380 lines
58 KiB
XML
380 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B1F4E2A5D5CCD98341B900734CB68225">Revision of Tropopterus Solier: A disjunct South American component of the Australo-Pacific Moriomorphini (Coleoptera, Carabidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="85EB571D61821B245AF1CE7632FBACA1">Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4B6DDF0DC02827551CB6BF6CA16EA218">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="86BDEB030D2F0410621C2B6FA4F35E49" type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-1324-2-147</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C699FF99D1EA52E8AF2D6FF70830BDC9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160140711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C699FF99D1EA52E8AF2D6FF70830BDC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C699FF99D1EA52E8AF2D6FF70830BDC9" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" scope_family="Carabidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_tribe="Moriomorphini">
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<subSubSection id="1D0F9307EAA5E32B9E8DDAF9149D1A51" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C9D729D61B817A04D227AED2F1F65320" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="0EF993148B99AB964984329EFB8E8D00" ID-CoL="8KZDJ" LSID="C699FF99-D1EA-52E8-AF2D-6FF70830BDC9" authority="Solier, 1849" authorityName="Solier" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropopterus Solier, 1849</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B5060630F047DB185C55E78EEBBC7F88" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="DC7482777259AC375FF66D860866EA27" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="891777AE6ECC5704D6812149554EFF0C" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropopterus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="658A35DE1CB80EA3BE7CB72CC2E72F04" author="Solier, AJJ" editor="Gay, C" journalOrPublisher="Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="105 - 508" refId="B60" refString="Solier, AJJ, 1849. Orden III. Coleopteros. In: Gay, C, Ed.,. . Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile 4: 105 - 508" title="Orden III. Coleopteros." volume="4" volumeTitle="." year="1849">Solier 1849</bibRefCitation>
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: 211;
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<bibRefCitation id="41B1E129762CD7906FCABA42317E6695" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02451.x" author="Reed, EC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="48 - 70" refId="B54" refString="Reed, EC, 1874. 7. On the ColeopteraGeodephaga of Chile. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1874: 48 - 70" title="7. On the ColeopteraGeodephaga of Chile." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02451.x" volume="1874" year="1874">Reed 1874</bibRefCitation>
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: 58;
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<bibRefCitation id="9EC280CC72C20699F2F21F7ADD12A364" author="Chaudoir, M de" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="105 - 124" refId="B13" refString="Chaudoir, M de, 1876. Notes et additions au memoire de M Reed sur les Carabiques du Chile insere dans les Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 19: 105 - 124" title="Notes et additions au memoire de M Reed sur les Carabiques du Chile insere dans les Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London." volume="19" year="1876">Chaudoir 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 124;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0863D312A698F7ACC274639D6E6DB2" author="Sloane, TG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="444 - 520" refId="B58" refString="Sloane, TG, 1898. On Carabidae from West Australia, sent by Mr A M Lea (with descriptions of new genera and species, synoptic tables, &c.). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 23: 444 - 520" title="On Carabidae from West Australia, sent by Mr A M Lea (with descriptions of new genera and species, synoptic tables, & c.)." volume="23" year="1898">Sloane 1898</bibRefCitation>
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: 471;
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<bibRefCitation id="DA5F4EBC7CCEF6E23ECF149C22318704" author="Sloane, TG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="566 - 642" refId="B59" refString="Sloane, TG, 1903. Studies in Australian Entomology. no. XII. New Carabidae (Panageini, Bembidiini, Pogonini, Platysmatini, Platynini, Lebiini, with revisional lists of genera and species, some notes on synonymy, &c.). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 28: 566 - 642" title="Studies in Australian Entomology. no. XII. New Carabidae (Panageini, Bembidiini, Pogonini, Platysmatini, Platynini, Lebiini, with revisional lists of genera and species, some notes on synonymy, & c.)." volume="28" year="1903">Sloane 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 585.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FA2EE739DD36B5D2023648A0359B151B" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="141E0135ACADC1B4386C6AF244D15EF7" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropidopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropidopterus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="DECDA68A1913B4938A14376305709647" author="Gemminger, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B22" refString="Gemminger, M, Harold, B de, 1868. Cicindelidae- Carabidae. Catalogus Coleopterorum 1, 424 pp. [+ 8 pp index]" title="Cicindelidae- Carabidae. Catalogus Coleopterorum 1, 424 pp. [+ 8 pp index]" year="1868">Gemminger and Harold 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 385 (unjustified emendation).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="5F1C8D2DF8D1431773012205AB6A2BB7" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="0E56F0E89DB6647CA0DAFFB84CBEB31B" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B00CCED58F0B7A4BA7132E9F693E5195" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="409864CC87B53F7268AD18ACA4501C59" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus giraudyi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giraudyi">
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<emphasis id="37DD4BE691AD363AFEC1EDB28B425639" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus giraudyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Solier by subsequent designation (
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<bibRefCitation id="16D86036D66590638D106373E3AF0558" author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B20" refString="Enderlein, G, 1909. 9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: 486-492." title="9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: 486 - 492." year="1909">Enderlein 1909</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6D637F4CA54C8D7ADDCF9EF90656197F" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="36DAF122C23B3A5980579944D37E3925" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5023426A8F6E62FDFC0C5A49299EB872" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName id="9F9C548425F9F9C4DF70AFC7230D93DC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="50BE529FABB19EE0AC1FDA5FDBDC5A96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may be placed in the
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<taxonomicName id="9761B8586C87B0860D89AEA79388BFA0" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
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based on: presence of a seta in the mandibular scrobe; frontal grooves present mesad eyes and traversing the frons anteromedially to the frontoclypeal suture; clypeus narrower than distance between antennal insertions; penultimate maxillary palpomeres glabrous, not setose over the entire surface; apical palpomeres fusiform and as long and broad as penultimate palpomere; head with two pairs of supraorbital setae; procoxal cavities closed posteriorly; mesocoxal cavities conjunct; prothoracic leg bearing an antennal cleaner with a distal zone of short, separated setae, and a basal arc of confluent setae that performs the cleaning function (Grade C of
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<bibRefCitation id="4E7A2B20E05FEB69805F47C00B7F30FA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/1971/927545" author="Hlavac, T F" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="51 - 66" refId="B26" refString="Hlavac, T F, 1971. Differentiation of the carabid antennal cleaner. Psyche 78: 51 - 66" title="Differentiation of the carabid antennal cleaner." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1971/927545" volume="78" year="1971">Hlavac 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). The first eight characters will place
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<taxonomicName id="5B728DE48AB96146A5F29240DEE323CC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DBDA67272253D94A09BCD194C71AA2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="E50781CF63AF7D8A8190EFAB2112BAD9" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Psydrini">Psydrini</taxonomicName>
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in the system of
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<bibRefCitation id="6C5E00849AE847C20BFE6819ADB05BDE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300006" author="Roig-Junent, S" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="549 - 571" refId="B55" refString="Roig-Junent, S, Dominguez, MC, 2001. Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 549 - 571" title="Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile." url="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300006" volume="74" year="2001">
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<normalizedToken id="1E9BDDC6454072A5A9859D95DE2FBBE7" originalValue="Roig-Juñent">Roig-Junent</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken id="76FDC929FEC90249F20AF417D6103BEE" originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
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(2001)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The last antennal cleaner character differentiates the
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<taxonomicName id="22BAB5CA07B57E49633093E25BB6663A" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Psydrini">Psydrini</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="355B7E54F1170C4F175760BB4A36894D" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="9257D1E071EB8A17107937368C8060C3" author="Baehr, M" editor="Ball, GE" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B3" refString="Baehr, M, Ball, GE, Casale, A, Vigna Taglianti, V, 1998. A preliminary survey of the classification of Psydrinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga).Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 359-368." title="A preliminary survey of the classification of Psydrinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 359 - 368." year="1998">Baehr 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="43CC4077DD4BEBDFF45603F4FB9DDFFF" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B39" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2020. Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" title="Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" year="2020">Liebherr 2020</bibRefCitation>
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||
), as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92E6E9C9B9B32FC40C6EE58E79D30F7C" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Psydrini">Psydrini</taxonomicName>
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||
exhibit a shorter, less well-developed antennal cleaner (Grade B of
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||
<bibRefCitation id="91521AF1F79644A7C9CC7BD19976FF44" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/1971/927545" author="Hlavac, T F" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="51 - 66" refId="B26" refString="Hlavac, T F, 1971. Differentiation of the carabid antennal cleaner. Psyche 78: 51 - 66" title="Differentiation of the carabid antennal cleaner." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/1971/927545" volume="78" year="1971">Hlavac 1971</bibRefCitation>
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||
) versus that observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17BD7EB0EB5025FE1FAE0958837CD04F" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphological results conform to phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular sequence data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3FE0092D503B1A5FDCA7570607C446" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00088.x" author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="103 - 138" refId="B44" refString="Maddison, DR, Baker, MD, Ober, KA, 1999. Phylogeny of carabid beetles as inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Systematic Entomology 24: 103 - 138" title="Phylogeny of carabid beetles as inferred from 18 S ribosomal DNA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00088.x" volume="24" year="1999">Maddison et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6FFDE06B1B1267ECE2AFF7B8CB457A6E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.006" author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="151 - 176" refId="B45" refString="Maddison, DR, Kanda, K, Boyd, OF, Faille, A, Porch, N, Erwin, TL, Roig-Junent, S, 2019. Phylogeny of the beetle supertribe Trechitae (Coleoptera: Carabidae): unexpected clades, isolated lineages, and morphological convergence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 132: 151 - 176" title="Phylogeny of the beetle supertribe Trechitae (Coleoptera: Carabidae): unexpected clades, isolated lineages, and morphological convergence." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.006" volume="132" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B43C2E35947CE716283DC5D8B2305B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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Within
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<taxonomicName id="33168B6307CC986CD98616AF21BDCF55" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicName id="806AF0CBE6745E1280C23030DA90160B" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32B6F81742B1D9F1353EBB3A0559A70E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may be diagnosed by the inversion of the male aedeagus, a character observed in several other
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<taxonomicName id="E9B48E541DC8C77424774DC4CCE62F7B" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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<taxonomicName id="7207BC8E37A489CEB89EF77F46DE71BF" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax storeyi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="storeyi">
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<emphasis id="FE6BB057416537C9B795E704F09AC665" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Mecyclothorax storeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CB68DDD6B93AA11258C1136A3EDFC9C1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" author="Moore, BP" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="277 - 290" refId="B48" refString="Moore, BP, 1963. Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 277 - 290" title="Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" volume="115" year="1963">Moore (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of Queensland; and polymorphically within Western Australian populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6D1B0442E042B81BDA827946D2DF3D3" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax punctipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6A4DB747B1E2FB3A412444D599B132CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Mecyclothorax punctipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MacLeay) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="436B46CD690BA59CD3C37718717B589D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-45042124" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="393 - 409" refId="B41" refString="Liebherr, JK, Will, KW, 2015. Antisymmetric male genitalia in Western Australian populations of Mecyclothoraxpunctipennis (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini). Insect Systematics & Evolution 46: 393 - 409" title="Antisymmetric male genitalia in Western Australian populations of Mecyclothoraxpunctipennis (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-45042124" volume="46" year="2015">Liebherr and Will 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nowhere else in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBBDBF15A68732C02E630D1672D7E6C6" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="tribe" tribe="Moriomorphini">Moriomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
does this character define a monophyletic grouping of species. Other characters supporting monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4B24D66E14534E59E8F9839A30B355A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2C4221601A6D73E9F5407ED9AED01C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include deep, pitlike paramedial depressions of the mentum, also observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="217BF72EC4F3168CAB6EE0D9BB099395" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Meonis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Meonis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3F8FDF48769F55F08FF072A7D90A3C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Meonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. of Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B2626EA56BAC57BE3BB3F921D091CC73" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" author="Moore, BP" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="277 - 290" refId="B48" refString="Moore, BP, 1963. Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 277 - 290" title="Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" volume="115" year="1963">Moore 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1E2A1609AB78030B3B4B62E9EA61DA5" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B39" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2020. Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" title="Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" year="2020">Liebherr 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The metathoracic scutellum projects little onto the disc of the elytra, whereas it is more narrowly triangular and elongate in the sister group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B3412C0608C5549ED240B9BB36CDB9D2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pharetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pharetis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6E521E4D68251A4A98FE4A9BDADAFF01" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pharetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DFDD6E21A50EE2F29E7232226AA7871" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B39" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2020. Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" title="Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" year="2020">Liebherr 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The elytral basal groove (when present) meets the lateral marginal depression at a distinct angle, whereas this juncture is more rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B58E60ABE3628E4EB55828F79263B05" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pharetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pharetis thayerae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thayerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="4AD9AFA6278CFF747A0C306183905301" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pharetis thayerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E627CEFEF1205A3E9D2F994EF2EA1AD8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pharetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pharetis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7AE82DFA78C9B5A4725A9A9B199FF13F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pharetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="21527DCC37165697C5B8A75843A49BB8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF697B0E9143744A336BA96306AD5D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by a tooth along the dorsal margin of the humerus. Though the elytral striae vary in configuration among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8040EADE40E206E896E9ED586C995FCF" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D5905009FAB93D72B1AF75B699B28E57" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., their reduction is derived, and the presence of only the first, or sutural stria in a fully developed condition on the elytral apex is a synapomorphy. All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41591AD25FD458EB2D16DD4F3F15A896" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A53C6E67DDA528199D98FB32C19A972C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by vestigial flight wings, and the metepisternum is correspondingly foreshortened. That
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AA24C7E984D9F29A09C148EDF5F8F0AB" originalValue="sclerite’s">sclerite's</normalizedToken>
|
||
dimensions range from length 1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="79A95887D17FB405503B5EA544AE4E95" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
breadth to length and breadth subequal; length measured along lateral margin and maximal breadth measured perpendicular to that line. Relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59F5028B510139BD31C95F7FA8203046" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pharetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pharetis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="66DEDEF268797E6A764CD57D4D5E1FC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pharetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the fourth metatarsomere is more emarginate, with the outer, lateral lobe longer than the inner, mesal lobe. Finally, the setal configuration across the dorsal body is diagnostic, though not synapomorphic, with: presence of both anterior and posterior supraorbital setae; presence of both lateral and basal pronotal setae; presence of the parascutellar setae; absence of any dorsal elytral setae; and presence of both subapical and apical setae near the elytral apex. Consistent with most other moriomorphines there are seven (rarely eight) anterior lateral elytral setae bordering the eighth stria, and six posterior setae: though the posterior two setae of the anterior series, or the anterior two setae of the posterior series may be isolated from their respective
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EF526D8AB126C7953FC53263F03CF77C" originalValue="series’">series'</normalizedToken>
|
||
partners in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF2A60D71295DCFD629A47E3B96577A0" lsidName="T. robustus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="robustus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DFF07347142DAD9DD05F6F66B932425" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. robustus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sp. nov. Also, males, where known for the various species, have two setae each side of the apical abdominal ventrite, representing a potential synapomorphy for the genus relative to its Australian adelphotaxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C9A8AC4EB6163BAD7DB666C4AD6C29C" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pharetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pharetis thayerae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thayerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F16169A56E05007109015B40F1D3511" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Pharetis thayerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1F7520249F6FA4394250CBCD32546BF" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B39" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2020. Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" title="Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" year="2020">Liebherr (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The male aedeagal median lobe is robust, i.e. broad dorsoventrally, with the internal sac flagellar apparatus also large (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6A961BD80E98A9B5C2DE6CE8E12696BA" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male aedeagal median lobe, left view, and antecostal apodeme and tergite of abdominal IX, dorsal view. A-D. T. canaliculus; Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta. A, B. (FMNH). C, D. (OSAC). E-G. T. duponchelii; Arauco Prov., Caramavida. E. (NMNH). F-G. (MCZ). For abbreviations used to label structures see Table 1." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.66.38022.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/354027" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" tableDoi="10.3897/dez.66.38022.figure4">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The aedeagal median lobe of males, for all species so far examined, bears dense longitudinal pleating across the sclerotized surface surrounding the ostium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="65B5AC8C735FDD24E52BBAB317F2F872" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male aedeagal median lobe, left view, and antecostal apodeme and tergite of abdominal IX, dorsal view. A-D. T. canaliculus; Malleco Prov., P. N. Nahuelbuta. A, B. (FMNH). C, D. (OSAC). E-G. T. duponchelii; Arauco Prov., Caramavida. E. (NMNH). F-G. (MCZ). For abbreviations used to label structures see Table 1." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.66.38022.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/354027" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" tableDoi="10.3897/dez.66.38022.figure4">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), with this pleating allowing broad extension of the aedeagal surface during eversion of the internal sac. Females also have two setae each side along the apical margin of ventrite 6 accompanied by four median setae of length subequal to the more lateral setae, these variously arranged in an apically broad trapezoid or in a straight line. The female reproductive tract is characterized by absence of a helminthoid sclerite; a sclerotized projection at the junction of the bursa copulatrix wall, common oviduct, and spermathecal duct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C6AE86F9B09D6F586D48EB40C863EC9F" author="Liebherr, JK" editor="Ball, GE" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B40" refString="Liebherr, JK, Will, KW, Ball, GE, Casale, A, Vigna Taglianti, V, 1998. Inferring phylogenetic relationships within Carabidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from characters of the female reproductive tract. In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga).Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 107-170." title="Inferring phylogenetic relationships within Carabidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) from characters of the female reproductive tract. In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 107 - 170." year="1998">Liebherr and Will 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The derived loss of the helminthoid sclerite, observed across many other moriomorphine taxa, is shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A08C98AE3845DE895F19BE4CB5E3D87" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Raphetis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphetis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F901FFFD98CE5BDFB8E84F3A53FCD9E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Raphetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Moore of southeastern Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD32CB0AB4963D929D58A688DE771C83" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B39" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2020. Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera : Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" title="Phylogenetic placement of the Australian Pharetis, gen. nov. and Spherita, gen. nov., in a revised classification of the circum-Antarctic Moriomorphini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Invertebrate Systematics. [in press]" year="2020">Liebherr 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA3F94995E49EF620039C3C69B537968" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclatural notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E327AD4F8345466C26ADB7172B29DB0" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Nomenclatural notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D6C8B94A5DB0D0B490DD8A3B97AC2D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEE504503EE4A0CD08C4147563E045E8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8586D330FD2A2B5AA0A67EED25571D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110D6996433A0A6028401357C17F072F" author="Solier, AJJ" editor="Gay, C" journalOrPublisher="Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="105 - 508" refId="B60" refString="Solier, AJJ, 1849. Orden III. Coleopteros. In: Gay, C, Ed.,. . Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile 4: 105 - 508" title="Orden III. Coleopteros." volume="4" volumeTitle="." year="1849">Solier (1849)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was used by major authorities throughout the 19th century (see synonymy above),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4DCEC5B9D354848A9BB53C5AE346FD88" author="Gemminger, M" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B22" refString="Gemminger, M, Harold, B de, 1868. Cicindelidae- Carabidae. Catalogus Coleopterorum 1, 424 pp. [+ 8 pp index]" title="Cicindelidae- Carabidae. Catalogus Coleopterorum 1, 424 pp. [+ 8 pp index]" year="1868">
|
||
Gemminger and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4C88EDD011F148AFA994DAA36D7172B5" originalValue="Harold’s">Harold's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1868)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
unjustified emendation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BD5656A981471FF465B1D7987D7F6FC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropidopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17CA77FD72C40FDD10A36FEC7A11D9FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropidopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was adopted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5883A4DEEED95F2E7E74A53A1ECE4D61" author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B20" refString="Enderlein, G, 1909. 9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: 486-492." title="9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: 486 - 492." year="1909">Enderlein (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F6DEE1CA9CC11B4A8C743B71B9AE07A1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" author="Moore, BP" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="277 - 290" refId="B48" refString="Moore, BP, 1963. Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 277 - 290" title="Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) - 3. The Psydrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1963.tb00810.x" volume="115" year="1963">Moore (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and subsequently followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D57DB9A69DEF04D556C287861C8A6697" author="Baehr, M" editor="Ball, GE" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B3" refString="Baehr, M, Ball, GE, Casale, A, Vigna Taglianti, V, 1998. A preliminary survey of the classification of Psydrinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga).Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 359-368." title="A preliminary survey of the classification of Psydrinae (Coleoptera: Carabidae). In: BallGECasaleAVigna TagliantiV (Eds) Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 359 - 368." year="1998">Baehr (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The original spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E98494459E9B15CD05F355B815DFEC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="77C9F0707D15FB841FEEA00E889076F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been used more recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E6FE77DADD464E6035B8D4F67BAF69DE" author="Straneo, SL" journalOrPublisher=") Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="95 - 108" refId="B62" refString="Straneo, SL, 1954. Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed.) Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena 4: 95 - 108" title="Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed." volume="4" year="1954">Straneo 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4D29FE18EFB5892FD2A430A37279BC5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300006" author="Roig-Junent, S" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="549 - 571" refId="B55" refString="Roig-Junent, S, Dominguez, MC, 2001. Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 549 - 571" title="Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile." url="https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300006" volume="74" year="2001">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FA1E7219825FC366C6E304A5C9BD934E" originalValue="Roig-Juñent">Roig-Junent</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B5DC08BADA2C36B67A0036969117DD8C" originalValue="Domínguez">Dominguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="60297B2BF02D0C0B50A172965C5551B6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.1871" author="Maddison, DR" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="229 - 260" refId="B46" refString="Maddison, DR, Ober, KA, 2011. Phylogeny of minute carabid beetles and their relatives based upon DNA sequence data (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechitae). ZooKeys 47: 229 - 260" title="Phylogeny of minute carabid beetles and their relatives based upon DNA sequence data (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechitae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.1871" volume="47" year="2011">Maddison and Ober 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0C4F3B51927FF9DE09D8C4FAE22EBFD" author="Larochelle, A" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B32" refString="Larochelle, A, Lariviere, M-C, 2013. Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): synopsis of species, Cicindelinae to Trechinae (in part). Fauna of New Zealand / Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa 69: 193 pp." title="Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): synopsis of species, Cicindelinae to Trechinae (in part). Fauna of New Zealand / Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa 69: 193 pp." year="2013">
|
||
Larochelle and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B09034B19FD2081AA3BCECC874CF476A" originalValue="Larivière">Lariviere</normalizedToken>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Though both variants have been used, the original spelling predominates and so the unjustified emendation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="760FE8DDA363AC7643033D017EB349FB" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropidopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3C456DBEF05D787E3347C0CFD3BFA16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropidopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered "in prevailing usage" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="404DF9428C12B43628B55DFFE857E229" author="Humphries, CJ" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" publicationUrl="http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp" refId="B29" refString="1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition." url="http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Article 33.2.3.1). Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8124968C86B203F43907972D500E50D1" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropidopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DAABD7C9507097F110CE2FCDA4332514" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropidopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be rejected in favor of the original spelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="556B00B07F34D2198573338C9D095A9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
In addition to the three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D55240A488D8CD9B11BA11A5FCD1084" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8BBCB4305708B7E961B46555B9238D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E4BF67F04B7496CD3596E57348CA0019" author="Solier, AJJ" editor="Gay, C" journalOrPublisher="Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="105 - 508" refId="B60" refString="Solier, AJJ, 1849. Orden III. Coleopteros. In: Gay, C, Ed.,. . Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile 4: 105 - 508" title="Orden III. Coleopteros." volume="4" volumeTitle="." year="1849">Solier (1849)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B0DE579727DE30D01A04B027F0376839" author="Germain, P" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="47 - 73" refId="B23" refString="Germain, P, 1911. Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 3: 47 - 73" title="Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional." volume="3" year="1911">Germain (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed "T. plicicollis" ms. name, as an undescribed species held in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile, assigning it his "N.os del
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5CB79AD2AB5EDF975C73639145C96803" originalValue="Catálogo">Catalogo</normalizedToken>
|
||
primitivo" entry 500. This combination was never validly described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B88296D7AA5FA2B7C21CC038B3685135" author="Lorenz, W" journalOrPublisher="Published by the author, Tutzing, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B43" refString="Lorenz, W, 2005. Nomina Carabidarum, a directory of the scientific names of ground beetles. Published by the author, Tutzing, Germany" title="Nomina Carabidarum, a directory of the scientific names of ground beetles." year="2005">Lorenz 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However a specimen labelled as per
|
||
<normalizedToken id="88EB0D7E1BFB3FDB8AC54AD0E28BF469" originalValue="Germain’s">Germain's</normalizedToken>
|
||
protocol ("459 / Catapilcanus / P. G. (ined.)") was described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85E648EF8FA7BF62F1FD743B4A85F214" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Merizodus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merizodus catipileanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catipileanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2FCC4E93C7B57F7403FCA500E80B8D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Merizodus catipileanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD26389B668DD0D21DAFE2535AD1318B" author="Jeannel, R" editor="Deboutteville, CD" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B31" refString="Jeannel, R, Deboutteville, CD, Rapoport, E, 1962. Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol.Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527-655." title="Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol. Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527 - 655." year="1962">Jeannel (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. That name is synonymized below with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49DD2CA060C76F11311706A954AC87FF" lsidName="T. montagnei" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="montagnei">
|
||
<emphasis id="CFEA3588A29B12B417C0518F2C267119" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. montagnei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Solier.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3AC4D478D21E34A9E7509A4888496429" author="Germain, P" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="47 - 73" refId="B23" refString="Germain, P, 1911. Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 3: 47 - 73" title="Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional." volume="3" year="1911">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C4749080A520A1D9DBAACC4984A3B3E2" originalValue="Germain’s">Germain's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1911)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list also includes undescribed specimens labelled with his catalog numbers 458 and 460, bracketing the number assigned to
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3E43462CB5B53493EC2A6C29E35A1128" originalValue="“Catapilcanus.”">"Catapilcanus."</normalizedToken>
|
||
Germain assigned those numbers to his manuscript names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="863E295306037C9014243E77F9EA5D42" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trechus ebeninus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebeninus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5990B4221832C391F8EB784A46D9BDD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Trechus ebeninus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E25A4DC74E89A43DEB84778B8A3E69B8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trechus araucanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F376E57C18849CFEEE612CBC79DB3276" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Trechus araucanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with Jeannel subsequently describing those specimens as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B20F728013CE06019972D05BF1E62CF1" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechisibus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trechisibus araucanus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araucanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8AD7935AB5914C53F05569569FADC143" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Trechisibus araucanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="903AA04125D9B959FE13BEC7A8ABF346" author="Jeannel, R" editor="Deboutteville, CD" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B31" refString="Jeannel, R, Deboutteville, CD, Rapoport, E, 1962. Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol.Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527-655." title="Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol. Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527 - 655." year="1962">Jeannel 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 562) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91B73923D03381F4FDF9841B6288D551" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechisibus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trechisibus ebeninus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebeninus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B5FFEB12B441409B924F0AB0827F6E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Trechisibus ebeninus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="49BE79108DF1C39990FA9F25FD4D1B98" author="Jeannel, R" editor="Deboutteville, CD" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" refId="B31" refString="Jeannel, R, Deboutteville, CD, Rapoport, E, 1962. Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol.Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527-655." title="Les trechides de la Paleantarctide occidentale. In: DebouttevilleCDRapoportE (Eds) Biologie de l'Amerique Australe I: Etudes sur la faune du sol. Editiones du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris, 527 - 655." year="1962">Jeannel 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 577). Thus, some of the undescribed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DAF7959E0FE153CA18C14E6865965595" author="Germain, P" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="47 - 73" refId="B23" refString="Germain, P, 1911. Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 3: 47 - 73" title="Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional." volume="3" year="1911">Germain (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
material was used by Jeannel as the basis for new species he described in 1962, but there is no evidence that any specimens assigned to "T. plicicollis", catalog entry 500, were part of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="16CD3FAEB5EEC70CC526F03085F3E815" originalValue="Jeannel’s">Jeannel's</normalizedToken>
|
||
working material, nor was
|
||
<normalizedToken id="918F542DC6C2BC5EE41F98A88F4C3260" originalValue="Germain’s">Germain's</normalizedToken>
|
||
name validated in any subsequent publication. Thus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B90CB4E4CADDB0CD2954591308C4B23F" author="Germain, P" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="47 - 73" refId="B23" refString="Germain, P, 1911. Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 3: 47 - 73" title="Catalogo Coleopteros Chilenos del Museo Nacional." volume="3" year="1911">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE2C544C0F69B977155B10044EEDCC19" originalValue="Germain’s">Germain's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1911)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
"Tropopterus plicicollis (P. G. ined.)" has no nomenclatural standing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FEBF80BFF2327798BB789672F7DDF7F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B0A6A482EF0E1CA751818E4CFDB9205" author="Straneo, SL" journalOrPublisher=") Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="95 - 108" refId="B62" refString="Straneo, SL, 1954. Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed.) Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena 4: 95 - 108" title="Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed." volume="4" year="1954">Straneo (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9EA7BCEE3154DF1B231C7C42E35FD0A" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus peruvianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6F8E46482F93108E382131CCA66C753" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from two specimens (Sivia, Peru, 13-v-1936, 520 m el.) collected during the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="54EB6D5FBC282D66755B5532BB101904" originalValue="Südperu-Expedition">Suedperu-Expedition</normalizedToken>
|
||
of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg. Although
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AD9C84E22BC7E33FE2F9AF274CB15862" originalValue="Straneo’s">Straneo's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description was published in 1954, the material had been originally described in 1942, with the specimens returned to the Hamburg museum and subsequently destroyed in the Allied firebombing of 1943. That the types of this species were lost in the destruction of the museum was documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E2E978F654A965AEA92BE9E21D9E26E6" author="Weidner, H" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="87 - 264" refId="B67" refString="Weidner, H, 1976. Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Instituts und Zoologischen Museums der Universitaet Hamburg, IX Teil, Insecta VI. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 73: 87 - 264" title="Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Instituts und Zoologischen Museums der Universitaet Hamburg, IX Teil, Insecta VI." volume="73" year="1976">Weidner (1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dr. M. Husemann pers. comm.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="933ADE471606962173B9E525011C081F" author="Straneo, SL" journalOrPublisher=") Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="95 - 108" refId="B62" refString="Straneo, SL, 1954. Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed.) Beitraege zur Fauna-Perus, Jena 4: 95 - 108" title="Pterostichini e Tropopterini (Col. Carabidae). In: Titschack E (Ed." volume="4" year="1954">Straneo (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the female type used as the basis for the description as being of 8 mm body length. His diagnosis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AD19357BD1211411A289754583B66F6" lsidName="T. peruvianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C0E366C492DE80290C35A4E5B94E1411" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, translated from the Italian, follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6AE2937AFA655DAD12901F993E2F5077" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
"It differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="3BE9AA4BB3C56CC4E5A128A8468FD619" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. giraud[y]i</emphasis>
|
||
Sol. by the basally non-sinuate pronotum; it also has distinctly obtuse pronotal basal angles; the 1st stria is strongly impressed from approximately 1/6 of the elytra length, immediately commencing as a distinct impression and not with isolated punctures; the eighth stria is about as long as the 1st; the third interstria has a small puncture present the apical half; the two basal antennal articles extend beyond the pronotal base, etc. From
|
||
<emphasis id="75183AC7F5FAD376BACF17513984F74C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. duponcheli</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="F0657B8D7086AD65380A2282FBAAAD1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">i</emphasis>
|
||
] Sol. it differs by the first and second striae stria reaching the elytral base, and because the lateral pronotal [margin] is very gradually enlarged from the anterior setal pore towards the base."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E306E45A2257F0AF7B860D09273605A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
This diagnosis does not fit any of the species treated below. Indeed the presence of a puncture in the third interval does not fit the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="141B0E612CD14DE4AC1199CE06697C8F" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tropopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B21A223183FEB3EB6AA124A7F8A724F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Tropopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting phylogenetic placement outside the presently treated taxa. Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98FDD528DC6E1D6528256D43087FB381" lsidName="T. peruvianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" rank="species" species="peruvianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4AEF54646BF572BDDB56D6277AE499A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">T. peruvianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Straneo is to be treated as an available
|
||
<emphasis id="234F7405597D1C4395827DC75168F932" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">nomen dubium</emphasis>
|
||
with its identity to be stabilized through new collection and designation of a neotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |