183 lines
25 KiB
XML
183 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="96CB78F60C57FA66FEAE6B22DC2409DC" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5432328" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630429767966" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sinclair, Bradley J., Borkent, Art & Wood, D. Monty" docDate="2007" docId="0E458F02FF99B247FBF8F94BFE88FD89" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00314.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Simuliidae Newman 1834" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="729" masterDocId="F27CF77AFF89B255FFEFFF95FFA1FF85" masterDocTitle="The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance" masterLastPageNumber="742" masterPageNumber="711" pageNumber="727" updateTime="1699266673815" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="16FA40247FCA43BE9AC1A7C92258D073">The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6BFF95F030091FE923554E09F086887C">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C0267EE6F0169284E3DFF0CABCF404E0">Borkent, Art</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DE91EE7DA889E4962B17DFF856315342">Wood, D. Monty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="554E6A0B2CC8EC92AA98950B0951A904">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5F185C68B9795A8BA1B8013A2F87E0D4">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="80FD12AEC4D9A580F08EB1A5368DCA32">
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<mods:date id="E64A193CE49A247DB7DE11A10EF6DBEF">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="97C764EC1CC77D239226DBF1166827DE">2007-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0F83DCD9BB4F59588C5AF943707185AE">150</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="CEF66D9FFF99B245FBF8F94BFB3FF971" box="[1047,1182,1758,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="727" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF99B245FBF8F94BFB3FF971" blockId="16.[1047,1182,1758,1782]" box="[1047,1182,1758,1782]" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">
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<heading id="DD1B8978FF99B245FBF8F94BFB3FF971" box="[1047,1182,1758,1782]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="727" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF99B245FBF8F94BFB3FF971" ID-CoL="6279F" ID-ENA="7190" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1047,1182,1758,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="727" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">SIMULIIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CEF66D9FFF99B247FCC9F892FE88FD89" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="729" pageId="16" pageNumber="727" type="description">
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF99B245FCC9F892FB9CF89E" blockId="16.[806,1085,1798,1820]" box="[806,1085,1798,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF99B245FCC9F892FB9CF89E" box="[806,1085,1798,1820]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">
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Description (
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<figureCitation id="1ED72291FF99B245FC5BF893FBAAF89E" box="[948,1035,1798,1819]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[142,220,1269,1288]" captionTargetBox="[305,1262,194,1237]" captionTargetId="figure-333@12.[302,1262,194,1237]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Trichocera sp. (Trichoceridae). B, Dixa yamatoma (Dixidae). C, Dixa yamatoma (Dixidae). D, Austrothaumalea zentae (Thaumaleidae). E, Austrosimulium furiosum group (Simuliidae). F, Chironomus plumosus (Chironomidae). acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432338" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432338/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">Figs 5E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1ED72291FF99B245FBF8F893FB97F89E" box="[1047,1078,1798,1819]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[142,220,1586,1605]" captionTargetBox="[303,1261,194,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-176@16.[302,1262,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Androprosopa japonica (Thaumaleidae). B, Austrothaumalea zentae (Thaumaleidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5D). C, Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Ceratopogonidae) [modified from Pomerantzev (1932)]. D, Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Chironomidae) [modified from Wensler & Rempel (1962)]. E, Austrosimulium furiosum species group (Simuliidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5E). acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432342/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">7E</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF99B244FCC9F8A9FF50FB7E" blockId="16.[806,1421,1851,1904]" lastBlockId="17.[162,778,1192,1275]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF99B245FCC9F8A9FCCCF8D4" box="[806,877,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="727">Testis:</emphasis>
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Each testis is ovoid, pear-shaped or an elongate tapered organ, clothed in pigment granules or a fat body (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FF04FB3DFE3CFB3B" author="Crosskey RE" box="[235,413,1192,1214]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" refId="ref21015" refString="Crosskey RE. 1990. The natural history of blackflies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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). The internal details are outlined by
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FEF7FB52FDFEFB58" author="Raminani LN & Crupp EW" box="[280,607,1223,1245]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="591 - 594" refId="ref23197" refString="Raminani LN, Crupp EW. 1978. The male reproductive system of the black fly, Simulium pictipes Hagen. Mosquito News 38: 591 - 594." type="journal article" year="1978">Raminani & Crupp (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FD42FB52FF4CFB7E" author="Rubtsov IA" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="1 - 1042" refId="ref23292" refString="Rubtsov IA. 1989. Blackflies (Simuliidae). Fauna of the USSR 6 (6): 1 - 1042." type="journal article" year="1989">Rubtsov (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="D2936E9CFF98B244FF4DFB95FCEDFBE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5432344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432344/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" startId="17.[162,240,1024,1043]" targetBox="[322,1282,195,992]" targetPageId="17">
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FF4DFB95FCEDFBE9" blockId="17.[162,1443,1024,1132]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FF4DFB95FEABFB96" bold="true" box="[162,266,1024,1043]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Figure 8.</emphasis>
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Male external terminalia. A,
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FDA9FB95FC5AFB96" box="[582,1019,1024,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Androprosopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FDA9FB95FCEFFB96" box="[582,846,1024,1043]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Androprosopa americana</emphasis>
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(Thaumaleidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(posterior view). B,
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FB22FB95FE2CFBB4" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Androprosopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FB22FB95FF7AFBB5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Androprosopa americana</emphasis>
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(Thaumaleidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(posterior view). C,
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FD9AFB8BFC02FBB4" box="[629,931,1054,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Dixidae" genus="Dixella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicholsoni">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FD9AFB8BFC96FBB4" box="[629,823,1054,1073]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Dixella nicholsoni</emphasis>
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(Dixidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(lateral view). D,
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FB9BFB8BFA03FBB4" box="[1140,1442,1054,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Dixidae" genus="Dixella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicholsoni">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FB9BFB8BFA97FBB4" box="[1140,1334,1054,1073]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Dixella nicholsoni</emphasis>
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(Dixidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(posterior view; gonostyli removed). aed, aedeagus; cerc, cercus; gst, gonostylus; hyprct, hypoproct; pm, paramere; v pl, ventral plate. Scale bars = 0.1 mm, except in B scale bar = 0.05 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FF4DFA86FDADFAAC" blockId="17.[162,524,1299,1321]" box="[162,524,1299,1321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FF4DFA86FE8DFAAD" box="[162,300,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Epididymis:</emphasis>
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Not differentiated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FF4DFAD7FEA2F9C8" blockId="17.[162,778,1345,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FF4DFAD7FE96FAD3" box="[162,311,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Vas deferens:</emphasis>
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The vasa deferentia are short, a little longer than the testes. The ducts curve anteriorly to lie juxtaposed on the dorsal surface of the accessory gland complex. Each duct is rather broad, stout and enters the anterior chamber separately (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FD7CFA29FE95FA74" author="Jobling B & Lewis DJ" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" refId="ref21788" refString="Jobling B, Lewis DJ. 1987. Anatomical drawings of biting flies. London: British Museum (Natural History), in association with the Wellcome Trust." type="book" year="1987">Jobling & Lewis, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). Spermatozoa normally fill the distal portion of the vasa deferentia (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FDF3FA6CFF7DF9AB" author="Raminani LN & Crupp EW" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="591 - 594" refId="ref23197" refString="Raminani LN, Crupp EW. 1978. The male reproductive system of the black fly, Simulium pictipes Hagen. Mosquito News 38: 591 - 594." type="journal article" year="1978">Raminani & Crupp, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). The ducts are also often covered in pigmented fat cells.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FF4DF9F0FB38FB58" blockId="17.[162,779,1637,1904]" lastBlockId="17.[826,1441,1192,1245]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FF4DF9F0FDE7F9FF" box="[162,582,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Accessory gland and seminal vesicle:</emphasis>
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Each side of the accessory gland complex is two-chambered. The anterior chamber is oval and granular secretory material has been observed inside (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FE3BF954FD5FF952" author="Raminani LN & Crupp EW" box="[468,766,1729,1751]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="591 - 594" refId="ref23197" refString="Raminani LN, Crupp EW. 1978. The male reproductive system of the black fly, Simulium pictipes Hagen. Mosquito News 38: 591 - 594." type="journal article" year="1978">Raminani & Crupp, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). The walls of this chamber are rich in glandular cells (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FF45F96BFE0DF896" author="Jobling B & Lewis DJ" box="[170,428,1790,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" refId="ref21788" refString="Jobling B, Lewis DJ. 1987. Anatomical drawings of biting flies. London: British Museum (Natural History), in association with the Wellcome Trust." type="book" year="1987">Jobling & Lewis, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FE57F96BFDFBF896" author="Rubtsov IA" box="[440,602,1790,1812]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="1 - 1042" refId="ref23292" refString="Rubtsov IA. 1989. Blackflies (Simuliidae). Fauna of the USSR 6 (6): 1 - 1042." type="journal article" year="1989">Rubtsov, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 10A, fpsd). The second pair of chambers is elongate, approximately twice as long as the anterior chamber and more than three times as long as wide (
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<figureCitation id="1ED72291FF98B244FD47F8CFFD5FF8F5" box="[680,766,1882,1904]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[142,220,1586,1605]" captionTargetBox="[303,1261,194,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-176@16.[302,1262,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Androprosopa japonica (Thaumaleidae). B, Austrothaumalea zentae (Thaumaleidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5D). C, Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Ceratopogonidae) [modified from Pomerantzev (1932)]. D, Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Chironomidae) [modified from Wensler & Rempel (1962)]. E, Austrosimulium furiosum species group (Simuliidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5E). acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432342/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
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). Strong musculature encircles the anterior glands (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FCAEFB52FC44FB59" author="Rubtsov IA" box="[833,997,1223,1245]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="1 - 1042" refId="ref23292" refString="Rubtsov IA. 1989. Blackflies (Simuliidae). Fauna of the USSR 6 (6): 1 - 1042." type="journal article" year="1989">Rubtsov, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 10A, epsd).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FCD5FB60FA89FAE2" blockId="17.[826,1442,1269,1383]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FCD5FB60FC5EFA8F" box="[826,1023,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Ejaculatory duct:</emphasis>
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A pair of ducts exits the constricted end of the second pair of chambers, but remains divided until near the base of the aedeagus. The duct is rather stout, containing circular muscle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FCD5FAEAFBDEF94D" blockId="17.[826,1442,1407,1736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FCD5FAEAFA03FA11" box="[826,1442,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Ejaculatory apodeme, sperm pump, and aedeagus:</emphasis>
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The ejaculatory apodeme and sperm pump are absent in
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FCB4FA29FC78FA57" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[859,985,1468,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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. The aedeagus is mostly membranous, although a dorsal plate is occasionally present in the dorsal wall of the aedeagus. The median sclerite is viewed as a dorsal extension of the ventral plate rather than derived from the aedeagus (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FAE5F9A2FC40F9E9" author="Adler PH & Currie DC & Wood DM" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" refId="ref20388" refString="Adler PH, Currie DC, Wood DM. 2004. The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." type="book" year="2004">Adler, Currie & wood, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). The ventral plate (ventral aedeagal guide) articulates with the gonocoxite and serves to aid in opening the female genital chamber by lifting the anal lobes (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FC04F924FBD3F94D" author="Wood DM" box="[1003,1138,1713,1736]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="1297 - 1337" refId="ref24053" refString="Wood DM. 1978. Taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Twinnia and Gymnopais (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a discussion of the ancestry of the Simuliidae. Canadian Entomologist 110: 1297 - 1337." type="journal article" year="1978">Wood, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF98B244FCD5F94AFC4EF8F5" blockId="17.[826,1442,1759,1904]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">
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<emphasis id="B498E206FF98B244FCD5F94AFC07F971" box="[826,934,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Remarks:</emphasis>
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In
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FC34F94AFBF8F970" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[987,1113,1759,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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, two chambers within the accessory gland complex are present (
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<figureCitation id="1ED72291FF98B244FB16F96BFAECF891" box="[1273,1357,1790,1812]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[142,220,1586,1605]" captionTargetBox="[303,1261,194,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-176@16.[302,1262,193,1554]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Androprosopa japonica (Thaumaleidae). B, Austrothaumalea zentae (Thaumaleidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5D). C, Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Ceratopogonidae) [modified from Pomerantzev (1932)]. D, Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Chironomidae) [modified from Wensler & Rempel (1962)]. E, Austrosimulium furiosum species group (Simuliidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5E). acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5432342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5432342/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="728">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FAB3F96BFB86F8B7" author="Raminani LN & Crupp EW" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="591 - 594" refId="ref23197" refString="Raminani LN, Crupp EW. 1978. The male reproductive system of the black fly, Simulium pictipes Hagen. Mosquito News 38: 591 - 594." type="journal article" year="1978">Raminani & Crupp, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FBDAF888FB79F8B7" author="Rubtsov IA" box="[1077,1240,1821,1843]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" pagination="1 - 1042" refId="ref23292" refString="Rubtsov IA. 1989. Blackflies (Simuliidae). Fauna of the USSR 6 (6): 1 - 1042." type="journal article" year="1989">Rubtsov, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF98B244FB08F888FA37F8B6" author="Crosskey RE" box="[1255,1430,1821,1843]" pageId="17" pageNumber="728" refId="ref21015" refString="Crosskey RE. 1990. The natural history of blackflies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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), in contrast to the three chambers observed in other
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF98B244FCD5F8CFFC4AF8F5" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1838" box="[826,1003,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="738" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Chironomoidea">Chironomoidea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86533E14FF9BB247FF48FF56FE88FD89" blockId="18.[142,758,195,524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729">
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Spermatophores have been confirmed in
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9BB247FD9CFF56FD53FF5C" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[627,754,195,217]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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, with detailed descriptions of their shape and position during copulation (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9BB247FE87FE94FE5CFE92" author="Davies L" box="[360,509,257,279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref21098" refString="Davies L. 1965. On spermatophores in Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (A) 40 (1 - 3): 30 - 34." type="journal article" year="1965">Davies, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9BB247FDE6FE94FD33FE92" author="Wenk P" box="[521,658,257,279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" pagination="671 - 713" refId="ref23749" refString="Wenk P. 1965. Uber die Biologie blutsaugender Simuliiden (Diptera). II. Schwarmverhalten, Geschlechterfindung und Kopulation. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere 55: 671 - 713." type="journal article" year="1965">Wenk, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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). A spermatophore in
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<taxonomicName id="41EC4597FF9BB247FED5FE8AFE17FEB0" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[314,438,287,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
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is an organized structure containing two packets of spermatozoa (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9BB247FD8EFEABFD4BFED1" author="Wood DM" box="[609,746,318,340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" pagination="1297 - 1337" refId="ref24053" refString="Wood DM. 1978. Taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Twinnia and Gymnopais (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a discussion of the ancestry of the Simuliidae. Canadian Entomologist 110: 1297 - 1337." type="journal article" year="1978">Wood, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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), which are partly separated by an internal ridge or groove (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9BB247FF04FEEEFE25FE14" author="Davies L" box="[235,388,379,401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" pagination="30 - 34" refId="ref21098" refString="Davies L. 1965. On spermatophores in Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (A) 40 (1 - 3): 30 - 34." type="journal article" year="1965">Davies, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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). The presence of two separate packets is considered to have resulted from spermatozoa from each of the two halves of the accessory gland complex coming together within the ejaculatory duct (
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<bibRefCitation id="E27D43E5FF9BB247FF7AFE63FEBDFD89" author="Wood DM" box="[149,284,502,524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="729" pagination="1297 - 1337" refId="ref24053" refString="Wood DM. 1978. Taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Twinnia and Gymnopais (Diptera: Simuliidae) and a discussion of the ancestry of the Simuliidae. Canadian Entomologist 110: 1297 - 1337." type="journal article" year="1978">Wood, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |