179 lines
20 KiB
XML
179 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="0A884A257325C1E9548DEA2DD67C1B35" ID-CLB-Dataset="3347" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5719835" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a6dc4656-3bbb-411f-b31e-8b8d7ca5c101" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719835" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633679481244" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="DB3DFC790D1CE67A218BF88AF9383A2F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Hippopotamidae_0308.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="318" masterDocId="270484010D1DE67B214FFFF3FF9F3752" masterDocTitle="Hippopotamidae" masterLastPageNumber="319" masterPageNumber="308" pageNumber="318" updateTime="1699459038603" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="8D0150BBA498913C1AC3737FE014D5A4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DC6B7F1359F2A816F1FD74B6ABFF81FC">
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<mods:title id="E1B9BFDF7B7E7A85DB06F9A5CB35B055">Hippopotamidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A8352AD6FF3868D391C8A8949B116E63" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5219DFE682DCC81536597C204E263A19">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C384C7DE3F971E0E88B6BAC293B41F1F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9B4E708B68F116DBD269B692C2F85D32">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5C3F68F116AF28A420BB6610A204EE58">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="331DA08C592CAA418B89D4BDAE5FEECA">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="75A4279BBD69EA6EC7FB3EFF290A16A8" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="42BEA0D38F6DDB2082171D2E8852CDC1">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="541BC29B6A8616BB889B568129A00593">
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<mods:placeTerm id="50D6E94FF0100BC8495233BBECC247D1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5B97DC8316DD1A9A8BC77F1D106A0238">
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<mods:title id="00A1C3F0A7B7E8A901F27AB4969BAA5A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7132D78D5C2F0944C84A9C31D9F06A1E">
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<mods:identifier id="1FAC0B925BF0F3D8B15DD72285713E19" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DB3DFC790D1CE67A218BF88AF9383A2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190547214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB3DFC790D1CE67A218BF88AF9383A2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB3DFC790D1CE67A218BF88AF9383A2F" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A218BF88AFF7E30F5" box="[196,225,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A218BF88AFF7E30F5" blockId="1.[191,1307,1913,2000]" box="[196,225,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0863FA030D1CE67A218BF88AFF7E30F5" box="[196,225,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<figureCitation id="CBAF51EA0D1CE67A218BF88AFF7E30F5" box="[196,225,1913,1959]" captionStart="Plato 12" captionStartId="1.[799,867,1564,1587]" captionTargetBox="[12,2759,14,1483]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Plato 12 Specıes Acoounts" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6577801/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">1.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A21BCF88AFC9E30F5" box="[243,769,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A21BCF88AFC9E30F5" blockId="1.[191,1307,1913,2000]" box="[243,769,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0863FA030D1CE67A21BCF88AFC9E30F5" box="[243,769,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<vernacularName id="DD973D410D1CE67A21BCF88AFC9E30F5" box="[243,769,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Common Hippopotamus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A227AF88AFA8430F5" box="[821,1307,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A227AF88AFA8430F5" blockId="1.[191,1307,1913,2000]" box="[821,1307,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<heading id="0863FA030D1CE67A227AF88AFA8430F5" box="[821,1307,1913,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<taxonomicName id="949436EC0D1CE67A227AF88AFA8430F5" ID-CoL="3M2JB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[821,1307,1913,1959]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amphibius">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A227AF88AFA8430F5" box="[821,1307,1913,1959]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Hippopotamus amphibius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A218EF84AFC2B309C" box="[193,948,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A218EF84AFC2B309C" blockId="1.[191,1307,1913,2000]" box="[193,948,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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||
<heading id="0863FA030D1CE67A218EF84AFC2B309C" box="[193,948,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A218EF84AFE92309C" bold="true" box="[193,269,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="DD973D410D1CE67A2058F84AFE7F309C" box="[279,480,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Grand Hippopotame</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A20BAF84AFDCF309C" bold="true" box="[501,592,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="DD973D410D1CE67A2315F84AFD5E309C" box="[602,705,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Flusspferd</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A2399F84AFCAE309C" bold="true" box="[726,817,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="DD973D410D1CE67A2274F84AFCE7309C" box="[827,888,1977,1998]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Hipop</vernacularName>
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6tamo
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A2267F7F3FC7F3F17" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2267F7F3FC7F3F17" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A2267F7F3FC5B3F4F" bold="true" box="[808,964,2048,2077]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="949436EC0D1CE67A2296F7F3FC443F17" ID-CoL="3M2JB" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amphibius">Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A22B7F7DFFBA33F39" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A22B7F7DFFBA33F39" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<materialsCitation id="E3FC47320D1CE67A22B7F7DFFBA33F39" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3761973301" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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type locality restricted to
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<collectingRegion id="9150838D0D1CE67A2266F7BDFCEE3F39" box="[809,881,2126,2155]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">River</collectingRegion>
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Nile in Africa.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A2266F785FB5B3FC1" box="[809,1220,2166,2195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2266F785FB5B3FC1" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" box="[809,1220,2166,2195]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Three subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A2266F76AFCE43EF4" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="distribution">
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<caption id="07EB1DE70D1CE67A2266F76AFCE43EF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5719837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5719837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5719837/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" targetBox="[191,785,2051,2468]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2266F76AFB273FE8" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" box="[809,1208,2201,2234]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A2266F76AFB273FE8" bold="true" box="[809,1208,2201,2234]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2265F736FB3B3E5B" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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||
<taxonomicName id="949436EC0D1CE67A2265F736FB3B3E5B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amphibius" subSpecies="amphibius">H.a.amphibiusLinnaeus,1758—sub-SaharanAfrica,exceptasbelow.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2265F6EBFB833E05" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<taxonomicName id="949436EC0D1CE67A2265F6EBFB833E05" authority="Desmoulins, 1825" authorityName="Desmoulins" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amphibius" subSpecies="capensis">
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<collectingCountry id="2B830DFF0D1CE67A2265F6EBFB833E05" name="Zambia" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">H.a.capensisDesmoulins,1825—ZambiaStoSouthAfrica.</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A2265F695FCE43EF4" blockId="1.[808,1395,2048,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<taxonomicName id="949436EC0D1CE67A2265F695FB1F3E2D" authority="Heller, 1914" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1914" box="[810,1152,2406,2431]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amphibius" subSpecies="kiboko">H. a. kiboko Heller, 1914</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="2B830DFF0D1CE67A25E8F695FB633E2D" box="[1191,1276,2406,2431]" name="Kenya" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="2B830DFF0D1CE67A2406F695FCE73EF4" name="Somalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A218FF65EFAF83C05" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="description">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A218FF65EFAF83C05" blockId="1.[192,1397,2477,3451]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A218FF65EFE5F3E9C" bold="true" box="[192,448,2477,2510]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 290-505 cm, tail 40-56 cm, shoulder height 150-165 cm; weight 1000-4500 kg. Massive animal with distinctly barrel shaped-body, short limbs, and large head. Adult males may be slightly larger than females, although no obvious sexual dimorphism. Numerous morphological adaptations for the aquatic environment in which it spends most daylight hours, including muscular valves in nose that close in response to contact with water, and webbed feet. Skin is gray and appears greasy, and is known for its remarkable strength. Body virtually hairless except on snout and tail. Graviportal skeleton. Feet have four toes. Canines and incisors are quite large, primarily used in aggressive interactions. Incisors may also be used for digging. There are marked sex differences in canine and incisor growth and size. Dental formula: 12/2, C1/1,P 4/4, M 3/3; P also found as 3/3. Long-lived animals, c.35 years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A218EF4AFFD723A7F" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A218EF4AFFD723A7F" blockId="1.[192,1397,2477,3451]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A218EF4AFFEB03C2F" bold="true" box="[193,303,2908,2941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Found in sub-Saharan African countries in grassland and miombo woodlands, always associated with water sources, e.g. rivers, lakes, streams. They are absent from rain forest habitats, except for large rivers. They are restricted to the lower reaches of rivers and estuaries in West Africa and occasionally even extend into the sea. Elevations range from sea level to
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<quantity id="946CE08A0D1CE67A2318F40AFD213B48" box="[599,702,3065,3098]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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. Bouyant but does not swim, rather walks or runs along bottom. At high population densities, hippos have been linked to widespread loss of vegetation in certain areas, which then leads to erosion. Culling occurred in the 1950s-1960s in some protected areas where hippo populations were deemed to exceed capacity. In lakes and rivers where they reside, hippo dung has been shown to alter the chemical composition of the water. Nutrients from hippo dung have been linked to productive fisheries and there are anectodal accounts of loss of fisheries when hippo populations are extirpated.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A218DF2CBF66A309C" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A218DF2CBF66A309C" blockId="1.[192,1397,2477,3451]" lastBlockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A218DF2CBFE4D3A07" bold="true" box="[194,466,3384,3413]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Although predominantly grazers, Common Hippos have been observed to consume aquatic vegetation and carcass remains, likely in response to nutritional constraints. Frequently reported to raid crops, particularly rice. Uses thick lips to tear and remove forage. Nightly feeding amounts may range from 20-45 kg, although in times of poor forage quality, individuals may not forage nightly. Gut rentention times have been estimated to be far higher than most large herbivores to maximize digestive efficiency. Because of their ability to remove wide swaths of grass, they have been linked to loss of vegetative and soil cover in areas of high densities.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A24F6F827F75D3FE8" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A24F6F827F75D3FE8" blockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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||
<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A24F6F827F9A030A7" bold="true" box="[1465,1599,2004,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Conception and birth peaks have been found to correspond to peak rainfall months in several study sites. Common Hippos are believed to have a two-year cycle, with gestation lasting for eight months and lactation lasting for 10-12 months, although it can extend to 18 months. Low proportions of simultaneously pregnant and lactating females suggest that the likelihood of successful conception or pregnancy during lactation is low. Mating and birth occur in water.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A24F7F733F7A53E2C" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A24F7F733F7A53E2C" blockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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||
<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A24F7F733F93E3FB3" bold="true" box="[1464,1697,2240,2273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Daytime hours spent primarily submerged in water, although in cool ambient temperatures hippos can be observed foraging during the day or basking on river banks. During daylight hours, social behavioris believed to occur within the herd, although underwater activity is impossible to observe in most water sources. At night, hippos typically leave the water to find forage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A24F6F67AF86B3C55" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A24F6F67AF86B3C55" blockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
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||
<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A24F6F67AF7E23EF4" bold="true" box="[1465,2173,2441,2470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Only indirect measurements have been made of the distance hippos travel from a water source. On average, they move 1-3 km, although larger distances have been suggested from some study sites. This may reflect seasonal and regional differences in movement. Animals occur in herds of various sizes, with herd size reflecting water availability. Herds are polygynous, with a dominant male, adult females, and juveniles, although relatedness within a herd has not been studied. All other males are found in separate bachelor herds. More detailed movement studies will require telemetry which has been impeded because of hippo’s sensitivity to chemical restraint and immobilization as well as lack of telemetry designs that accomodate their neck morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A24F5F4FEF7A93BC2" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A24F5F4FEF7A93BC2" blockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A24F5F4FEF8833C7C" bold="true" box="[1466,1820,2829,2862]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Primary threats include wetland habitat loss, water diversion, and direct harvest for meat and ivory. West African populations, far smaller than those found in East Africa, have the poorest conservation outlook. The Common Hippo was rare in North Africa by 1600, although it persisted along the Nile until around 1700. The last definite records from this area are from the early 19" century. Today, the largest populations are in East Africa with between 125,000 and 148,000 Common Hippos remaining. Common Hippos are found in 29 countries and confirmed population declines have been reported in half of those. The largest declines are in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2B830DFF0D1CE67A2874F3BBF64E3B3B" box="[2363,2513,3144,3177]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a country once thought to have the largest populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1B8E1EE40D1CE67A24F5F36CF9383A2F" pageId="1" pageNumber="318" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="532B4D6F0D1CE67A24F5F36CF9383A2F" blockId="1.[1463,2671,1768,3454]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E0917D0D1CE67A24F5F36CF9CB3BEA" bold="true" box="[1466,1620,3231,3256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="318">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arman & Field (1973), Barklow (1997, 2004), Bere (1959), Boisserie (2005), Boisserie & Lihoreau (2006), Boisserie, Lihoreau & Brunet (2005), Boisserie, Zazzo et al. (2005), Dudley (1996), Eltringham (1974, 1993, 1999), Karstad & Hudson (1984), Laws (1968), Laws & Clough (1965), Lewison (2007), Lewison & Carter (2004), Lewison & Oliver (2008b), Luck & Wright (1959), McCarthy et al. (1998), Nomura & Yasue (1999), Okello et al. (2005), Olivier & Laurie (1974), Owen-Smith (1989), Sayer & Rakha (1974), Smuts & Whyte (1981), Wright (1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |