treatments-xml/data/D9/51/A1/D951A16A357B59BEAF7EAE7987B154F5.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49946" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2f94dd80-44f5-489b-ba24-9a44be3d1b8c" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192795472" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-159" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F853CD04A0DC5FEE92DD6C4135DA0B47" ID-ZooBank="401A609B84424252BA90698ADB96FE1A" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:794F29CB-8D96-4135-88EC-E23176914149" ModsDocID="1860-0743-1-159" checkinTime="1588669735824" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Domenech, Marc, Crespo, Luis C., Enguidanos, Alba &amp; Arnedo, Miquel A." docDate="2020" docId="D951A16A357B59BEAF7EAE7987B154F5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 96(1): 159-173" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 96 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49946" docTitle="Theridion promiscuum Domenech &amp; Crespo 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="794F29CB-8D96-4135-88EC-E23176914149" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" id="F853CD04A0DC5FEE92DD6C4135DA0B47" lastPageNumber="159" masterDocId="F853CD04A0DC5FEE92DD6C4135DA0B47" masterDocTitle="Mitochondrial discordance in closely related Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae), with description of a new species of the T. melanurum group" masterLastPageNumber="173" masterPageNumber="159" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" updateTime="1643636199810" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Mitochondrial discordance in closely related Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae), with description of a new species of the T. melanurum group</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Domenech, Marc</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences &amp; Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E- 08028, Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4352-5301</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">mdomenan@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Crespo, Luis C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences &amp; Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E- 08028, Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-5661</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Enguidanos, Alba</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences &amp; Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E- 08028, Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Arnedo, Miquel A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences &amp; Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E- 08028, Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1402-4727</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>96</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49946</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.49946</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="192795472" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:794F29CB-8D96-4135-88EC-E23176914149" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D951A16A357B59BEAF7EAE7987B154F5" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName LSID="D951A16A-357B-59BE-AF7E-AE7987B154F5" authority="Domènech &amp; Crespo" authorityName="Domenech &amp; Crespo" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion promiscuum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="promiscuum" status="sp. nov.">
Theridion promiscuum 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Domènech">Domenech</normalizedToken>
&amp; Crespo
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="159">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Figs 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron microscope image of left male palp. Top: ventral view. Bottom: prolateral view. a, b) Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. c, d) Theridion mystaceum. e, f) Theridion harmsi. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406586" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">, 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
Holotype ♂: Spain, Parc Nacional 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Aigüestortes">d'Aigueestortes</normalizedToken>
i Estany de Sant Maurici, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="42.5491" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="42.5491">42.5491</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="0.8714" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="0.8714">0.8714</geoCoordinate>
, 1739 m. Hand collecting, June 30, 2013 (Marcos Roca-Cusachs leg.). Deposited at CMCNB under the code MZB 2017-3715.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
Paratypes: 6♂ and 5♀ from Spain, Parc Nacional 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Aigüestortes">d'Aigueestortes</normalizedToken>
i Estany de Sant Maurici, 0.8725, 42.5496, 1760 m. June 29, 2013. Four males and three females deposited at CMCNB under the codes MZB 2019-1687, MZB 2017-3710, MZB 2017-3713, MZB 2017-4570, MZB 2019-1688, MZB 2017-3712, and MZB 2017-3714. Two males and two females deposited at CRBA under the codes CRBA-89454, CRBA-89455, CRBA-89456, and CRBA-89457.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
The specific name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Domenech &amp; Crespo" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="promiscuum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the Latin word for 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“intermingling”">&quot;intermingling&quot;</normalizedToken>
, referring to the morphological similarity with other species of the 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. melanurum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="melanurum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. melanurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. It also makes reference to the possible introgression between this species and other closely related species here reported.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
Males of 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. melanurum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="melanurum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. melanurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group by a bent and twisted embolus, forming a marked angle (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5e</figureCitation>
); embolus shorter in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. than in sympatric 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. mystaceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Theridion mystaceum. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">6e</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. harmsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Theridion harmsi. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">7e</figureCitation>
); tip of the embolus pointing distally in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5c</figureCitation>
) and pointing retrolaterally in remaining species (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Theridion mystaceum. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">6c</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Theridion harmsi. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">7c</figureCitation>
); base, prolateral part of the embolus more sclerotized in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5e</figureCitation>
) than in remaining species of the 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. melanurum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="melanurum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. melanurum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Theridion mystaceum. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">6e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Theridion harmsi. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">7e</figureCitation>
); presence of small barbs in embolus base distal border is unique to 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (only visible in SEM; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron microscope image of left male palp. Top: ventral view. Bottom: prolateral view. a, b) Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. c, d) Theridion mystaceum. e, f) Theridion harmsi. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406586" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">8a, b</figureCitation>
). Females of 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. mystaceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. harmsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the lower position of copulatory duct openings in atrium in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5f</figureCitation>
), which are central in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. harmsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Theridion harmsi. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">7f</figureCitation>
) and close to or under lateral walls of atrium in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. mystaceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Theridion mystaceum. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">6f</figureCitation>
); copulatory ducts shorter, fewer coils in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. promiscuum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5g</figureCitation>
) than in 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. mystaceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Theridion mystaceum. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">6g</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. harmsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Theridion harmsi. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">7g</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Domenech &amp; Crespo" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion promiscuum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019-1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017-3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406584" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1870" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion mystaceum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. a) Female, dorsal habitus b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406585" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2011" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion harmsi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. a) Female, dorsal habitus. b) Male, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
Holotype male: Total length 1.81; abdomen 1.04; cephalothorax length 0.84, width 0.78. Leg length (total, coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus): I: 4.46, 0.22, 0.16, 1.18, 0.42, 0.97, 1.02, 0.5; II: 3.38, 0.2, 0.11, 0.91, 0.37, 0.63, 0.75, 0.41; III: 2.49, 0.16, 0.08, 0.69, 0.3, 0.4, 0.53, 0.34; IV: 3.32, 0.21, 0.1, 0.98, 0.38, 0.56, 0.7, 0.39. Leg formula: 1&gt;2&gt;4&gt;3. Eye diameter: AME 0.07; ALE 0.06; PME 0.06; PLE 0.07. Distance from AME to clypeus 0.18. Length of chelicera 0.26, fang 0.14. Dark circles around the eyes, with eye region darker than the rest of carapace. Carapace yellowish brown, with blackish triangular patch not reaching the eyes (see paratype MZB 2017-3713; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5b</figureCitation>
). Margin of the carapace also blackish. Sternum yellowish, paler in the middle and darker in the margins, with thin black border. Legs pale with darker annulations. Dorsal abdomen with light central dented band running longitudinally and bordered with black (see paratype MZB 2017-3713; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5b</figureCitation>
). Thinner reddish band running through the middle of the light central band. Rest of the abdomen brown with darker spots. Ventral side with white spots. Spinnerets bordered by thick black line. Colulus absent. Palpal tibia pale. Embolus base wide, well sclerotized basally and prolaterally. Embolus wide, angularly bent, basally well sclerotized (see paratype MZB 2017-3713; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5e</figureCitation>
). Presence of small barbs in the distal border of the embolus base, visible in SEM (see paratype MZB 2017-3713; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Scanning electron microscope image of left male palp. Top: ventral view. Bottom: prolateral view. a, b) Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. c, d) Theridion mystaceum. e, f) Theridion harmsi. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406586" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">8a</figureCitation>
) but very hardly visible in stereomicroscope given the membranous and translucid nature of these barbs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
Paratype female (MZB 2019-1688): Total length 2.18; abdomen 1.33; cephalothorax length 0.93, width 0.84. Leg lengths (total, coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus): I: 4.74, 0.24, 0.14, 1.28, 0.45, 1.01, 1.13, 0.5; II: 3.42, 0.24, 0.1, 0.94, 0.37, 0.61, 0.76, 0.41; III: 2.65, 0.22, 0.08, 0.74, 0.3, 0.39, 0.57, 0.36; IV: 3.7, 0.29, 0.1, 1.08, 0.38, 0.63, 0.82, 0.41. Leg formula: 1&gt;2&gt;4&gt;3. Eye diameters: AME 0.08; ALE 0.07; PME 0.06; PLE 0.07. Distance from AME to clypeus 0.17. Length of chelicera 0.34, fang 0.13. Spine-like bristles in leg I: 2 in patella, 2 in tibia. Relative positions in tibia I: 0.25, 0.68. Thickness of tibia I: 0.1. Serrated bristles on tarsus of fourth leg. Cephalothorax yellowish brown with a black central area reaching the eye region, and broad, dark edge (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5a</figureCitation>
). Sternum yellow, paler in the middle and darker in the margins. Abdomen more spherical than in male. Spinnerets bordered by thick black line. Colulus absent. Epigynal cavity wider than long. Openings of the copulatory ducts close to the posterior margin of the epigynal cavity (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5f</figureCitation>
). Copulatory ducts relatively short and with few coils (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Theridion promiscuum sp. nov. a) Female paratype MZB 2019 - 1688, dorsal habitus. b) Male paratype MZB 2017 - 3713, dorsal habitus. c) Left male palp, ventral. d) Left male palp, retrolateral e) Male embolus f) Female epigynum, ventral g) Female vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: 1 mm (a, b); 0.1 mm (c, d, f, g); 0.05 mm (e)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406583" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">5g</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="intraspecific variation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Spine-like bristles in tibia of leg I of paratypes: two in patella, two in tibia. Relative positions of first spine in tibia: 0.25-0.32 (average 0.275). Relative positions of second spine in tibia: 0.7-0.74 (average 0.717). Thickness of tibia I: 0.11-0.13 (average 0.123).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="genetic information">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Genetic information.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">We obtained a 568 bp sequence of the COI mitochondrial gene for the holotype (stored in Genbank under the code MT215600) and five paratypes (MZB 2017-3710, MZB 2017-3712, MZB 2017-3713, MZB 2017-3714, and MZB 2017-4570 with GenBank codes MT215603, MT215604, MT215602, MT215606 and MT215601, respectively). We also obtained sequences of the ITS2 of up to 469 bp, including up to 26 bp of the 28S gene and up to 69 bp of the 5.8S gene, for the holotype (GenBank code MT117179) and the five paratypes mentioned before (codes MT117182, MT117181, MT117180, MT117183 and MT117184).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
The holotype and paratypes were collected in an oak forest of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus pubescens" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Quercus pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Willd. in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aigüestortes">Aigueestortes</normalizedToken>
i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park, located in the southern slopes of the Catalan Pyrenees. The specimens were captured either by beating, sweeping or direct sampling, but not by pitfall traps, which suggests that this species is found in the vegetation at a certain height above the ground. Only the three specimens captured by beating method were captured during the day, whereas the sweeping and direct sampling ones were captured at night, which indicates that this species is mostly active at night.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="159" type="other taxa analysed">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Other taxa analysed.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
The specimen tentatively referred to as 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T." pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 15 is morphologically similar to the species 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. cinereum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="cinereum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. cinereum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thorell, 1875, 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. petraeum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="petraeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. petraeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. Koch, 1872, 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. furfuraceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="furfuraceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. furfuraceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Simon, 1914, 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. pyrenaeum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="pyrenaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. pyrenaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Denis, 1944, and 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. wiehlei" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="wiehlei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. wiehlei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Schenkel, 1938. However, the male palp of the single specimen available showed slight differences in the shape of the median apophysis, slightly tilted, and the more pronounced basal curvature of the shorter embolus, which refrained us from assigning it to any of the former species. The DNA barcodes, on the other hand, identified the specimen unambiguously as 
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T. cinereum" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" rank="species" species="cinereum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">T. cinereum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.49946.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/406586" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Figure 8.</emphasis>
Scanning electron microscope image of left male palp. Top: ventral view. Bottom: prolateral view. a, b) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Domenech &amp; Crespo" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion promiscuum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="promiscuum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion promiscuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. c, d) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1870" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion mystaceum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mystaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion mystaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. e, f) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2011" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridion harmsi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harmsi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="159">Theridion harmsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>