1034 lines
154 KiB
XML
1034 lines
154 KiB
XML
<document id="5EA16409B8272B0B7A84E6EB545CAB7B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179068" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0e24463-c8e9-4b74-bafd-5be59d24a137" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179068" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459937498254" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Linzmeier, Adelita M., Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S. & Moura, Luciano A." docDate="2007" docId="03F487D828118869CABCFACDFBD9F95B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01615p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1615" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Megistops vandepolli Duvivier" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="FFCDFFA028108862CA2BFF85FF82FF91" masterDocTitle="First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1698230208965" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EC25DFF3DE25D73CEA621F835CA3000D">First descriptions of immatures for Megistops (Boheman) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae) in a new host-plant family, with notes on life history and redescription of M. vandepolli Duvivier *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D842ED6A7EE4C2F877F888A6C715D828">Linzmeier, Adelita M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="44C9A37709E40BBD65A324A68D11C666">Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9355C21225BA6AF7B7A3F0DD0F974871">Moura, Luciano A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="38C5F0A3EB377FC15227FCAF44FEADB3">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="FCB35472F735B5D173E3E5BB02BEF3F8" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179068</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0441977B9821C899526D9CEFB007167F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F487D828118869CABCFACDFBD9F95B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6237920" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119375539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6237920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487D828118869CABCFACDFBD9F95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F487D828118869CABCFACDFBD9F95B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="C347654528118863CABCFACDFEB1FA44" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE236CE28118863CABCFACDFD88FAF3" blockId="1.[151,522,1352,1378]" box="[151,522,1352,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D0AA81A228118863CABCFACDFD88FAF3" bold="true" box="[151,522,1352,1378]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28118863CABCFACDFD88FAF3" authority="Duvivier" authorityName="Duvivier" box="[151,522,1352,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
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<emphasis id="B929EADC28118863CABCFACDFD88FAF3" bold="true" box="[151,522,1352,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B929EADC28118863CABCFACDFE17FAF3" bold="true" box="[151,405,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
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Duvivier
|
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE236CE28118863CABCFA17FEB1FA44" blockId="1.[151,1436,1426,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B929EADC28118863CABCFA17FE31FA3D" bold="true" box="[151,435,1426,1452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Redescription of adult.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863CBE9FA16FDA8FA3C" box="[450,554,1427,1453]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox-0="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetBox-1="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetBox-2="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863C81CFA16FDCAFA3C" box="[567,584,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">7</figureCitation>
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||
). Body
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28118863C88FFA16FCB5FA3C" box="[676,823,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="3.2">3.2 – 3.7mm</quantity>
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||
long and 2.0 –
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28118863C9C1FA16FBC6FA3C" box="[1002,1092,1427,1453]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
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wide, shiny, oval and moderately convex.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C347654528118866CAEDFA66FB1CFE93" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE236CE28118863CAEDFA66FF6BF97C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1426,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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Color. Ventrally piceous with prosternum yellowish and hind femora and metasternum dark brown to brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863CAD9F98EFEBBF9B4" box="[242,313,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E). Head brownish with genae and labrum black, interocular space yellowish; antennae with antennomeres 1–4 and basal half of 5 (in some specimens 1–3 and basal half of 4) yellowish, the rest dark brown to black. Pronotum yellow; elytra orange to yellow, with suture and the following black to dark brown spots on each elytra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863CBB0F906FE66F90C" box="[411,484,1667,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E): one elongate at the humeral area, one on disk, elongate, slightly curved towards the sutural margin, and another on the apex coalescent with the sutural area; scutellum black to dark brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28118860CAECF97EFC56FE5B" blockId="1.[151,1436,1426,2013]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,458]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863CB3EF97EFED5F884" box="[277,343,1787,1813]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Eyes large, sub-reniform, separated on the occiput by a very thin strip, sometimes touching at one point. Antennal calli not developed, slightly elevated. Interocular space shiny, very finely punctate, with one seta on each side of inner margin of the eyes, above antennal sockets; the largest interocular distance about the diameter of the eye. Frontal carina subtriangular, shiny, with sparse hairs. Antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28118863CF28F8F6FAC4F81C" box="[1283,1350,1907,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B) filiform, length not reaching the middle of elytra; scape cylindrical, subequal to length of antennomeres 2–4 together; antennomere 2 globose, antennomere 3 subcylindrical and with the length subequal to the anterior segment; antennomeres 4–10 subequal, and 11 slightly longer than preceding article; antennomeres 1–3 poorly covered by hairs and with 1 or 2 long setae on their apical areas; antennomeres 4–11 densely covered by pubescence and bearing two to five long setae apically. Clypeus with a row of setae. Labrum shiny, with four setiferous pores. Maxillary palpi (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860C876FE95FD1DFEBB" box="[605,671,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) 4-segmented, the second is the largest and the apical subconical, each segment with some long and short setae irregularly distributed; galea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860CE6DFEBDFB0BFEC3" box="[1094,1161,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C) subcylindrical, with many hairs on apex. Labium with submentum trapezoidal; labial palpi 3-segmented, third segment conical. Mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860CB09FE0DFEEFFE33" box="[290,365,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) palmate bearing five teeth (apparently four because the inner tooth is very short) and a membranous prostheca which occupies a broad area of inner surface.
|
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF22664628128860CABCFA4AFDE5F998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BE236CE28128860CABCFA4AFDE5F998" blockId="2.[151,1436,1487,1545]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="B929EADC28128860CABCFA4AFE9BFA76" bold="true" box="[151,281,1487,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28128860CB34FA4AFD81FA77" box="[287,515,1487,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
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||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28128860CB34FA4AFD81FA77" box="[287,515,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28128860CAECF9B9FD37F88F" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Thorax. Pronotum convex, shining, finely and densely punctate, subtrapezoidal, with width/length ratio 2.4, posteriorly wider than anteriorly; each anterior and posterior angle bearing a long seta. Scutellum triangular, smooth and shining. Prosternum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860C87FF909FD15F937" box="[596,663,1676,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D) pubescent with irregular surface; prosternal process expanded beyond coxae and truncate in its apical margin; procoxal cavities open behind. Mesosternum short, approximately 1/4 the major length of metasternum. Metasternum smooth and shining, almost glabrous and impunctate, with short hairs very sparsely distributed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28128860CAECF8A9FC38F877" blockId="2.[151,1437,1596,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Elytral surface shining with very fine and sparse punctuation; in lateral view, elytra with a faint tubercle near the humeral area and epipleura wide, gradually narrowing towards the elytral apex, but not reaching it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860CAB4F8F9FF65F807" box="[159,231,1916,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Posterior wings with a fringe of short hairs on marginal border; radius vein well developed; radial cell subtriangular; M1 rudimentary, slightly distinctive; M3+4 thin and sclerotized as well as M3 and the crossvein m-m; cubitus and post-cubitus also well evident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28128860C965F849FC17F877" box="[846,917,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF22664628138861CABCFBC5FB13FB0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28138861CABCFBC5FB13FB0C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1088,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28138861CABCFBC5FE9EFBC9" bold="true" box="[151,284,1088,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28138861CB0EFBC4FD8FFBC9" box="[293,525,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28138861CB0EFBC4FD8FFBC9" box="[293,525,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15mm; C = 0.5mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125mm; G = 0.025mm; H, I = 0.25mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28138861CAECFB4EFAE2FA14" blockId="3.[151,1437,1227,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Anterior and middle legs with femora slightly dilated and tibiae subcylindrical, somewhat enlarged towards apical edge and externally with a distinct emargination at apex; pubescense sparsely distributed, denser on apical portion of tibia. Posterior leg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861C8E6FA9EFC93FAA4" box="[717,785,1307,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E) with femora greatly thickened, their width approximately 2.6 times the width of femora of fore and middle legs; tibia dorsally flattened with margins serrate at apex, with a fringe of short stout hairs and a wide laminated spur on apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CE29FAEEFBC6FA14" box="[1026,1092,1387,1413]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[427,1154,505,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1174,503,1482]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Megistops vandepolli, adult scanning electron micrographs. A, head; B, antenna; C, maxilla; D, prosternum; E, posterior leg; F, apical spur of hind tibia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Claw appendiculate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28138861CAECFA16FA87FA6C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1227,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Abdomen. Sparsely punctate and pubescent, with 5 visible segments; sternum VII with a distinct sexual dimorphism: males with a small salient lobe centrally on posterior margin and females with a posterior sinuate margin and a longitudinal shallow sulcus on the same area where males have a lobe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CE52FA66FB41FA6C" box="[1145,1219,1507,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28138861CAECF98EFA91F954" blockId="3.[151,1437,1227,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CB55F98EFE4AF9B4" box="[382,456,1547,1573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F). Median lobe with length 3.5 times its largest width in apical region; in ventral view, with lateral margins with almost parallel sides, raised subtriangular apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CE15F9B6FB07F9DC" box="[1086,1157,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E); in lateral view moderately curved, gently wider near middle narrowing toward apex, this strongly recurved, acute apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CF46F9DEFF25F90C" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Internal sac with denticles irregularly distributed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861C935F906FCEBF90C" box="[798,873,1667,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox="[295,1309,195,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[268,1327,170,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Megistops vandepolli, adult. Mandibles: A, frontal view; B, dorsal view. C, elytra (lateral); D, posterior wing. Male genitalia, aedeagus: E, ventral; F, lateral; G, detail of teeth of internal sac. Urosternite V: H, male; I, female. Bars: A, B = 0.15 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm; E, F = 0.125 mm; G = 0.025 mm; H, I = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179070/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G) and in the median area with a paired sclerite as in fig. 2E. Tegmen Y-shaped, with the inferior rod approximately 2 times longer than each arm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28138866CAECF956FB1CFE93" blockId="3.[151,1437,1227,2013]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,258]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Female genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CBB4F956FE6AF97C" box="[415,488,1747,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eighth tergite with rounded margin, more sclerotized on distal edge, bearing many moderate long setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CBF1F97EFDA2F884" box="[474,544,1787,1813]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Tignum long, narrow, with a central canal; distal area broad, subtriangular, spoon shaped, glabrous; proximal area spatulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861C937F8A6FCE6F8AC" box="[796,868,1827,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Vaginal palpi rounded, dorsally sclerotized, each with about 16 setae distributed marginally and a shallow median depression between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861CF05F8CEFAF7F8F4" box="[1326,1397,1867,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Bursa copulatrix membranous, longer than tignum, without sclerites, and on proximal region an area like a ring with small sclerotized plicaes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28138861C815F81EFD07F824" box="[574,645,1947,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). Spermatheca curved, receptacle cylindrical, about 2.7 times longer than width, widest in the distal area; pump curved somewhat globose; proximal spermathecal duct sclerotized, extending away from receptacle, curved towards it and rolled on itself, ending in a rounded area from which the duct sharpens and is less sclerotized, and from where the spermathecal gland appears; spermathecal gland narrow and long, about half as long as receptacle, with irregular surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28148866CE1CFF6DFBFFFE93" box="[1079,1149,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,314,1526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Megistops vandepolli, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF22664628148866CABCFA48FB49F996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179071/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[286,1306,319,1484]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28148866CABCFA48FB49F996" blockId="4.[151,1436,1485,1543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CABCFA48FE9BFA74" bold="true" box="[151,281,1485,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866CB34FA4BFD86FA74" box="[287,516,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CB34FA4BFD86FA74" box="[287,516,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female. A, female genitalia (ventral); B, detail of bursa teeth; C, tergum VIII; D, vaginal palpi (dorsal); E, tignum (ventral); F, spermatheca. Bars: B = 0.025 mm; other Figs = 0.125 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347654528148866CAECF9BEFD49F88C" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28148866CAECF9BEFD49F88C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1595,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CAECF9BEFEBBF9C4" bold="true" box="[199,313,1595,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866CB6CF9BEFDC0F9C5" box="[327,578,1595,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CB6CF9BEFDC0F9C5" box="[327,578,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866C946F9BEFA91F9C4" authority="Blake, 1952" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1952" box="[877,1299,1595,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoloma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866C946F9BEFBFCF9C5" box="[877,1150,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Megistops melanoloma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F28148866CEAEF9BEFA91F9C4" author="Blake" box="[1157,1299,1595,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Blake, D. H. (1952) Six new species of Megistops with keys to the known species (Coleoptera). Psyche, 59 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1952">Blake, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866CF60F9BEFD8BF9EC" authority="Blake, 1952" authorityName="Blake" authorityYear="1952" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CF60F9BEFEECF9ED" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Megistops argentinensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F28148866CB5DF9E6FD8BF9EC" author="Blake" box="[374,521,1635,1661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Blake, D. H. (1952) Six new species of Megistops with keys to the known species (Coleoptera). Psyche, 59 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1952">Blake, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F28148866C83DF9E6FD33F9EC" author="Blake" box="[534,689,1635,1661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Blake, D. H. (1952) Six new species of Megistops with keys to the known species (Coleoptera). Psyche, 59 (1), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1952">Blake (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
comments that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866C95BF9E6FB91F9ED" box="[880,1043,1635,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866C95BF9E6FB91F9ED" box="[880,1043,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">M. melanoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“may be only a race of that species”; she considered it a different species because of the large distance between the regions (Santarém,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E28148866CF7FF90EFA1EF934" box="[1364,1436,1675,1701]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E28148866CAE2F936FEA3F95C" box="[201,289,1715,1741]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) allied with the slight differences such as the narrower tip of the aedeagus, the dark color of legs and elytra, and eyes closer placed.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866C810F95EFCDBF965" box="[571,857,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866C810F95EFCDBF965" box="[571,857,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Megistops argentinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28148866CE4DF95EFA89F965" box="[1126,1291,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CE4DF95EFA89F965" box="[1126,1291,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the dark lateral vitta on elytra and the shape of aedeagus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347654528148867CAEDF8AEFF40FD8B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28148866CAEDF8AEFA1EF874" blockId="4.[151,1437,1595,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CAEDF8AEFE3BF8D4" bold="true" box="[198,441,1835,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E28148866CBE3F8AEFDB7F8D4" box="[456,565,1835,1861]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866C86BF8AEFD76F8D5" box="[576,756,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
|
||
: Itapiranga, 3 exs,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866C9FFF8AEFBAEF8D4" box="[980,1068,1835,1861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1934-02">II.1934</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866CEF9F8AEFAAEF8D4" box="[1234,1324,1835,1861]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
); Itaiópolis, 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866CB26F8D6FE17F8FC" box="[269,405,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="2003-09-25">25.IX.2003</date>
|
||
, A.M. Linzmeier col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866C88DF8D6FD7BF8FC" box="[678,761,1875,1901]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
); 5 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866C972F8D6FC63F8FC" box="[857,993,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="2006-09-10">10.IX.2006</date>
|
||
, A.M. Linzmeier col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866CED9F8D6FAC7F8FC" box="[1266,1349,1875,1901]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
); 6 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866CABCF8FEFE9DF804" box="[151,287,1915,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="2006-11-03">03.XI.2006</date>
|
||
, A.M. Linzmeier col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866C819F8FEFD07F804" box="[562,645,1915,1941]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
); 4 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866C8CDF8FEFCEDF804" box="[742,879,1915,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="2006-11-25">25.XI.2006</date>
|
||
, A.M. Linzmeier col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866CEA9F8FEFB57F804" box="[1154,1237,1915,1941]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28148866CEC1F8FEFF3EF82D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Rio Grande do Sul</emphasis>
|
||
: Serro Azul (actually Cerro Largo), 3 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866C8E0F826FCBAF82C" box="[715,824,1955,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1937-07">VII.1937</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866C9C6F826FBC4F82C" box="[1005,1094,1955,1981]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
); 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866CE80F826FB7BF82C" box="[1195,1273,1955,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1952-01">I.1952</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866CAB4F84EFF7AF874" box="[159,248,1995,2021]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
); Salto do Jacuí (Horto da
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866C815F84EFD0EF874" box="[574,652,1995,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">CEEE</collectionCode>
|
||
), 7 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866C8C4F84EFCECF874" box="[751,878,1995,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1998-10-21">21.X.1998</date>
|
||
, L. Moura col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28148866CE1FF84EFB0DF874" box="[1076,1167,1995,2021]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); 5 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28148866CED9F84EFAF3F874" box="[1266,1393,1995,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" value="1998-10-21">21.X.1998</date>
|
||
, A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28158867CABCFF1DFC31FEC3" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Bonaldo col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CB15FF1DFE18FF23" box="[318,410,152,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Estrela Velha (Barragem de Itaúba), 7 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867C981FF1DFBABFF23" box="[938,1065,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1998-10-22">22.X.1998</date>
|
||
, L. Moura col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CEC1FF1DFAC7FF23" box="[1258,1349,152,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); 6 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867CABCFF45FE97FF4B" box="[151,277,192,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1998-10-22">22.X.1998</date>
|
||
, A. Bonaldo col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CBC1FF45FDC7FF4B" box="[490,581,192,218]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); São Francisco de Paula, 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867C9EAFF45FB9BFF4B" box="[961,1049,192,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1956-02">II.1956</date>
|
||
, L. Buckup col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CEC8FF45FABDFF4B" box="[1251,1343,192,218]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Pareci Novo, 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867CB17FF6DFE22FE93" box="[316,416,232,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1932-09">IX.1932</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867C872FF6DFD30FE93" box="[601,690,232,258]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
); 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867C937FF6DFC08FE93" box="[796,906,232,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1942-07">VII.1942</date>
|
||
, P. Buck col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CE68FF6DFB1FFE93" box="[1091,1181,232,258]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E28158867CE9EFF6DFAC5FE93" box="[1205,1351,232,258]" name="Serbia" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867CABCFE95FE90FEBB" box="[151,274,272,298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1977-05-12">12.V.1977</date>
|
||
, H. A. Gastal col.; 1 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867C815FE95FD45FEBB" box="[574,711,272,298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1977-11-03">03.XI.1977</date>
|
||
, Souza col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867C975FE95FC38FEBB" box="[862,954,272,298]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
); Porto Alegre, 6 ex., (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867CEEDFE95FA9DFEBB" box="[1222,1311,272,298]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mrbr-7r6t" name="Museu Anchieta Porto Alegra" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MAPA</collectionCode>
|
||
); Canguçú (Coxilha do Fogo), 10 ex.,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E28158867CBFFFEBDFDD8FEC3" box="[468,602,312,338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" value="1998-02-01" valueMax="1998-02-04" valueMin="1998-02-01">1-4.II.1998</date>
|
||
, C. N. Duckett col. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B28158867C960FEBDFC25FEC3" box="[843,935,312,338]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wyk1-wacz" name="Porto Alegre, Museu de Ciencias Naturais da Fundacao Zoo-Botanica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">MCNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28158867CAEDFEDAFF40FD8B" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28158867CAEDFEDAFD99FEE8" bold="true" box="[198,539,351,377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Descriptions of Immatures.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28158867C801FEE5FD14FEEB" box="[554,662,352,378]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox-0="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetBox-1="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetBox-2="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetBox-3="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Figs 4–7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28158867C882FEDAFD58FEE8" bold="true" box="[681,730,351,377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Egg</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28158867C8C1FEE5FCB7FEEB" box="[746,821,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28158867C969FEE5FCD6FEEB" box="[834,852,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">6</figureCitation>
|
||
): Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28158867C9EFFEE5FB9BFEEB" box="[964,1049,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28158867CE44FEE5FB51FEEB" box="[1135,1235,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.27">0.27mm</quantity>
|
||
, n = 1. Egg elongated, about 2.5 times as long as wide, yellowish, laid singly and covered by an excretory material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28158867CF1EFE0DFA02FE33" box="[1333,1408,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D, 7F). Chorionic sculpturing conspicuous dorsally disappearing toward ventral region; chorion covered with hexagonal rings surrounding a variable number of small tubular aerophyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28158867CE31FE5DFBE5FE63" box="[1050,1127,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C). Micropyle not visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF22664628158867CABCF82AFF4AF87F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28158867CABCF82AFF4AF87F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1967,2030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28158867CABCF82AFE98F856" bold="true" box="[151,282,1967,1991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28158867CB0AF835FD85F856" box="[289,519,1968,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28158867CB0AF835FD85F856" box="[289,519,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34765452816886BCAECFF12FAECFC43" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28168864CAECFF12FB2CFEBB" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28168864CAECFF12FEFAFF20" bold="true" box="[199,376,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Mature Larva</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CBA3FF1DFE76FF23" box="[392,500,152,178]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox-0="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetBox-1="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetBox-2="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetBox-3="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." captionText-3="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Figs 4–7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28168864C848FF1DFD7AFF23" box="[611,760,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5 – 5.5mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28168864C943FF1DFC3DFF23" box="[872,959,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2mm</quantity>
|
||
), width 1.0 –
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28168864CE4BFF1DFB30FF23" box="[1120,1202,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B28168864CF09FF1DFAFBFF23" box="[1314,1401,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
), n = 11. Body form elongate, pale yellow, weakly flattened and curved in preserved specimens, with thin short setae and small lateral tubercles (7G). Head prognathous, sclerotized; areas of pronotum and prosternum less sclerotized than head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CBB5FE95FE64FEBB" box="[414,486,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A,). Integument rugose except on sclerotized areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CE6EFE95FB0EFEBB" box="[1093,1164,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF22664628168864CABCFAFFFCFBFA25" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28168864CABCFAFFFCFBFA25" blockId="6.[151,1436,1402,1460]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28168864CABCFAFFFE98FA03" bold="true" box="[151,282,1402,1426]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28168864CB0BFAFFFD87FA00" box="[288,517,1402,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28168864CB0BFAFFFD87FA00" box="[288,517,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28168865CAECFA62FD93FEEB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1511,2018]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,378]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CB3EFA62FE00F990" box="[277,386,1511,1537]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox-0="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetBox-1="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetBox-2="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Flattened, narrower than prothorax, partially retracted into prothorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CEFCFA62FA9DF990" box="[1239,1311,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A); frontal arms V-shaped, epicranial stem absent; median endocarina well developed, extending to clypeal region; stemmata absent. Frons bearing one pair of long setae medially, one pair anterolaterally and three pairs of microsetae positioned on clypeal area. Each side of epicranial plate bearing nine microsetae: seven in a longitudinal row near middle, one of them placed posteriorly, one mediolaterally and one anterorlly close to the line of the frontal arm; three setae anterolaterad (one ventrally, not seen) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864C9ADF92AFC4FF958" box="[902,973,1711,1737]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Antennifer membranous. Antennae 2-segmented, first segment cylindrical, bearing three campaniform sensilla on ventral side and some stout setae on the apex, one of them distinctly longer; distal segment conical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864C9F4F885FBA4F88B" box="[991,1062,1792,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
G). Frontoclypeal suture absent. Labrum free, transverse, medially emarginated; each side with two stout setae and one campaniform sensillum, positioned in a median row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864C835F8D5FDE1F8FB" box="[542,611,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Epipharynx densely setose anteriorly and medially, with two markedly larger, stout long setae on each side; sensilla are arranged in three pairs, and grouped in clusters within each pair (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864CB3EF825FEDFF82B" box="[277,349,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Mandibles with four teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28168864C8FAF825FC9AF82B" box="[721,792,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
D, E, penicillus not shown); one dorsal sensorial pore and one lateral seta; penicillus with long setae, bifurcated apically or comb-like and some short setae near base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865CAF0FF1DFEA3FF23" box="[219,289,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
H). Maxillae elongate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865C81AFF1DFDFAFF23" box="[561,632,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F); cardo about as long as the length of head in ventral view, bearing one anterior and one posterior short setae, and one median stout long setae, all distributed near external margin. Stipes partially membranous bearing one pair of short setae. Palpifer with a pair of closer short setae. Mala densely setose, with about ten short setae in a row near the base of the long setae. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented; basal and median segments bearing a pair of seta, one lateroanterior and one lateroposterior; distal segment with one seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865CB81FEE5FE72FEEB" box="[426,496,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1402,1426]" captionTargetBox="[303,1302,367,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,354,1432]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Megistops vandepolli, larva. A, head (dorsal); B, labrum; C, epipharynx. Mandible: D, dorsal; E, ventral; F, apex of maxilla (ventral). Bars = 0.025 mm, except Fig. A = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179073/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF22664628178865CABCF99EFD6CF9E9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28178865CABCF99EFD6CF9E9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1563,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28178865CABCF99EFE9BF9A2" bold="true" box="[151,281,1563,1587]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28178865CB09F999FD8AF9A2" box="[290,520,1564,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC28178865CB09F999FD8AF9A2" box="[290,520,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28178865CAECF929FB1DF887" blockId="7.[151,1436,1708,2014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Labium shorter than maxillae, slightly widened at base, apparently formed by a unique piece, bearing one pair of stout long seta, one pair of small pores and one pair of placoid sensilla; ligula emarginate, glabrous; labial palpi very small, almost indistinguishable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865C8F3F979FC9DF887" box="[728,799,1788,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Hypopharynx densely setose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2817886ACAECF8A1FC75FE5B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1708,2014]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,458]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865CB00F8A1FEF5F8AF" box="[299,375,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B28178865CBAFF8A1FE17F8AF" box="[388,405,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum transverse, sub-rectangular with lateral margins rounded, bearing nine pairs of setae (represented only by rings), two semicircular slightly sclerotized areas; sternum with a sub-rectangular sclerotized area and a very pigmented median line. Meso and metanotum narrower than pronotum, bandlike, slightly wider than pronotum and dorsally slightly subdivided by a transverse groove. Mesonotum bearing ten pairs of setae, one positioned medially near the anterior margin, three dorsolaterally and posterior to the groove, five laterally and one near spiracle. Spiracle annuliform, relatively large, emerging from a lateroanterior projection from mesothorax. Metanotum very similar to mesonotum except there is no spiracular seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2818886ACAFFFF6DFE98FE93" box="[212,282,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Legs widely separated, robust, all pairs approximately equal in size, 5-segmented, external face little sclerotized and pigmented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2818886AC831FE95FDE1FEBB" box="[538,611,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B); coxa bearing short setae irregularly distributed; trochanter not distinctly separate from femur, triangular, glabrous; femur sub-rectangular bearing four long setae at inner face and three surrounding the apex; tibia enlarged at base decreasing toward apex, bearing five setae, three ventrally and two dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2818886ACB9AFE0DFE7AFE33" box="[433,504,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E2818886ACBC3FE0DFE7AFE33" box="[488,504,392,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">6</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Tarsungulus sclerotized, falciform, bearing one basal seta. Pulvillus bladderlike, as long as tarsungulus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2818886ACBC8FE35FDA8FE5B" box="[483,554,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[378,1205,435,1528]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[372,1224,434,1543]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Megistops vandepolli, scanning electron micrographs. Egg: A, ventrolateral view; B, C, chorion sculpture; D, egg on leaf covered by excrements. Larva: E, head and thorax (lateral); F, mouth parts (ventral); G, antenna; H, detail of pulvillus; I, leg; J, detail of tarsungulus and pulvillus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179074/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
J, damaged by microscopy techniques).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2266462818886ACABCF814FCABF87F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2818886ACABCF814FCABF87F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1937,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2818886ACABCF814FE9BF838" bold="true" box="[151,281,1937,1961]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Biological aspects. A, host plant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2818886AC8ABF817FCE1F838" box="[640,867,1938,1961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stachyoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2818886AC8ABF817FCE1F838" box="[640,867,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Buddleja stachyoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFF1DFDC8FE33" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Abdomen. Abdominal segments I-VIII band-like, each with a lateral small globular projection bearing two setae, dorsally slightly divided by transverse groove delimiting two areas, the anterior bearing two pairs of setae and the posterior three pairs (represented by rings); each sublateral area of the segments bearing two setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BCAC9FE95FEA8FEBB" box="[226,298,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A); ventral side with grooves delimiting lateral areas, each bearing one seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BCE9FFE95FB7FFEBB" box="[1204,1277,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
B); spiracular openings annular, positioned anterolaterally. Segment IX narrower than segment VIII, sub-rectangular, truncate apically, with four pairs of setae: one anterolaterally, two posterolaterally and one posteromedially pairs of setae; segment X ventral, reduced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFE2AFEAEFE63" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCAECFE2AFE8AFE58" bold="true" box="[199,264,431,457]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BCB33FE35FEDDFE5B" box="[280,351,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BCB40FE35FEFEFE5B" box="[363,380,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Length 3.0 –
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B2819886BC805FE35FDFDFE5B" box="[558,639,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B2819886BC8C4FE35FCD7FE5B" box="[751,853,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.52" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="3.52">3.52mm</quantity>
|
||
), width
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B2819886BC999FE35FBC4FE5B" box="[946,1094,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.8">1.8 – 2.7mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CA59B2B2819886BCE9FFE35FA89FE5B" box="[1204,1291,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
), n = 6. Pale yellow (7G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFD85FC42FDFB" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Head. Rounded, not visible in dorsal view, bearing four pairs of long setae: three ocular and one subantennal. Mouth parts well developed and distinct. Labrum subquadrate, truncate apically. Mandibles, maxillae and labial palpi subglobose. Each antennal segment bearing two papillae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFDFDFD49FD73" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Thorax. Prothorax with one pair of rounded spiracles. Pronotum trapezoidal, three times as wide as long, bearing about 11 pairs of setae: five anterior (three near midline, two lateral), and six posterolateral. Meso and metathorax bearing two pairs of setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BC874FD4DFD24FD73" box="[607,678,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFD75FAECFC43" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Abdomen. Setae bearing from small conical tubercles. Segments I-VI with three pairs of setae distributed in a longitudinal line, and one pleural originating from a projection lateral; setae on segments IV-VI equidistant; segment VII with the same number of setae of the anterior segments, differing in the position of one pair, more posterior than the others; segments I-V bearing one pair of annular spiracles; segment VIII bearing four pairs of setae; segment IX bearing on dorsal edge two pairs of setae, with one pair of urogomphi with the apices inwardly-directed and one pair of short setae on an inner base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B2819886BC98EFC3DFC67FC43" box="[933,997,952,978]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[410,1174,611,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,594,1962]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Megistops vandepolli, immature stages. Larva: A, dorsal; B, ventral. Pupae: C, ventral; D, dorsal. Bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179072/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Abdominal sternum glabrous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34765452819886BCAECFC5AFBA2FBDB" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFC5AFBA2FBDB" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCAECFC5AFE3FFC68" bold="true" box="[199,445,991,1017]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||
. All material was collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E2819886BC91FFC65FC02FC6B" box="[820,896,992,1018]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC9A5FC65FBC7FC68" box="[910,1093,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Santa Catarina</emphasis>
|
||
, Itaiópolis,
|
||
<date id="FFE3100E2819886BCEFDFC65FACDFC6B" box="[1238,1359,992,1018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" value="2006-09-07">7.IX.2006</date>
|
||
, A.M. Linzmeier col., (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE0B2819886BCB7CFB8DFE28FBB3" box="[343,426,1032,1058]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">DZUP</collectionCode>
|
||
). Two eggs, four larvae and three pupae were deposited at the Coleção de Entomologia Pe. J. S. Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C347654528198868CAECFBD2FD65F9BB" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFBD2FBC4FAF3" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCAECFBD2FEC2FBE0" bold="true" box="[199,320,1111,1137]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In the subtribe Dibolina only the immatures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC943FBDDFBA5FBE0" box="[872,1063,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC943FBDDFBA5FBE0" box="[872,1063,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Dibolia borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCE1DFBDDFB3AFBE3" author="Reed" box="[1078,1208,1112,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="68" refString="Reed, H. (1927) Some observations on the leaf-mining flea-beetle Dibolia borealis Chevrolat. Annals Entomological Society of America, 20, 540 - 549." type="journal article" year="1927">Reed 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCEE8FBDDFAE1FBE3" author="Lawson" box="[1219,1379,1112,1138]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Lawson, F. A. (1991) Chrysomelidae. In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.). Immature Insects. Kendal / Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 568 - 585." type="book chapter" year="1991">Lawson 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCB0FFB05FCB4FB0B" authority="(Koch, 1803) (Cox 1996)" authorityName="(Koch, 1803) (Cox" authorityYear="1996" box="[292,822,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cynoglossi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCB0FFB05FD80FB08" box="[292,514,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Dibolia cynoglossi</emphasis>
|
||
(Koch, 1803) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BC89CFB05FCACFB0B" author="Cox" box="[695,814,1152,1178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L. (Eds). Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 119 - 265." type="book chapter" year="1996">Cox 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known. The works of Reed and Lawson are not detailed enough to allow a comparison with all characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC94CFB2DFB88FB50" box="[871,1034,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC94CFB2DFB88FB50" box="[871,1034,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied here. However, for larvae some conspicuous similarities were observed, especially the head prognathous and flattened, stemmata and epicranial suture absent, antennae 2-segmented with the second segment conical, mandibles with four teeth, maxillary palpi 3-segmented, pronotum with two semicircular sclerotized plates, dorsum with small setae, legs 5-segmented, pulvillus bladder-like and small abdominal tubercles laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECFAF5FA13F993" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCB41FAF5FD8EFA18" box="[362,524,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCB41FAF5FD8EFA18" box="[362,524,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by the following characteristics, with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCF00FAF5FF31FA20" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCF00FAF5FF31FA20" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">D. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
given in parentheses: 1) endocarina well developed (endocarina absent); 2) abdominal segments I-VIII dorsally and ventrally with grooves (grooves absent); 3) ventral side of the abdominal segments I-VIII bearing two setae (with 10 setae); 4) abdominal segment IX dorsally with four pairs of setae (with six pairs of setae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE2819886BCAECF995FDA7F8D3" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
A molecular analysis placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC836F995FD43F9B8" box="[541,705,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC836F995FD43F9B8" box="[541,705,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a unique lineage branching from the main galerucine stem prior to the branching of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCBC7F9BDFD12F9C3" box="[492,656,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Oedionychina">Oedionychina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC888F9BDFC4AF9C0" box="[675,968,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Physodactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC888F9BDFC4AF9C0" box="[675,968,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Physodactyla rubiginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC9F1F9BDFB42F9C0" box="[986,1216,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC9F1F9BDFB42F9C0" box="[986,1216,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Walterianella bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCECAF9BDFF47F9E8" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Alagoasa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libentina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCECAF9BDFF47F9E8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Alagoasa libentina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)) from this stem (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCB8AF9E5FD19F9EB" author="Gillespie" box="[417,667,1632,1658]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Gillespie, J. J., Kjer, K. M., Duckett, C. N. & Tallamy, D. W. (2003) Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, 161 - 175." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC83DF9E5FDD1F9E8" box="[534,595,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC90AF9E5FB47F9EB" authority="Bechyne, 1956" authorityName="Bechyne" authorityYear="1956" box="[801,1221,1632,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC90AF9E5FB8AF9E8" box="[801,1032,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Walterianella bucki</emphasis>
|
||
Bechyné, 1956
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCABCF90DFE53F933" author="Duckett" box="[151,465,1672,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Duckett, C. N. & Casari, S. A. (2002) First descriptions of larval stages of Walterianella bucki Bechyne (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) and notes on life history. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56 (2), 170 - 181." type="journal article" year="2002">Duckett and Casari (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
enabling comparisons. This larva differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCE2AF90DFB27F930" box="[1025,1189,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCE2AF90DFB27F930" box="[1025,1189,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the form of body, head and setae, pattern of setae on the frons; presence of clypeus; number of teeth, pores and setae in the mandible, penicillus
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E6886C2819886BCB73F95DFE0FF963" box="[344,397,1752,1778]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, segments of maxilar palpi, pattern of sensilla and setae of epipharynx. However, characters shared by both are head with frontal arms V-shaped, median endocarina distinct, stemmata absent and similar pattern of epicranial setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE28198868CAECF8D5FB07FF23" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCAECF8D5FD4AF8FB" author="LeSage" box="[199,712,1872,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="LeSage, L. & Zmudzinska-Krzesinska, A. (2004) The immature stages of the grape flea beetles Altica chalybea Illiger and A. woodsi Isely (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 503 - 528." type="book chapter" year="2004">LeSage and Zmudzinska-Krzesinska (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
comment that some larval characters are useful and important for diagnosis and establishment of phylogenetic relationships among tribes and genera, as the sensilla and setae pattern of the epipharynx.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC830F825FD42F828" box="[539,704,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC830F825FD42F828" box="[539,704,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three pairs of grouped sensilla,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCE5DF825FB5EF828" box="[1142,1244,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCE5DF825FB5EF828" box="[1142,1244,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only one group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F2819886BCAB5F84DFE36F873" author="Duckett" box="[158,436,1992,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="67" refString="Duckett, C. N. & Casari, S. A. (2002) First descriptions of larval stages of Walterianella bucki Bechyne (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) and notes on life history. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56 (2), 170 - 181." type="journal article" year="2002">Duckett & Casari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC810F84DFD76F873" authority="Geoffroy" authorityName="Geoffroy" box="[571,756,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC810F84DFD03F870" box="[571,641,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Altica</emphasis>
|
||
Geoffroy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BC94AF84DFBBCF873" authority="Illiger" authorityName="Illiger" box="[865,1086,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalybea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BC94AF84DFC6FF870" box="[865,1005,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">A. chalybea</emphasis>
|
||
Illiger
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D2819886BCE60F84DFA83F873" authority="Isely" authorityName="Isely" box="[1099,1281,1992,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCE60F84DFB3DF870" box="[1099,1215,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">A. woodsi</emphasis>
|
||
Isely
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D28198868CF17F84DFF69FF23" authority="Woods" authorityName="Woods" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC2819886BCF17F84DFA1EF870" box="[1340,1436,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">A. corni</emphasis>
|
||
Woods
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have three pairs, one not clustered (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868C8BEFF1DFBFBFF23" author="LeSage" box="[661,1145,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="LeSage, L. & Zmudzinska-Krzesinska, A. (2004) The immature stages of the grape flea beetles Altica chalybea Illiger and A. woodsi Isely (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 503 - 528." type="book chapter" year="2004">LeSage & Zmudzinska-Krzesinska 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8868CAECFF45FB90FEC3" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Pupal morphology and chaetotaxy are good characters at the subfamily and sometimes at tribal level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CF42FF45FF54FE93" author="Cox" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Cox, M. L. (1996) The pupae of Chrysomeloidea. In: Jolivet, P. H. A. & Cox, M. L. (Eds). Chrysomelidae Biology: The Classification, Phylogeny and Genetics. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 119 - 265." type="book chapter" year="1996">Cox 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CBAAFF6DFDA6FE90" box="[385,548,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CBAAFF6DFDA6FE90" box="[385,548,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares more similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C9ACFF6DFBAAFE90" box="[903,1064,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cynoglossi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C9ACFF6DFBAAFE90" box="[903,1064,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">D. cynoglossi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which it differs mainly in the number of setae on head and number of papillae on antennal segments. Comparing with the pupa of
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CF54FE95FF7FFEC0" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CF54FE95FF7BFEC0" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">D. borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differences were observed only in the form and size of urogomphi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8868CAEDFEDAFAE7FDFB" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CAEDFEDAFEDCFEE8" bold="true" box="[198,350,351,377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
Host-plant.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CBDBFEE5FDD8FEE8" box="[496,602,352,377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CBDBFEE5FDD8FEE8" box="[496,602,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Buddleja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. is the major genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C9ABFEE5FBA0FEEB" box="[896,1058,352,378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Buddlejaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Buddlejaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is found in the temperate and drier subtropical regions of Asia, southern and eastern Africa and most of North, South and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CF1CFE0DFA1EFE33" box="[1335,1436,392,418]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
south of the south-western states of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868C846FE35FD29FE5B" box="[621,683,432,458]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There are about 100 species, most of which occur as bushes or small trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CB0DFE5DFDAAFE63" author="Houghton" box="[294,552,472,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Houghton, P. J., Mensah, A. Y., Iessa, N. & Hong, L. Y. (2003) Terpenoids in Buddleja: relevance to chemosystematics, chemical ecology and biological activity. Phytochemistry 64, 385 - 393." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Houghton
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CB8EFE5DFE62FE60" box="[421,480,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C817FE5DFC73FE63" box="[572,1009,472,498]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stachyoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C817FE5DFCB5FE60" box="[572,823,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Buddleja stachyoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Buddlejaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868CE2AFE5DFBC5FE63" box="[1025,1095,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A) is a native shrub found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CABCFD85FF5DFD8B" box="[151,223,512,538]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(States of Goiảs, Minas Gerais and from Alagoas to Rio Grande do Sul),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CE6EFD85FB1CFD8B" box="[1093,1182,512,538]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CE80FD85FAA1FD8B" box="[1195,1315,512,538]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CF05FD85FA19FD8B" box="[1326,1435,512,538]" name="Paraguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CAE2FDADFEADFDD3" box="[201,303,552,578]" name="Uruguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CB6BFDADFDF3FDD3" author="Ferreira" box="[320,625,552,578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferreira, H. D. & Martins, S. E. (2005) Buddlejaceae. In: Wanderley, M. G. L., Shepherd, G. J., Melhem, T. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (Coord.). Flora Fanerogamica do Estado de Sao Paulo. Vol. 4. Fapesp & Rima, Sao Paulo." type="book" year="2005">Ferreira & Martins, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is a heliophyte species characteristic of disturbed areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CF1CFDADFF7BFDFB" author="Smith" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Smith, L. B., Guimaraes, E. F., Pereira, J. F. & Norman, E. M. (1976) Logani aceas. In: Reitz, R. (Ed.). Flora Ilustrada Catarinense. Herb ario " Barbosa Rodrigues ", Itajai', SC, 77 pp." type="book" year="1976">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CFACFDADFF2CFDF8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1976
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CB2DFDD5FE2AFDFB" author="Lorenzi" box="[262,424,592,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Lorenzi, H. (2000) Plantas daninhas do Brasil: terrestres, aquaticas, parasitas e toxicas. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, Nova Odessa, SP, 640 pp." type="book" year="2000">Lorenzi 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it is recorded in forest edges, riverside and roadsides (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CE19FDD5FADBFDFB" author="Ferreira" box="[1074,1369,592,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferreira, H. D. & Martins, S. E. (2005) Buddlejaceae. In: Wanderley, M. G. L., Shepherd, G. J., Melhem, T. S. & Giulietti, A. M. (Coord.). Flora Fanerogamica do Estado de Sao Paulo. Vol. 4. Fapesp & Rima, Sao Paulo." type="book" year="2005">Ferreira & Martins 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8868CAECFDFDFC6CFAAB" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Oviposition and behaviour. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C8A0FDFDFCB2FD00" box="[651,816,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C8A0FDFDFCB2FD00" box="[651,816,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were commonly collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CEB0FDFDFAC5FD00" box="[1179,1351,632,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stachyoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CEB0FDFDFAC5FD00" box="[1179,1351,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">B. stachyoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the first months of spring. The female uses the mandibles for cutting the leaf trichomes where oviposition will occur. Immediately afterwards it turns around and puts its abdomen in the clean region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868CE90FD4DFA80FD73" box="[1211,1282,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
E) to deposit only one egg. The egg is positioned with the long axes parallel to the substrate and is completely covered by an excretory material. This material has a pale yellow color and after several minutes it hardens and darkens, becoming so tough and firmly adherent to the egg that it is very difficult to remove. This material also fixes the egg on the surface of the leaf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868C809FCEDFDEBFC13" box="[546,617,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Oviposition occurs preferentially at abaxial surface, near the veins, which are densely covered by trichomes. On one occasion, a pupa of a Hymenoptera parasite was found inside the egg. The first instar larva enters into the leaf and starts eating the parenchyma. During its development the damaged areas are easily recognized by the drying and epidermal transparency, which frequently makes it possible to see the larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868CBE5FB8DFD97FBB3" box="[462,533,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Sometimes larvae were observed moving to another leaf when more than one larva was found feeding in a leaf, possibly as a result of food competition or lack of food supply. Most often larvae choose to feed on mature leaves. The mature larvae (7G) fall on the ground where they initiate the construction of a rounded pupal chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868C8BEFB05FD5FFB0B" box="[661,733,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
H), that lasts about one day. Inside the cocoon, they spend about five days as prepupa and about nine days as pupa. The total period from mature larva to adult lasts approximately 15 days (n = 12). The adult damage is characterized by small rounded areas that sometimes coalesce, differing from the damage made by larvae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13662A4B281A8868C939FB7DFCD8FA83" box="[786,858,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[323,1263,518,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[321,1266,514,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Biological aspects. A, host plant Buddleja stachyoides, general view; B, damage of larvae with some larvae inside the leaf; C, detail of adult and larvae damage; D, adult; E, adult ovipositing; F, egg (not visible) covered by excretory material; G, larva; H, pupal chamber with pupae; I, pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179075/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The adult feeds preferentially on adaxial leaf surface probably because it has fewer trichomes than the abaxial surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8868CAECFAC2FB79FA20" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CAECFAC2FEC2FAF0" bold="true" box="[199,320,1351,1377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C81DFACDFD5EFAF0" box="[566,732,1352,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C81DFACDFD5EFAF0" box="[566,732,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to that described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CE8EFACDFAAEFAF0" box="[1189,1324,1352,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CE8EFACDFAAEFAF0" box="[1189,1324,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">D. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CF4BFACDFF6AFA1B" author="Reed" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Reed, H. (1927) Some observations on the leaf-mining flea-beetle Dibolia borealis Chevrolat. Annals Entomological Society of America, 20, 540 - 549." type="journal article" year="1927">Reed (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Both species are leaf-miners, although the mined area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C9BBFAF5FBB1FA18" box="[912,1075,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C9BBFAF5FBB1FA18" box="[912,1075,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is like a blotch, the most common
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E6886C281A8868CAF9FA1DFE87FA23" box="[210,261,1432,1458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
in chrysomelids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CBFDFA1DFD47FA23" author="Santiago-Blay" box="[470,709,1432,1458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="68" refString="Santiago-Blay, J. A. (2004) Leaf-mining chrysomelids. In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New Developments on the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, the Netherlands, pp. 305 - 306." type="book chapter" year="2004">Santiago-Blay 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C909FA1DFC27FA20" box="[802,933,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C909FA1DFC27FA20" box="[802,933,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">D. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
make long serpentine mines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8868CAECFA45FD65F9BB" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CB6FFA45FE6AFA48" box="[324,488,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CB6FFA45FE6AFA48" box="[324,488,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CBDCFA45FDD9FA48" box="[503,603,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CBDCFA45FDD9FA48" box="[503,603,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C9B6FA45FB85FA48" box="[925,1031,1472,1497]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C9B6FA45FB85FA48" box="[925,1031,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Buddleja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281A8868CE50FA45FB45FA4B" box="[1147,1223,1472,1498]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In the laboratory, larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CB2EFA6DFEE8F990" box="[261,362,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CB2EFA6DFEE8F990" box="[261,362,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on moribund leaves that have been sandwiched together, feeding between the leaf surfaces or on root surfaces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CBEFF995FD58F9BB" author="Duckett" box="[452,730,1552,1578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Duckett, C. N. & Casari, S. A. (2002) First descriptions of larval stages of Walterianella bucki Bechyne (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) and notes on life history. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56 (2), 170 - 181." type="journal article" year="2002">Duckett & Casari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3476545281A8869CAECF9BDFCBEFC3B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281A8869CAECF9BDFDFDFF4B" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CAD6F9BDFE2AF9C0" ID-CoL="NN8K" box="[253,424,1592,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stachyoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CAD6F9BDFE2AF9C0" box="[253,424,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">B. stachyoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves are densely covered by trichomes mainly in the abaxial surface. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CABCF9E5FEFFF9EB" box="[151,381,1632,1658]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoxie, R. P., Wellso, S. G. & Webster, J. A. (1975) Cereal leaf beetle response to wheat trichome length and density. Environmental Entomology, 4 (3), 365 - 370." type="journal article">
|
||
Hoxie
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CACCF9E5FE9EF9E8" box="[231,284,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1975)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the effect of density and length of trichomes can determine the oviposition and the survival of the larva of some chrysomelid species, but for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C901F90DFC4CF930" box="[810,974,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C901F90DFC4CF930" box="[810,974,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the trichomes may not influence those parameters. This species overcomes this mechanical barrier for oviposition by chewing the trichomes with mandibles, and those trichomes around the egg may be acting as a mechanical protection along with the excretory material. Besides trichomes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C834F885FD0BF888" ID-CoL="62H6F" box="[543,649,1792,1817]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C834F885FD0BF888" box="[543,649,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Buddleja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a variety of chemical compounds, such as flavonoids, verbascoside and terpenoids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8868CBFEF8ADFD5DF8D3" author="Houghton" box="[469,735,1832,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Houghton, P. J., Mensah, A. Y., Iessa, N. & Hong, L. Y. (2003) Terpenoids in Buddleja: relevance to chemosystematics, chemical ecology and biological activity. Phytochemistry 64, 385 - 393." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Houghton
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C87DF8ADFD16F8D0" box="[598,660,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among terpenoids, iridoid glycosides are important in a variety of ways in the interactions of plants containing those compounds, insects feeding on those plants, and the predators of those insects. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868C8A8F8FDFD5EF800" ID-CoL="44FT" box="[643,732,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868C8A8F8FDFD5EF800" box="[643,732,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Dibolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281A8868CE2BF8FDFAB4F803" ID-CoL="928X8" authority="(Lepidoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Lepidoptera" box="[1024,1334,1912,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euphydryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281A8868CE2BF8FDFB0EF800" box="[1024,1164,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Euphydryas</emphasis>
|
||
(Lepidoptera)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are specialized on plants that have those compounds; these compounds may in turn be assimilated and provide protection against predators, and/or play a significant role as larval feeding stimulants and attractants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281A8869CF6AF84DFF54FF23" author="Bowers" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="67" refString="Bowers, M. D. (1988) Chemistry and coevolution: iridoid glycosides, plants, and herbivorous insects. In: Spencer, K. C. (Ed). Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, pp. 133 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bowers 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the iridoid glycosides often act as deterrents to some generalist insects, inhibit feeding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CAB4FF45FEBCFF4B" author="Bowers" box="[159,318,192,218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Bowers, M. D. (1988) Chemistry and coevolution: iridoid glycosides, plants, and herbivorous insects. In: Spencer, K. C. (Ed). Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, pp. 133 - 163." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bowers 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CB60FF45FDF1FF4B" author="Schoonhoven" box="[331,627,192,218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Schoonhoven, L. M., Jermy, T. & van Loon, J. J. A. (1998) Insect-Plant Biology, from physiology to evolution. Chapman & Hall Publish. London, 409 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
||
Schoonhoven
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBDAFF45FDA6FF48" box="[497,548,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAECFF6DFC24FEEB" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CAECFF6DFE41FE90" box="[199,451,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CAECFF6DFE41FE90" box="[199,451,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C889FF6DFC84FE90" box="[674,774,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C889FF6DFC84FE90" box="[674,774,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by probably sequestering aucubin, an iridoid glycoside, as suggested by Deane Bowers (pers. comm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C890FE95FD50FEB8" box="[699,722,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869C8F7FE95FC75FEBB" author="Duckett" box="[732,1015,272,298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Duckett, C. N. & Casari, S. A. (2002) First descriptions of larval stages of Walterianella bucki Bechyne (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini) and notes on life history. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56 (2), 170 - 181." type="journal article" year="2002">Duckett & Casari 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this may make them toxic or impalatable to predators. Individuals may alternatively choose mature leaves because the younger have higher content of iridoid glycosides that could be harmful (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869C8DCFEE5FC1BFEEB" author="Bowers" box="[759,921,352,378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Bowers, M. D. (1991) Iridoid glycosides. In: Rosenthal, G. & Berenbaum, M. R. (Eds). Herbivores: their Interactions with secondary plant metabolites. Academic Press, pp. 297 - 325." type="book chapter" year="1991">Bowers 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAECFE0DFD60FDD0" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CAECFE0DFE41FE30" box="[199,451,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CAECFE0DFE41FE30" box="[199,451,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
entirely covers its eggs with fecal material that acts as a protection and helps to fix the egg onto the leaf surface. This behavior is unusual in Alticini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869C99BFE35FA17FE5B" author="LeSage" box="[944,1429,432,458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="LeSage, L. & Zmudzinska-Krzesinska, A. (2004) The immature stages of the grape flea beetles Altica chalybea Illiger and A. woodsi Isely (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 503 - 528." type="book chapter" year="2004">LeSage & Zmudzinska-Krzesinska 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is found only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBA0FE5DFD2AFE63" authority="Reed 1927" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1927" box="[395,680,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBA0FE5DFD8CFE60" box="[395,526,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">D. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869C835FE5DFD22FE63" author="Reed" box="[542,672,472,498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Reed, H. (1927) Some observations on the leaf-mining flea-beetle Dibolia borealis Chevrolat. Annals Entomological Society of America, 20, 540 - 549." type="journal article" year="1927">Reed 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8C9FE5DFB00FE63" ID-CoL="62HKF" authority="Chevrolat (Furth 1982)" authorityName="Chevrolat (Furth" authorityYear="1982" box="[738,1154,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Blepharida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8C9FE5DFCE4FE60" box="[738,870,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Blepharida</emphasis>
|
||
Chevrolat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869C9DBFE5DFBFAFE63" author="Furth" box="[1008,1144,472,498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Furth, D. G. (1982) Blepharida biology, as demonstrated by the sacred sumac flea beetle (B. sacra Weise). Spixiana, Sup 7, 43 - 52." type="journal article" year="1982">Furth 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It should be mentioned that in the cladogram of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CBEFFD85FD4FFD8B" box="[452,717,512,538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Gillespie, J. J., Kjer, K. M., Duckett, C. N. & Tallamy, D. W. (2003) Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, 161 - 175." type="journal article">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C813FD85FDF7FD88" box="[568,629,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C966FD85FBE8FD8B" authority="Baly" authorityName="Baly" box="[845,1130,512,538]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Blepharida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C966FD85FBABFD88" box="[845,1065,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Blepharida ornata</emphasis>
|
||
Baly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CE82FD85FF73FDD3" authority="Weise" authorityName="Weise" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Podagrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CE82FD85FA1EFD88" box="[1193,1436,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Podagrica maculata</emphasis>
|
||
(Weise)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a close basal clade to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C81CFDADFD5CFDD0" box="[567,734,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C81CFDADFDCDFDD0" box="[567,591,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C875FDADFD5CFDD0" box="[606,734,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAEDFDCAFCBEFC3B" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CAEDFDCAFE4EFDF8" bold="true" box="[198,460,591,617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Final considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
A limited number of larval descriptions are available for Alticini leaf-miners and there is scarce information on their biology. There are 65 species in 19 genera of Alticini leaf miners, about 1- 2% of the 4.000-6.000 species described. The genera that include some or all leaf-miner species are:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF01FD25FEDBFD73" ID-CoL="YJD" authority="Chevrolat, 1836" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Aphthona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF01FD25FA1EFD28" box="[1322,1436,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Aphthona</emphasis>
|
||
Chevrolat, 1836
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CB42FD4DFD30FD73" authority="Stephens, 1839" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1839" box="[361,690,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Apteropeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CB42FD4DFE73FD70" box="[361,497,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Apteropeda</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens, 1839
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8EFFD4DFBB2FD73" ID-CoL="32P3" authority="Motschulsky, 1860" authorityName="Motschulsky" authorityYear="1860" box="[708,1072,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Argopistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8EFFD4DFCC2FD70" box="[708,832,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Argopistes</emphasis>
|
||
Motschulsky, 1860
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CE6BFD4DFACDFD73" authority="Fischer, 1824" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1824" box="[1088,1359,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Argopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CE6BFD4DFB20FD70" box="[1088,1186,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Argopus</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer, 1824
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF4AFD4DFE4AFC9B" ID-CoL="3LKQ" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chaetocnema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF4AFD4DFE85FC98" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Chaetocnema</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBF1FD75FD2CFC9B" authority="Baly, 1877" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1877" box="[474,686,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Clitea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBF1FD75FDA3FC98" box="[474,545,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Clitea</emphasis>
|
||
Baly, 1877
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8EAFD75FC57FC9B" ID-CoL="44FT" authority="Latreille, 1829" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[705,981,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8EAFD75FC98FC98" box="[705,794,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Dibolia</emphasis>
|
||
Latreille, 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C9CCFD75FB73FC9B" ID-CoL="4DHD" authority="Foudras, 1859" authorityName="Foudras" authorityYear="1859" box="[999,1265,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Epitrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C9CCFD75FBBBFC98" box="[999,1081,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Epitrix</emphasis>
|
||
Foudras, 1859
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF2AFD75FF50FCA3" authority="Clark, 1864" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Febra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF2AFD75FACBFC98" box="[1281,1353,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Febra</emphasis>
|
||
Clark, 1864
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CAC0FC9DFDC8FCA3" ID-CoL="4XGW" authority="Foudras, 1859" authorityName="Foudras" authorityYear="1859" box="[235,586,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Hippuriphila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CAC0FC9DFE06FCA0" box="[235,388,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Hippuriphila</emphasis>
|
||
Foudras, 1859
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C84AFC9DFC3EFCA3" ID-CoL="62Y2N" authority="Berthold, 1827" authorityName="Berthold" authorityYear="1827" box="[609,956,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Longitarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C84AFC9DFD6FFCA0" box="[609,749,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Longitarsus</emphasis>
|
||
Berthold, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C9F8FC9DFA88FCA3" ID-CoL="5L24" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[979,1290,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Mantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C9F8FC9DFBBBFCA0" box="[979,1081,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Mantura</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF09FC9DFEC8FCCB" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Mniophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF09FC9DFA1EFCA0" box="[1314,1436,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Mniophila</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CB72FCC5FDF0FCCB" authority="Foudras, 1859" authorityName="Foudras" authorityYear="1859" box="[345,626,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Ochrosis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CB72FCC5FE40FCC8" box="[345,450,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Ochrosis</emphasis>
|
||
Foudras, 1859
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8AAFCC5FC53FCCB" ID-CoL="6PSY" authority="Chevtrolat, 1836" authorityName="Chevtrolat" authorityYear="1836" box="[641,977,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Phyllotreta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8AAFCC5FC86FCC8" box="[641,772,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Phyllotreta</emphasis>
|
||
Chevtrolat, 1836
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C9CBFCC5FA91FCCB" ID-CoL="74H9" authority="Berthold, 1827" authorityName="Berthold" authorityYear="1827" box="[992,1299,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Psylliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C9CBFCC5FBDAFCC8" box="[992,1112,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Psylliodes</emphasis>
|
||
Berthold, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF0BFCC5FE49FC13" authority="Heikertinger & Csiki" authorityName="Heikertinger & Csiki" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Schenklingia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF0BFCC5FF3EFC10" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Schenklingia</emphasis>
|
||
Heikertinger & Csiki
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBF5FCEDFCCCFC13" ID-CoL="7KH4" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[478,846,872,898]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Ceratostomataceae" genus="Sphaeroderma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Melanosporales" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBF5FCEDFD0BFC10" box="[478,649,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Sphaeroderma</emphasis>
|
||
Stephens, 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C9B9FCEDFF5DFC3B" authority="Maulik, 1928 (Santiago-Blay 2004)" authorityName="Maulik, 1928 (Santiago-Blay" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Throscoryssa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C9B9FCEDFBADFC10" box="[914,1071,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Throscoryssa</emphasis>
|
||
Maulik, 1928 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CED9FCEDFF55FC3B" author="Santiago-Blay" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Santiago-Blay, J. A. (2004) Leaf-mining chrysomelids. In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New Developments on the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, the Netherlands, pp. 305 - 306." type="book chapter" year="2004">Santiago-Blay 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the present paper
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBF2FC15FDD3FC38" box="[473,593,912,937]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBF2FC15FDD3FC38" box="[473,593,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Megistops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is added to this list.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3476545281B8869CAECFC3DFBD9F95B" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAECFC3DFA14FB0B" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CAECFC3DFEFBFC43" box="[199,377,952,978]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf-miners display a broad spectrum of larval
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E6886C281B8869C980FC3DFC6EFC43" box="[939,1004,952,978]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, from fully-legged eruciform shapes to very flat, disc-shaped, or onisciform shapes. Two morphological categories were proposed by Santiago-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CABCFB8DFEAAFBB3" author="Blay" box="[151,296,1032,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="68" refString="Santiago-Blay, J. A. (2004) Leaf-mining chrysomelids. In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. A. & Schmitt, M. (Eds). New Developments on the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, the Netherlands, pp. 305 - 306." type="book chapter" year="2004">Blay (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: the less modified or eruciform
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E6886C281B8869C8B1FB8DFD4FFBB3" box="[666,717,1032,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
found in the Galerucinae and some Alticini, and the flattened
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E6886C281B8869CABCFBB5FF4BFBDB" box="[151,201,1072,1098]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
occurring among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBB6FBB5FDD0FBDB" box="[413,594,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Megalopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Zeugophorinae">Zeugophorinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many Alticini and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C91EFBB5FC23FBDB" box="[821,929,1072,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hispinae">Hispinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C980FBB5FB24FBD8" box="[939,1190,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C980FBB5FB24FBD8" box="[939,1190,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Megistops vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents characteristics of both groups: body form, legs well developed, number of abdominal and antennal segments are features of the first group, and head flattened, prognathous and reduced body setation are features of the second group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAECFB2DFAA7FA4B" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
In
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC4B3F281B8869CACDFB2DFE6BFB53" box="[230,489,1192,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="67" refString="Gillespie, J. J., Kjer, K. M., Duckett, C. N. & Tallamy, D. W. (2003) Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, 161 - 175." type="journal article">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CB7CFB2DFE13FB50" box="[343,401,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBDFFB2DFD14FB50" box="[500,662,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CBDFFB2DFD14FB50" box="[500,662,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms part of a paraphyletic grade, branching after (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CED1FB2DFAEAFB50" box="[1274,1384,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Blepharida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CED1FB2DFAEAFB50" box="[1274,1384,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">B. ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CFADFB2DFE86FB78" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Podagrica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CFADFB2DFE86FB78" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">P. maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and before the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CBECFB55FDEEFB7B" box="[455,620,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Oedionychina">Oedionychina</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade of (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8CFFB55FC03FB78" box="[740,897,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Physodactyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8CFFB55FC03FB78" box="[740,897,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">P. rubiginosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C9B8FB55FC7AFB78" box="[915,1016,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C9B8FB55FC7AFB78" box="[915,1016,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CE32FB55FB21FB78" box="[1049,1187,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Alagoasa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libentina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CE32FB55FB21FB78" box="[1049,1187,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">A. libentina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CEEDFB55FAEBFB78" box="[1222,1385,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CEEDFB55FAEBFB78" box="[1222,1385,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CABCFB7DFE99FA80" box="[151,283,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Blepharida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CABCFB7DFE99FA80" box="[151,283,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Blepharida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the behavior of covering their eggs with fecal material, suggesting the possibility that this behavior could be homologous. Also evidences of affinity can be found between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CE78FAA5FB75FAA8" box="[1107,1271,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CE78FAA5FB75FAA8" box="[1107,1271,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF1BFAA5FA16FAA8" box="[1328,1428,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF1BFAA5FA16FAA8" box="[1328,1428,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as both are collected in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A765E281B8869CBD5FACDFDC4FAF3" box="[510,582,1352,1378]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C8F8FACDFCBFFAF0" box="[723,829,1352,1377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Buddleja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C8F8FACDFCBFFAF0" box="[723,829,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Buddleja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.. This host has iridoid glycosides probably used by them as a defensive compound, and this shared host preference could also be homologous. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CF54FAF5FF55FA20" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Walterianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CF54FAF5FF55FA20" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">W. bucki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CB5DFA1DFD99FA20" box="[374,539,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CB5DFA1DFD99FA20" box="[374,539,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in several morphological aspects, and the relationships between them need more evidence to determine the evolutionary history of these behavioral and ecological similarities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE236CE281B8869CAECFA6DFBD9F95B" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
In short, among compared species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C847FA6DFD73F990" box="[620,753,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Dibolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C847FA6DFD73F990" box="[620,753,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">D. borealis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is in the same subtribe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CE54FA6DFAA6F990" box="[1151,1316,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CE54FA6DFAA6F990" box="[1151,1316,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and since now was never included in a phylogenetic analysis with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869C901F995FC20F9B8" box="[810,930,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869C901F995FC20F9B8" box="[810,930,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Megistops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is more similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D4D281B8869CEAEF995FAAAF9B8" box="[1157,1320,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Megistops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandepolli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929EADC281B8869CEAEF995FAAAF9B8" box="[1157,1320,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">M. vandepolli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
considering its larval morphology and behavior. In consequence, it is strongly suggested that a new phylogenetic analysis with species of both genera be undertaken. Thus the adults and immatures characters reported in this paper and others related to the behavior can contribute to establishing the relationships within the Alticini genera, forming new taxonomic sections in the Alticini based on synapomorphies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |