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159 lines
16 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" ID-PMC="PMC4109472" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-421-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" ID-PubMed="25061381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578387" ID-ZooBank="4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304" ModsDocID="1313-2970-421-91" checkinTime="1451245675936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian & Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2014" docId="A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 421: 91-113" docOrigin="ZooKeys 421" docPubDate="2014-06-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" docTitle="Raphia frater subsp. abrupta Grote 2014, stat. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1668158807944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K. W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum, 218 Earth Sciences Building, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T 6 G 2 E 9</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>421</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>113</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-421-91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578387</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182234973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A7E6BF4454AD5BEC9C4141EB051867DB" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName LSID="A7E6BF44-54AD-5BEC-9C41-41EB051867DB" authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphia frater subsp. abrupta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" status="stat. n." subSpecies="abrupta">Raphia frater abrupta Grote</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="12" pageNumber="103">stat. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Figs 1b-e</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Raphia frater subspecies (circles) relative to range of Populus larval host plants (coloured shading) in eastern North America. Black circles - subsp. frater; white circles - subsp. abrupta; grey circles - subsp. piazzi; half-circles represent transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens. Blue shading - combined ranges of Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata; yellow shading - Populus deltoides; range overlap depicted in green. Populus ranges adapted from USGS (2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30256" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">, 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abrupta" status="stat. n.">Raphia abrupta</taxonomicName>
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Grote, 1864
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Certila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexuosa" status="stat. n.">Certila flexuosa</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1865
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abrupta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia abrupta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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- female holotype # 7675 [ANSP]. Type locality: not given; here restricted to Sycamore Landing, Seneca, Montgomery Co., Maryland. The female type bears no locality or collector label data, and since this is a widespread, geographically variable taxon, we restrict the type locality to Sycamore Landing, Seneca, Montgomery Co., Maryland; a series in USNM from this locality, collected by D. C. Ferguson, is phenotypically more similar to the female type than specimens from the Great Plains; it is also more likley that the holotype originated from the eastern US rather than the Great Plains, which were not well collected in the mid 1800's.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Certila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Certila flexuosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker - [BMNH; not examined]. Type locality: North America.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis and description">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="abrupta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater abrupta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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replaces
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the central Great Plains eastward to the mid-Atlantic seaboard, and southward to eastern Texas and Florida. It is on average smaller with a more evenly-coloured forewing, a more linear, angulate antemedial band and a fuscous hindwing. Average forewing length is 13.7 mm (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
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= 9) in males, 15.2 mm in females (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
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= 9). The thoracic collar is often darker than the dorsal thorax, not concolorous as in
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The wing facies of subspecies
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">abrupta</emphasis>
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is in many ways intermediate between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="piazzi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater piazzi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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of central and southern Texas and
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the north, but the exact nature of the interface between
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">abrupta</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">piazzi</emphasis>
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in Texas remains unstudied.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="biology and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Biology and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
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Subspecies
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">abrupta</emphasis>
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occurs south of the range of the aspen species favoured by
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae, and its riparian haunts suggest it feeds on eastern cottonwood (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="W.Bartram ex Marshall" authorityYear="1785" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="deltoides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Populus deltoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), the only
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Populus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in much of its range. Swamp cottonwood (
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Salicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Populus heterophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and willows (
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<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Salix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.) may also be suitable hosts. This subspecies is apparently rare on the Atlantic seaboard and absent altogether in the Appalachians. We examined only a single historical specimen from New Jersey (Trenton), with records north of there assignable to
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. All Ohio records were attributed to
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Rings, RW" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin (New Series)" pageId="18" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 219" refId="B36" refString="Rings, RW, Metzler, EH, Arnold, FJ, Harris, DH, 1992. The owlet moths of Ohio Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin (New Series) 9 (2): 1 - 219" title="The owlet moths of Ohio Order Lepidoptera Family Noctuidae." volume="9" year="1992">Rings et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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, although specimens with a pale grey forewing and dusky hindwing, traits of the
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">abrupta</emphasis>
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phenotype, rarely occur as far north as southernmost Ontario (Toronto) and southeastern Minnesota (Fillmore Co.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |