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<document id="882F6104100E16F5DEB913F1F88C8948" ID-CLB-Dataset="199798" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45125e4f-821a-45cb-a293-5dd2e6f32500" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389012" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1669969214251" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana" docDate="2022" docId="B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.41-44.1841-1868.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Corynura bruchiana" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1853" masterDocId="4E19FFEB77291D77FFA04947FFBFDE4E" masterDocTitle="Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1868" masterPageNumber="1841" pageNumber="1852" updateTime="1699412720002" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D2CD23550EC67D70CA0C5D9955A2C601">Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AFAE88C878AD260C61B9F533938AC777">González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="497B943B9646950C49FB9055757862C7">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DE21B4C6E3C501633F861641BBAAFE38">45 - 48</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7391859" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205698856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7391859" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B220879377221D7AFDB44858FF45DEA3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="1853" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
<subSubSection id="7293650E77221D7CFDB44858FCB1DF77" box="[532,782,287,313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A36368577221D7CFDB44858FCB1DF77" blockId="11.[532,782,287,313]" box="[532,782,287,313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
<heading id="617E81E977221D7CFDB44858FCB1DF77" bold="true" box="[532,782,287,313]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFDB44858FCB1DF77" ID-CoL="YRW5" baseAuthorityName="Schrottky" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[532,782,287,313]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruchiana">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFDB44858FCB1DF77" bold="true" box="[532,782,287,313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Corynura bruchiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7293650E77221D7CFE76480FFCF2DF2C" box="[470,845,328,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A36368577221D7CFE76480FFCF2DF2C" blockId="11.[470,845,328,354]" box="[470,845,328,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
(
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077221D7CFE7E480FFDE4DF2C" box="[478,603,328,354]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-180@6.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Some of the species studied. (a) Ca. aureoviridis; (b) Co. bruchiana; (c) Co. ampliata removing soil from the nest to the exterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389018/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Figures 1b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077221D7CFDC7480FFDC7DF2C" box="[615,632,328,354]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077221D7CFD23480FFD20DF2C" box="[643,671,328,354]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1408,1431]" captionTargetBox="[165,1151,143,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-1@18.[163,1153,142,1376]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389036/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">8a</figureCitation>
; Tables S6–S7)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7293650E77221D7AFF0048E6FF45DEA3" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="1854" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3A36368577221D7CFF0048E6FEB6DFF5" blockId="11.[160,265,417,443]" box="[160,265,417,443]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
<heading id="617E81E977221D7CFF0048E6FEB6DFF5" bold="true" box="[160,265,417,443]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" reason="3">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFF0048E6FEB6DFF5" bold="true" box="[160,265,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Nest site</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A36368577221D7CFF004891FE9FDD04" blockId="11.[160,1156,470,842]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
Nests of this species were found in vertical banks (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077221D7CFD6A4891FC8EDFA1" box="[714,817,470,495]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Figure 4a</figureCitation>
) facing north or west, towards main roads of the National Parks sampled, in the permanent shade of trees. Nest aggregations (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077221D7CFEE44B5BFE0FDC7B" box="[324,432,540,565]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Figure 4b</figureCitation>
) contained both active and inactive nests. Bees carrying pollen were observed, flying in close proximity to the bank until they found the entrance of their nest. The nests found in Lake Guillelmo and Villa Mascardi were studied on cloudy, rainy days. Some velvet ants (
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFE064BC3FDFBDCD3" box="[422,580,644,669]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFDED4BC3FD00DCD3" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[589,703,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFD674BC3FCE2DCD3" box="[711,861,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" genus="Euspinolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFD674BC3FC89DCD3" box="[711,822,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Euspinolia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) were observed walking in the nesting area at Puerto Arrayán, and
<specimenCount id="2C8FFD0C77221D7CFDF64BE1FD4DDCF1" box="[598,754,678,703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
was found inside an active nest that was occupied by a bee (Table S6: nest 3), but no evidence of parasitism was found in the cells studied. Nests of
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFE174BABFD3DDD4B" box="[439,642,748,773]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Caenohalictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFE174BABFDEADD4B" box="[439,597,748,773]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Caenohalictus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFD344BABFCB4DD4B" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" box="[660,779,748,773]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFCBB4BABFC7EDD4B" box="[795,961,748,773]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Caenohalictini">Caenohalictini</taxonomicName>
) and anthills of Dolichoderinae and
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFE304A49FD5FDD69" box="[400,736,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFE304A49FDA3DD69" box="[400,540,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Camponotus</emphasis>
sp. (Formicinae)
</taxonomicName>
were found in the nesting area of Lake Lolog.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6EF6660D77221D7CFF004C89FBE2D839" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" startId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" targetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="3A36368577221D7CFF004C89FBE2D839" blockId="11.[160,1156,1486,1655]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFF004C89FF46DBAB" bold="true" box="[160,249,1486,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677221D7CFEA04C89FE02DBAB" baseAuthorityName="Schrottky" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[256,445,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruchiana">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777221D7CFEA04C89FE02DBAB" box="[256,445,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1852">Corynura bruchiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3A36368577251D7BFF0049C9FEF4DEE6" blockId="12.[160,331,142,168]" box="[160,331,142,168]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">
<heading id="617E81E977251D7BFF0049C9FEF4DEE6" bold="true" box="[160,331,142,168]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" reason="3">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777251D7BFF0049C9FEF4DEE6" bold="true" box="[160,331,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Nest structure</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A36368577251D7BFF004984FD56DAA2" blockId="12.[160,1156,195,1260]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">
The entrances had a diameter of 5.0 mm (SD = 0.6, n = 15). The nests comprised a horizontal burrow that led to a well-defined chamber (x =
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFCD649A1FC6DDEB1" box="[886,978,230,255]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="cm" value="18.8">18.8 cm</quantity>
SD = 9.4 from entrance, n = 18) which held an earthen block: the cluster of cells. Since the nests were very close to each other, digging an active nest caused the exposure of tunnels and blocks of nearby nests. Most of these nearby nests were inactive, from past years, and only had open cells with faeces or cells filled with loose soil (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077251D7BFBA84837FBCADFC7" box="[1032,1141,368,393]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Figure 4c</figureCitation>
). These nests were included in the study, though they lack some measurements (e.g. entrance diameter, chamber depth; see Table S6). No nest had branches from the main burrow, although occasionally a blind burrow extended beyond the cluster for a few centimetres. The earthen block containing the cells rested at the bottom of the chamber (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077251D7BFEB64B59FE3ADC79" box="[278,389,542,567]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Figure 4d</figureCitation>
) or was held in place by roots, but there were no earthen pillars to support it, and therefore it was easy to remove clusters intact. The shape of the block was approximately rounded, the surface was rough and the cells’ outlines were not evident from the exterior. The blocks were opened in the laboratory 7 days after extraction, and measurements and contents were recorded (Table S6); no bee emerged in the intervening period. The blocks were carefully scraped with a knife to find the cells, which were orientated in different directions (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077251D7BFC3D4BA9FB96DD49" box="[925,1065,750,775]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Figures 4c,e</figureCitation>
). Some cells contained fungi and dead larvae (
<figureCitation id="A2B22A0077251D7BFDC54A57FD73DD67" box="[613,716,784,809]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-188@11.[163,1153,955,1454]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389025/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Figure 4f</figureCitation>
), suggesting that this species may be particularly sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and/or manipulation, though it is possible that the larvae were already dead before nest excavation. A few blocks were left intact as voucher material. The blocks had the following measurements:
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFF594ADCFEC8DDFA" box="[249,375,923,948]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="mm" value="29.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="22.0">22–36 mm</quantity>
width,
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFE774ADCFDEADDFA" box="[471,597,923,948]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="16.0">16–28 mm</quantity>
length,
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFD1D4ADCFC84DDFA" box="[701,827,923,948]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="13.0">13–24 mm</quantity>
height (n = 5). Each block had at most six cells (x = 3.5 SD = 1.6, n = 17). The cells were ovoid in shape and had the following measurements:
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFDB24AA7FD1EDDB7" box="[530,673,992,1017]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="mm" value="3.3" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.8 mm</quantity>
width at neck, 4.6–6.0 mm maximum width,
<quantity id="FD719B6077251D7BFF534D44FE35DA52" box="[243,394,1027,1052]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" metricValueMax="1.14" metricValueMin="0.94" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" unit="mm" value="10.4" valueMax="11.4" valueMin="9.4">9.4–11.4 mm</quantity>
length (n = 14). Two nests had an earthen block with no cells in it (Table S6: nests 7, 9), and the blocks extracted in December were not smaller than those found at the end of January, though the first ones only had one to three cells. This could be evidence that the bees delimit or build the earthen block first and then dig the cells in it, instead of digging the cells as they enlarge the block, as
<bibRefCitation id="5E184B7477251D7BFF004DF7FE26DA87" author="Claude-Joseph EC" box="[160,409,1200,1225]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" pagination="114 - 268" refId="ref13756" refString="Claude-Joseph EC. 1926. Recherches biologiques sur les Hymenopteres du Chile (Melliferes). Ann Sci Nat Zool. 10 (9): 114 - 268." type="journal article" year="1926">Claude-Joseph (1926)</bibRefCitation>
described for
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677251D7BFDE74DF7FD78DA87" box="[583,711,1200,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicata">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777251D7BFDE74DF7FD78DA87" box="[583,711,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Co. apicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In active nests, both open cells with faeces and cells filled with loose soil were found.
</paragraph>
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<heading id="617E81E977251D7BFF004C7DFE3EDB1A" bold="true" box="[160,385,1338,1364]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" reason="3">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777251D7BFF004C7DFE3EDB1A" bold="true" box="[160,385,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Nesting behaviour</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A36368577251D7BFF004C28FF47DBBE" blockId="12.[160,1156,1391,1728]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">
Several indicators suggest that
<taxonomicName id="FD894D0677251D7BFDA74C28FD1EDBC6" baseAuthorityName="Schrottky" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[519,673,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruchiana">
<emphasis id="08FDEA9777251D7BFDA74C28FD1EDBC6" box="[519,673,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853">Co. bruchiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a solitary species, at least in the region studied. I never found more than
<specimenCount id="2C8FFD0C77251D7BFDB94CD5FD3BDBE5" box="[537,644,1426,1451]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
per nest, all of them had some mandible and wing wear (Table S7), and the earthen blocks had relatively few cells, all features of solitary species.
</paragraph>
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The nests dug on 20 December had open cells with pollen, and closed cells with pollen and an egg or small larva on it, evidence that the bees had started the nesting season recently. Only
<specimenCount id="2C8FFD0C77251D7BFEF34F78FE45D816" box="[339,506,1599,1624]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1853" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
had fully developed ovaries, which was collected in December. Specimens collected at the end of January had little or no evidence of ovary development (Table S7), but this could be due to the fact that oviposition had already ended. Most nests dug in late January had postdefecating larvae, and two had male pupae (Table S6). These data and the fact that there are no male specimens in collections obtained before February (Table S14) indicate that this species is univoltine in the area studied.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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