex on the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FDEB98704F83086A" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[557,712,1859,1886]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FDEB98704F83086A" box="[557,712,1859,1886]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FCC798704EC1086A" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[769,906,1859,1886]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FCC798704EC1086A" box="[769,906,1859,1886]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, the lateral teeth in our sample (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0885E0D2FF9FFFB5FF0098534C4508B6" box="[198,270,1895,1921]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,463,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[189,1398,454,1648]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 9. Otodontidae Glikman, 1964, teeth. A–L. Otodus (Otodus) sp. A–C. MSC 2999.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. A. Labial view. B. Lingual view. C. Mesial view. D–F. MSC 3008.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. D. Labial view. E. Lingual view. F. Mesial view. G–I. MSC 35761.2, lower Tallahatta Formation. G. Labial view. H. Lingual view. I. Mesial view. J–L. MSC 35761.1, lower Tallahatta Formation. J. Labial view. K. Lingual view. L. Mesial view. — M–X. Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. M–O. MSC 37019, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of Carl Sloan. M. Labial view. N. Lingual view. O. Distal view. P–R. MSC 37172, basal Lisbon Formation, courtesy of James Lowery. P. Labial view. Q. Lingual view. R. Mesial view. S–U. MSC 2371, Gosport Sand. S. Labial view. T. Lingual view. U. Mesial view. V–X. MSC 2370, Gosport Sand. V. Labial view. W. Lingual view. X. Distal view. Scale bars: A–F, M–X =1 cm; G–L=5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3660277/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
G–L) have a shorter crown and never more than a single pair of lateral cusplets (as opposed the occasional presence of up to two pairs on both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FCE498BE4EF40893" baseAuthorityName="Leriche" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[802,959,1930,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mediavius">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FCE498BE4EF40893" box="[802,959,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. mediavius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC3D98BE49CD0893" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[1019,1158,1930,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC3D98BE49CD0893" box="[1019,1158,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Although some of the teeth in our sample may indeed represent a stratigraphically young (upper Ypresian) occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FF7B98E54C0E08DC" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[189,325,2001,2027]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FF7B98E54C0E08DC" box="[189,325,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">O. obliquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, here we choose to remain conservative and assign them to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9FFFB5FC3098E549F208DC" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[1014,1209,2001,2027]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FC3098E5490008DC" box="[1014,1099,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9FFFB5FB9C98E549E408DC" box="[1114,1199,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. as to resolve the taxonomy of middle Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9EFFB4FD819E3F4FD70E12" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[583,668,267,293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FD819E3F4FD70E12" box="[583,668,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens in Alabama would require many more specimens than what is currently available. For the purposes of this report, we utilize the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9EFFB4FB759E1B483C0E7D" authority="(Otodus)" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" baseAuthorityName="Otodus" box="[1203,1399,303,330]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Otodus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FB759E1B48430E7E" box="[1203,1288,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FADE9E1B48260E7E" box="[1304,1389,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to differentiate unserrated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9EFFB4FE359E674F030E5A" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[499,584,339,365]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FE359E674F030E5A" box="[499,584,339,365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth from those with serrations (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9EFFB4FF7B9EA14E5F0E98" blockId="27.[189,788,405,432]" box="[189,788,405,432]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="CB494B3BFF9EFFB4FF7B9EA14E5F0E98" bold="true" box="[189,788,405,432]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FF7B9EA14E5F0E98" bold="true" box="[189,788,405,432]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Stratigraphic and geographic range in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF9EFFB4FD649EA14E5F0E98" box="[674,788,405,431]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9001FC57FF9EFFB4FF7B9EF14C3B0D58" blockId="27.[189,1399,453,624]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
All of the specimens in our sample were collected from the Tallahatta Formation at sites ACon-6 and ADl-1.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F42F81A6FF9EFFB4FE8A9EDD4F240D33" author="Cappetta H. & Case G. R." box="[332,623,489,516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="43 - 103" refId="ref137973" refString="Cappetta H. & Case G. R. 2016. A selachian fauna from the middle Eocene (Lutetian, Lisbon Formation) of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, USA. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 307 (1 - 6): 43 - 103." type="journal article" year="2016">Cappetta & Case (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported additional
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57BE87D4FF9EFFB4FCA29EDD4EF20D34" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" box="[868,953,489,515]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Otodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A2CA2045FF9EFFB4FCA29EDD4EF20D34" box="[868,953,489,515]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Otodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth from the contact of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="527A32B5FF9EFFB4FAE39EDD483D0D34" box="[1317,1398,489,515]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Tallahatta formations at site ACov-11. These specimens were likely derived from the Tallahatta Formation (see our discussion of these specimens below). Upper Ypresian to lower Lutetian, zones NP12 to NP14.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |