357 lines
38 KiB
XML
357 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45221874-7fe5-4bd5-a3da-3b318b7dd9a8" ID-PMC="PMC3253626" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-158-1" ID-PubMed="22303109" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-158-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 158" ModsDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" checkinTime="1451249442870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. & Lindner, Alberto" docDate="2011" docId="E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 158: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 158" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910" docTitle="Stylantheca papillosa Dall 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="CD06FFFFD917034E2D15FFB73E6BFFD7" masterDocTitle="A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668153073747" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and Adjacent Waters</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lindner, Alberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>158</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-158-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032737" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3565A4F9F9027CB8CEE6C3614578C79" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stylantheca_papillosa" authority="Dall, 1884" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1884" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa (Dall, 1884)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–G29A–L">D-G29A-L</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Allopora papillosa</taxonomicName>
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Dall, 1884: 113-114.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">Fisher 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 527-528, pl. 54, fig. 4, pl. 59, fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
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Fisher, 1931: 395-397, pl. 15, figs 1, 1a, pl. 16, figs 5, 5a-b, pl. 17, figs 6, 6a-c.-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Boschma 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: F100, text fig. 81-1a-b;
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<bibRefCitation author="Boschma, H" journalOrPublisher="Series C" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="423 - 434" title="Gyropora africana, a new stylasterine coral. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenshappen, Amsterdam." volume="63" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
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: 426-427, text
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<pageBreakToken pageId="54" pageNumber="55" start="start">figs</pageBreakToken>
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1e-g.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns 1983b</bibRefCitation>
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: 430, 481-483, figs 18A-I, 24H, 27G, J.-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Wing and Barnard 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 10, 27.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Heifetz, J" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Oceanography" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="131 - 138" title="Corals of the Aleutian Islands." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00371.x" volume="14" year="2005">Heifetz et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 133 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Stone and Shotwell 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 108 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Whitmire and Clarke 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 154 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Jamieson et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 224 (listed).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Allopora petrograpta</taxonomicName>
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Fisher, 1938: 530-531, pl. 54, figs 5, 5a, pl. 59, fig. 4.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Frichman, HK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="245 - 258" title="The planula of the stylasterine hydrocoral Allopora californica Fisher: its structure, metamorphosis and development of the primary cyclosystem." volume="2" year="1974">Frichman 1974</bibRefCitation>
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: 245-258 (larval development).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Allopora porphyra</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, WK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="493 - 554" title="Hydrocorals of the North Pacific Ocean." url="doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.84-3024.493" volume="84" year="1938">Fisher 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 528-530, pl. 59, figs 1-2, pl. 60, pl. 61,figs 1, 1a, pl. 70, figs 2, 2a.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, TG" journalOrPublisher="Deep-Sea Research (Supplement)" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="20 - 39" title="The strontium-calcium atom ratio in carbonate-secreting marine organisms." volume="3" year="1955">Thompson and Chow 1955</bibRefCitation>
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: 30 (mineralogy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster (Allopora) porphyrus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyrus" subGenus="Allopora">Stylaster (Allopora) porphyrus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Broch, H" journalOrPublisher="Matematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 113" title="Investigations of Stylasteridae (Hydrocorals). Skrifter utgitt av Norske Videnskaps-Akaddemi I Oslo. 1." volume="3" year="1942">Broch 1942</bibRefCitation>
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: 102.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster (Stylantheca) porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra" subGenus="Stylantheca">Stylaster (Stylantheca) porphyra</taxonomicName>
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: Boschma 1951: 39, text fig. 5b.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Stylantheca petrograpta</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns 1983b</bibRefCitation>
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: 430.-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Wing and Barnard 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 10, 27.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Heifetz, J" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Oceanography" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="131 - 138" title="Corals of the Aleutian Islands." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00371.x" volume="14" year="2005">Heifetz et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 133 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Stone and Shotwell 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 108 (listed).-
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||
<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Whitmire and Clarke 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 154 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Jamieson et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 224 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Lindner et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 3, and supplemental Table 1: 2 (phylogeny and DNA sequences).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns 1983b</bibRefCitation>
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: 430.-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Wing and Barnard 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 10, 27.-
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<bibRefCitation author="Heifetz, J" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Oceanography" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="131 - 138" title="Corals of the Aleutian Islands." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2005.00371.x" volume="14" year="2005">Heifetz et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 133 (listed).-
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||
<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Stone and Shotwell 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 108 (listed).-
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Jamieson et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 224 (listed).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylaster porphyra</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Jamieson et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 224 (listed).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Allopora papillosa</taxonomicName>
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: holotype, a small (11 mm long) dry encrusting fragment, USNM 6852 (Fig. 27D).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, 11 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyrea" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyrea">Stylantheca porphyrea</taxonomicName>
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: holotype (USNM 43018, Fig. 27G) and 13 paratype colonies (USNM 43019, 43276, 43277 and SEM stub 136), all dry.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Pescadero Point, Carmel Bay, California (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="36.561665">36°33'42"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-121.953606">121°57'13"W</geoCoordinate>
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), intertidal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Allopora petrograpta</taxonomicName>
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: two small (15 and 17 mm in length) dry, male encrusting fragments, syntypes, and SEM stub 1506, USNM 43272 (Fig. 27F). Type locality. Kyack Island, mouth of Sitka Harbor, Alaska, intertidal.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Types of the three named species; Middle of Cross Sound, AK, 15-21 m, 27 Jul 1978, 5 female colonies, AB78-120; South of Yasha Island, Chatham Strait, AK, depth unknown, 31 Jul 1976, 8 female colonies in alcohol, and SEM stubs 1532-34, AB76-55; Wooden Island, AK, depth unknown, 2002, 1 indet., AB02-150; Wooden Island, AK, depth unknown, 15 May 2009, 1 male in alcohol, AB09-10; Race Rocks, Victoria, British Columbia, depth unknown, 2002, 8 colonies dry and in alcohol, USNM 1073478; Seontary Island, Victoria, BC, 10 m, Jul 2002, 1 large male colony, USNM 1096626;
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.3">48°18'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-123.53">123°31.8'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 12.1 m, 6 Sep 1973, 1 female colony, USNM 76559; cactus island Channel, BC, 15 m, 1 male, AB02-0006; Lion's Gate Bridge, Burrard Inlet, British Columbia, 18 m, Jan 2002, 2 indet., AB02-0005; Turn Island, Washington, 0-27 m, 6 Jul 1995, 10 colonies, USNM 1084659; Puget Sound, Washington, 27 m, 2, CAS 117458-59; Squaw Island, Oregon, 20 Jul 1962, 1 female colony, USNM 45685;
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="43.304165">43°18'15"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-124.39889">124°23'56"W</geoCoordinate>
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(Charleston, Oregon), intertidal, 2 indet in alcohol, USNM 1086321; Pillar Point, Half Moon Bay,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="55" pageNumber="56" start="start">California</pageBreakToken>
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, intertidal, 18 Feb 1996, 16 colonies, USNM 1084663; Pigeon Point, California, intertidal, 12 Jul 1995, 12 colonies (forma porphyra), USNM 1084662.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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The typical form is variable in colony shape, those specimens living in a high energy shallow-water environment usually being encrusting, the layer of coenosteum sometimes less than 1 mm thick (Fig. 27E), the gastrostyle base almost resting on the hard substrate. In deeper water, colonies produce short (up to 17 mm), knobby, clavate, cylindrical branches, which originate from the basal encrustation. Only rarely will these branches bifurcate. Although the types of
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Stylantheca petrograpta</taxonomicName>
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are small, beach-worn fragments (Figs 27D, F), the species produces mats up to 30 cm in diameter. Parasitic spionid polychaetes (
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Polydora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polydora" order="Spionida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Polydora</taxonomicName>
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?alloporis Light, 1970) usually present, forming binary tubes/paired burrows throughout the coenosteum. Coenosteum reticulate-granular in texture, the strips about 50-55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in width, separate by slits 12-15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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wide. Short, porous, conical papillae (nematopores?) common on coenosteum, each about 0.13 mm in diameter and equally tall (Fig. 29B, D,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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). Coenosteum purple, pink, red, and occasionally white, the tips of the clavate branches usually white.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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Cyclosystems uniformly arranged on encrustations and on all sides of branchlets; diameter of cyclosystems 0.9-1.2 mm. Gastropore tube highly constricted, the upper larger portion being infundibuliform to spherical, the lower chamber spherical and almost completely occupied by the gastrostyle(s), the two portions of the chamber constricted near gastrostyle tip. Gastropore tube diameter about 0.3 mm, the tube constriction about half that diameter. Just above the constriction numerous small (up to 45
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in length) papillae form a wide ring palisade (Fig. 29K) further reducing access to lower chamber. Gastrostyles quite variable and sometimes irregular in shape, including globose (Fig. 29K), lanceolate, or triangular. Regardless, gastrostyles bear quite long (up to 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long and 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter) spines that completely obscure the underlying gastrostyle shaft. Usually there is only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem, but occasionally the upper chambers of two cyclosystems are linked together resulting in two gastrostyles in one cavity, and rarely there appears to be 2 gastrostyles in one normal gastropore chamber.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
In well-preserved colonies, dactylopores are slightly raised above surface of coenosteum; dactylotomes 0.10-0.12 mm wide. Number of dactylotomes per cyclosystem variable, depending on size of cyclosystem, but ranges from 2-12, with common modes of 4, 5 and 8 (see Remarks). Dactylostyles robust (Fig. 29A, C, H), the cylindrical elements up to 55
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and 13-17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter, not unlike the gastrostyle elements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Female ampullae (Fig. 29L) primarily internal, with little superficial relief, even by an efferent pore; internal diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Male ampullae also internal, the internal diameter being 0.4-0.5 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Although the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Allopora papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small, worn colony measuring only 9.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6.6 mm in width and containing only 28 cyclosystems (Fig. 27D), it is not difficult to see the similarity to the two syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Allopora petrograpta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1938 (Fig. 27F), also worn specimens (13 and 16 mm in width, constituting over 100 cyclosystems), even though they were collected from shallow water on op
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">posite</pageBreakToken>
|
||
sides of the Gulf of Alaska. All of the cyclosystems of the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
have only one gastrostyle, whereas all but four of the cyclosystems of the syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Stylantheca petrograpta</taxonomicName>
|
||
have one gastrostyle, the other four having two. The more difficult synonymy is with the more southerly species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fisher, 1931, described from shallow water in Carmel Bay, California.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to the encrusting forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing only in usually having more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem, sometimes as many as 8.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns (1983b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an average of 3.3 gastrostyles per cyclosystem (mode = 3) for the holotype. Another typical population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported herein from Monterey Bay (USNM 1084662), also having multiple gastrostyles per cyclosystem, but just 50 km to the north (USNM 1084663) are colonies otherwise identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have only one gastrostyle per cyclosystem.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="96 - 107" title="Phylogenetic implications of the calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." url="doi: 10.2307/3514799" volume="7" year="1992">Fisher (1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 530) was uncertain as to the systematic importance of the number of gastrostyles per cyclosystems, suggesting that this character might have subgeneric or even generic discriminating power. We suggest that it is a matter of intraspecific variation and thus synonymize
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resulting in only one valid species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stylantheca</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The number of dactylopores per cyclosystem of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from 6 to16 (n = 34, average = 9.11,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="σ">σ</normalizedToken>
|
||
= 2.08, mode = 10) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns 1983b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas it is lower for the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Stylantheca petrograpta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 30, range =2-7, average = 5.07,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="σ">σ</normalizedToken>
|
||
= 0.94, mode = 5) and slightly lower still for the types of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 14, range = 3-5, average and mode= 4.0,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="σ">σ</normalizedToken>
|
||
= 0.68). Another typical specimen (AB76-55) having only 1 gastrostyle per cyclosystem has a range of 5-12 dactylopores per cyclosystem (n = 30, average = 7.43,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="σ">σ</normalizedToken>
|
||
= 1.61, mode = 8). The higher number of dactylopores per cyclosystem of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
is explained by its larger cyclosystems that house multiple gastrostyles, but in general the number of dactylopores per cyclosystem cannot be used as a diagnostic character for this species. Southern populations that have a slightly larger cyclosystems and more than one gastrostyle per cyclosystem can be referred to as the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“porphyra”">"porphyra"</normalizedToken>
|
||
form, a conclusion first suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns (1983b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 483). The type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca porphyra" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyra">Stylantheca porphyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
is illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="427 - 508" title="A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 1. Description of the genera." volume="33" year="1983 b">Cairns (1983b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and as Fig. 27G herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Two other eastern Pacific species are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
in color and cyclosystem and gastrostyle shape:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster venustus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venustus">Stylaster venustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Verrill, 1870) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster californicus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">Stylaster californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Verrill, 1866).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca venustus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="venustus">Stylantheca venustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 16A-I, 17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
) is known from Monterey Bay, California (USA) to Vancouver Island, BC (Canada) at depths of 10-108 m and, although it may originate with an encrusting base (Fig. 17F, MCZ 5525, holotype), it quickly forms small colonies with delicate branches (Fig. 17G). Sixteen locality records are present at the NMNH, most from off Washington and Oregon (USA), but this species is not treated in this review except to illustrate some of its characters (Table 2). On the other hand, the more southern
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca californicus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californicus">Stylantheca californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known from off southern California (USA) from approximately 21-45 m (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boschma, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Verhandelingen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 72" title="List of the described species of the order Stylasterina." volume="33" year="1957">Boschma 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), forms large colonies with robust branches; this species is not further discussed in this review except for the table of comparisons (Table 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Widespread from the Alaska Peninsula (Shumagin Islands) to Monterey Bay, California, although not yet reported from the northern Gulf of Alaska
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Common in the inner passages of Alaska and British Columbia; intertidal to 27 m. Forma porphyra known only from Monterey Bay area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Figure 27. Color figures of skeleton of various Alaskan stylasterids:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster repandus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="repandus">Stylaster repandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–G">D-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–I">H-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Crypthelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crypthelia trophostega" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trophostega">Crypthelia trophostega</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
lateral and apical views of holotype, USNM 1122740 C small paratype colony, USNM 1122741 D holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Allopora papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 6852 E encrusting colony, AB02-0005 F syntype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Allopora petrograpta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 43272 G holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster porphyrea" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porphyrea">Stylaster porphyrea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 43018 H holotype, USNM 42876 I arborescent colony, USNM 1122435.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Figure 28.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylaster repandus" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="repandus">Stylaster repandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–K">A-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
, M holotype (male), USNM 1122740, L female paratype, USNM 1122739:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
cyclosystems and coenosteal papillae D gastrostyle and robust dactylostyle E stereo view of a cyclosystem
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
coenosteal texture H stereo view of a gastrostyle and adjacent dactylostyle I stereo view of plate cross section showing some gastrostyles and male ampulla J a robust dactylostyle K elements of a dactylostyle L cross section of a female ampulla M cross section of a male ampulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Figure 29.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylantheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stylantheca papillosa" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="papillosa">Stylantheca papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
, K topotypic specimen, USNM 43276,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="H–J">H-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
syntype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Allopora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allopora petrograpta" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="petrograpta">Allopora petrograpta</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 43272, L female colony, AB76-55: A stereo view of a cyclosystem B, D, F coenosteal papillae (nematopores) C robust dactylostyle E supernumerary dactylopore G three cyclosystems and many papillae H stereo view of longitudinal section through cyclosystem I gastrostyle J gastrostyle spines K stereo view of squat gastrostyle and ring palisade L stereo view of longitudinal section of two cyclosystems and a female ampulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |