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<mods:title id="E2FAF268DF6FC97636B72302098C1246">New species and species reports of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) from the eastern forest corridor of Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCBE2124D5C611E09FAD1212E77FEDA6">Kainulainen, Kent</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="01E7EC47AC0CF423BC9FDAADE3BEA868">Herbarium, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="421247A84BF14960528F3208355537DB">Ee, Benjamin van</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1AF3DB3B7BAD2D53A49A9DBE8169585E">Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, Puerto Rico, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2B4729A4ADAE04FD9F6FC8321CFD6469">Antilahimena, Patrice</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5458B539E1033D89137BF66AC33FD048">Missouri Botanical Garden, B. P. 3391, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="50776EA15583B2F873DC32F066933DCB">Razafindraibe, Hanta</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D0F233B253929573A3317FDF2A65B01A">Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, rue Kasanga Fernand, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9DC01F66F9C26CDCA1B41FBDD743F219">Berry, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6B438B0124174098636E138563E1AB4D">Herbarium, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8163435DFFA7F9BE5AE4F9DC" ID-CoL="8WT3P" authority="Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry" authorityName="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" authorityYear="2016" box="[116,701,1540,1565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFFA7F9BE5963F9DD" bold="true" box="[116,314,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Croton indrisilvae</emphasis>
Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry
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, 
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(
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, 
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G-H, 9).
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2175
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<subSubSection id="C34765578163435DFF49F8FE5D71FDD2" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="discussion">
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<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFF49F8FE5D71FDD2" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8163435DFF49F8FE5ABFF89D" authority="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" authorityName="Kainul., B. W. van Ee &amp; P. E. Berry" box="[154,742,1861,1885]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae">Croton indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8163435DFEB7F8DE5A88F8BC" authority="Kainul. &amp; Radcl." authorityName="Kainul. &amp; Radcl." box="[356,721,1893,1917]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="droguetioides">C. droguetioides Kainul. &amp; Radcl.</taxonomicName>
-Sm. by its whitish branches with brown, fasciculate trichomes (vs. gray branches with villous, whitish trichomes); obovate crenate leaves with obtuse to rounded apex and cuneate base (vs. ovate dentate leaves with apiculate apex and rounded to cordate base); the absence of stipitate petiolar glands; and the lower number of stigma lobes (6 vs.&gt;30). It is sometimes confused with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8163435DFC51FE005C0DFE12" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[898,1108,443,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incisus">Croton incisus Baill.</taxonomicName>
but is differentiated by its crenate leaves (vs. incised to lobed) with obtuse to rounded (vs. acute) apex and the absence of stipitate petiolar glands.
</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFC99FD875BC8FD95" box="[842,913,572,596]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Shrubs</emphasis>
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tall, dichotomously branching, internodes sometimes contracted giving the appearance of whorled branches. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFC26FDC75C08FD55" box="[1013,1105,636,660]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Branches</emphasis>
± flattened on new growth and densely covered by dark reddish-brown, fasciculate trichomes with rays c. 
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long, pale gray-whitish, becoming terete and glabrous with age. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFBFEFD665CD8FD34" box="[1069,1153,733,757]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Stipules</emphasis>
absent or vestigial. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFAB6FD655DF7FD34" box="[1381,1454,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Leaves</emphasis>
whorled at apex and nodes. Petioles 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFB61FD465D52FCD4" box="[1202,1291,765,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1-3 mm</quantity>
long, adaxially canaliculate, without any apparent glands. Leaf blades thinly coriaceous, slightly revolute, crenate towards apex, obovate, 9-28 × 
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, apex obtuse to rounded or emarginate, base cuneate; adaxial surface glabrous, glossy, dark green; secondary venation indistinct, with 2-5 pairs of brochidodromus, ± penninerved secondary veins, midrib prominent except near apex; abaxial surface sparsely covered with a mixture of white and brown fasciculate trichomes, glossy, pale green when fresh and drying gray-green; venation ± indistinct except for the midrib. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFBF6FB845CE8FB96" box="[1061,1201,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Inflorescences</emphasis>
racemose, reduced, to 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFCF7FBDB5B3CFBB6" box="[804,869,1120,1144]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
long, terminal or axillary, bracts linear to lanceolate, 0.5-1.0 mm. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFC12FB3B5CD3FB59" box="[961,1162,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
with stellate-pubescent, subglobose buds c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFC2BFB1B5C14FB76" box="[1016,1101,1184,1208]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
diam., pedicels c. 1.0 mm long; sepals 5, shortly connate at base, lobes triangular to ovate, c. 0.9 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFCACFB5A5B8EFB39" box="[895,983,1249,1273]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
, apex acute, inflexed at anthesis, abaxially stellate-pubescent, adaxially glabrous, margins ciliate; petals 5, narrowly obovate to spatulate, c. 1.2 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFB3FFA9A5D1DFAF9" box="[1260,1348,1313,1337]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
, recurved at anthesis, abaxially sparsely papillate, adaxially glabrous, margins ciliate; disc glands/nectaries 5, opposite the sepals, sessile, triangular, c. 0.2 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFB99FA395CF8FA58" box="[1098,1185,1410,1434]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
; stamens c. 5, filaments c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFCEEFA195BCCFA78" box="[829,917,1442,1466]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
long, ciliate, anthers broadly elliptic, c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFA8BFA195DF7FA78" box="[1368,1454,1442,1466]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
long; receptacle pilose. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFBFEFA795C84FA1B" box="[1069,1245,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
with pedicels 1.5- 7.0 mm long; sepals 5, oblong-spatulate, 2.3-3.3 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFAACFA595B22F9DB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7- 1.5 mm</quantity>
, apex rounded, abaxially stellate, adaxially glabrous, pale green, persistent in fruit; disc glands/nectaries 5, opposite the sepals, sessile, ellipsoid with an apical depression, c. 0.5 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFC52F9D85B85F9BB" box="[897,988,1635,1659]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
, yellowish; glandular filaments (in petal position alternating with the sepals) 5, fusiform, c. 0.4 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFCF7F91F5B22F97A" box="[804,891,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
, reddish; ovary globose, 1.0- 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFB65F9185D52F97A" box="[1206,1291,1699,1723]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
diam., densely stellate; styles 3, c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFBDFF97F5C3CF91A" box="[1036,1125,1732,1756]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
long, bifurcating 1-2 times, stellate-pubescent, persistent. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFBB5F95F5CE7F93D" box="[1126,1214,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Capsules</emphasis>
4.3-4.8 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFAFDF95F5DF7F93A" box="[1326,1454,1764,1788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="4.55" valueMax="6.3" valueMin="2.8">2.8-6.3 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13662A598163435DFCFEF8BF5BD1F8DD" box="[813,904,1796,1820]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[139,166,1882,1901]" captionTargetBox="[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-137@18.[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. – Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (A-B), C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (C-D), C. hypochalibaeus Baill. (E-F), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (G-H), and C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (I-J). A, C, E, G, I. Capsule; B, D, F, H, J. Seed. [A-B: van Ee et al. 2436; C: van Ee et al. 2198; D: Ranaivojaona &amp; Razanatsima 1173; E-F: van Ee et al. 2472; G-H: van Ee et al. 2176; I-J: van Ee et al.2214]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721824/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
), smooth, pale brown, brown stellate-pubescent, exocarp not separating, endocarp woody, c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFADFF89F5D3AF8FD" box="[1292,1379,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
thick; columella c. 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFC63F8FF5C5EF89D" box="[944,1031,1860,1884]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
long, cornute, capitate. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8163435DFAC1F8FF5D11F89D" box="[1298,1352,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Seeds</emphasis>
ellipsoid (
<figureCitation id="13662A598163435DFCFFF8DE5BDCF8BC" box="[812,901,1893,1917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[139,166,1882,1901]" captionTargetBox="[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-137@18.[229,1388,287,1811]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 7. – Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (A-B), C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (C-D), C. hypochalibaeus Baill. (E-F), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (G-H), and C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (I-J). A, C, E, G, I. Capsule; B, D, F, H, J. Seed. [A-B: van Ee et al. 2436; C: van Ee et al. 2198; D: Ranaivojaona &amp; Razanatsima 1173; E-F: van Ee et al. 2472; G-H: van Ee et al. 2176; I-J: van Ee et al.2214]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721824/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
), c. 3.6 × 3.0 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFBFEF8DE5CD8F8BD" box="[1069,1153,1893,1917]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
; testa glossy, rugulose, pale brown; caruncle elliptic, c. 0.6 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398163435DFB5DF83E5CBEF85D" box="[1166,1255,1925,1949]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578164435AFF62FEA15A6DFEB3" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8164435AFF62FEA15A6DFEB3" blockId="12.[139,790,282,370]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF62FEA1597AFEF3" box="[177,291,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Etymology.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFEF5FEA1596AFEF3" bold="true" box="[294,307,282,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">–</emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to the forests where this species grows, which are inhabited by the large, tail-less lemur species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFEF6FEE15A69FEB3" authority="indri Gmelin, 1788" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1788" box="[293,560,346,370]" class="Mammalia" family="Indriidae" genus="Indri" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indri">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFEF6FEE159CDFEB3" box="[293,404,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Indri indri</emphasis>
Gmelin, 1788
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578164435AFF62FE215A56FDD3" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8164435AFF62FE215A56FDD3" blockId="12.[139,790,410,530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF62FE2159AFFE73" box="[177,502,410,434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Distribution, habitat and ecology</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDD1FE215A56FE73" bold="true" box="[514,527,410,434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">–</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFDC7FE215A92FE73" box="[532,715,410,434]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDC7FE215A92FE73" box="[532,715,410,434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Croton indrisilvae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from Analamazaotra in the Alaotra-Mangoro Region at 
<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFF74FE615975FE30" box="[167,300,474,498]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="950.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="900.0">900-1000 m</quantity>
elevation, where it forms part of the primary montane forest understory (
<figureCitation id="13662A598164435AFE67FE415A58FDD3" box="[436,513,506,530]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[116,143,1791,1810]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-164@5.[117,1455,285,1615]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. – Distribution maps. The grey squares or white arrow on the inset maps of Madagascar show the location of the area depicted. A. Croton ferricretus Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (red); B. Distribution of Croton droguetioides Kainul. &amp; Radcl.-Sm. (turquoise) (Cours 4111 not shown), C. enigmaticus P.E. Berry &amp; B.W. van Ee (light green) (Ralimanana et al. 1402 not shown), C. indrisilvae Kainul., B.W. van Ee &amp; P.E. Berry (yellow), and C. plurispicatus P.E. Berry, Kainul. &amp; B.W. van Ee (light purple); C. Croton ankeranae Kainul. (yellow), C. radiatus P.E. Berry &amp; Kainul. (red), and Croton lasiopyrus Baill. (white). The collection in gray represents presumed hybrids between C. lasiopyrus and C. enigmaticus (van Ee et al. 2215 and 2216); D. Croton hypochalibaeus Baill. in Madagascar. [Google Earth Image © 2016 DigitalGlobe.Reproduced per attribution guidelines]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721811/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Fig 1B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578164435AFF62FD80599AFC33" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8164435AFF62FD80599AFC33" blockId="12.[139,790,570,1010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF62FD8058B2FD93" box="[177,235,571,594]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Notes</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF2AFD81595FFD93" bold="true" box="[249,262,570,594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">–</emphasis>
This is one of several Malagasy 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFDA8FD815A9DFD90" box="[635,708,570,593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDA8FD815A9DFD90" box="[635,708,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrubs with small leaves (&lt;
<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFEB3FDE159F5FDB0" box="[352,428,602,626]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long) from moist montane forests in eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34A764C8164435AFF2CFDC159DAFD53" box="[255,387,634,658]" name="Madagascar" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFDD3FDC15B48FD53" authority="Baill." authorityName="Baill." box="[512,785,634,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambanivoulensis">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDD3FDC15A94FD53" box="[512,717,634,658]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. ambanivoulensis</emphasis>
Baill.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFF58FD215949FD73" box="[139,272,666,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ankeranae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF58FD215949FD73" box="[139,272,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. ankeranae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFEC8FD2159A3FD73" authority="Baill. These" authorityName="Baill. These" box="[283,506,666,690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incisus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFEC8FD215922FD73" box="[283,379,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. incisus</emphasis>
Baill. These
</taxonomicName>
species all have pale stems with contrasting dark fasciculate trichomes and leaves with cuneate bases and ± indistinct venation. They are mainly distinguished on the basis of the shape and size of the leaves. Both 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFF1BFCA15914FCF3" box="[200,333,794,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ankeranae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF1BFCA15914FCF3" box="[200,333,794,818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. ankeranae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFE50FCA15A57FCF3" box="[387,526,794,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFE50FCA15A57FCF3" box="[387,526,794,818]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. indrisilvae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have obovate leaves, but the leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFEC7FC8159C6FC93" box="[276,415,826,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFEC7FC8159C6FC93" box="[276,415,826,850]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. indrisilvae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger (&lt;28 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFDB3FC815AF5FC90" box="[608,684,826,850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
vs. &lt;10.5 × 
<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFF73FCE158A1FCB3" box="[160,248,858,882]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
), somewhat revolute, and crenate (vs. entire). The poorly known (and possibly conspecific) 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFD98FCC15B4CFC53" box="[587,789,890,914]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambanivoulensis">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFD98FCC15B4CFC53" box="[587,789,890,914]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. ambanivoulensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFF6DFC21597DFC73" box="[190,292,922,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incisus">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF6DFC21597DFC73" box="[190,292,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. incisus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have rhombic leaves that are serrate in the former and incised in the latter. Unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4D5F8164435AFDFAFC015AEBFC13" box="[553,690,954,978]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indrisilvae">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDFAFC015AEBFC13" box="[553,690,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">C. indrisilvae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they also have stipitate petiolar glands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34765578164435AFF62FBA25A37FB0A" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE236DC8164435AFF62FBA25A37FB0A" blockId="12.[139,790,1048,1228]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFF62FBA258A4FBEA" box="[177,253,1049,1067]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<typeStatus id="54E6887E8164435AFF62FBA258A0FBEA" box="[177,249,1049,1067]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="paratype">Paratypi</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
– 
<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFEC3FBA35931FBA0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017314" collectingDate="1989-12-08" collectionCode="P, TAN" collectorName="Evrard" country="Madagascar" county="Moramanga Distr." elevation="900" location="Station forestiere d'Andasibe (Perinet)" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Prov. Toamasina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFEC3FBA35A6AFBEA" bold="true" box="[272,563,1048,1067]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<collectingCountry id="F34A764C8164435AFEC3FBA359D4FBEB" box="[272,397,1048,1067]" name="Madagascar" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
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:
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, 
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<elevation id="0070D1EF8164435AFDA4FB885AF4FB87" box="[631,685,1075,1094]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</elevation>
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<date id="FFE3101C8164435AFD66FB885B4BFB87" box="[693,786,1075,1094]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1989-12-08">
<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48164435AFD66FB885B4BFB87" box="[693,786,1075,1094]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1989-12-08">8.XII.1989</collectingDate>
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<collectorName id="26A8530A8164435AFF58FBF55890FBA0" box="[139,201,1102,1121]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Evrard</collectorName>
11244
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFEFAFBF55900FBA0" box="[297,345,1102,1121]" country="Madagascar" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" name="Parc de Tsimbazaza" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">TAN</collectionCode>
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFEBDFBF559ACFBBD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017341" collectingDate="2010-04-20" collectionCode="K, P, TAN" collectorName="Rajaovelona" elevation="910" latitude="-18.937222" location="Analamazaotra" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="8E8260078164435AFEBDFBF559AFFBA0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CA8163435AFFA7F9BE5A37FB0A:8E8260078164435AFEBDFBF559AFFBA0" box="[366,502,1102,1121]" latitude="-18.937222" name="Analamazaotra" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Analamazaotra</location>
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<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFD0BFBF55B4BFBA0" box="[728,786,1102,1121]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="910.0">
<elevation id="0070D1EF8164435AFD0BFBF55B4BFBA0" box="[728,786,1102,1121]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="910.0">910 m</elevation>
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<date id="FFE3101C8164435AFF58FBD358B5FBBA" box="[139,236,1128,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="2010-04-20">
<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48164435AFF58FBD358B5FBBA" box="[139,236,1128,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="2010-04-20">20.IV.2010</collectingDate>
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258
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFE75FBD259E8FBBD" box="[422,433,1129,1148]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFE6AFBD359B1FBBA" box="[441,488,1128,1147]" country="Madagascar" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" name="Parc de Tsimbazaza" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">TAN</collectionCode>
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFE28FBD35A87FBBD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017370" box="[507,734,1128,1148]" collectionCode="TAN" collectorName="Rauh" location="Perinet" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="8E8260078164435AFE28FBD35A60FBBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CA8163435AFFA7F9BE5A37FB0A:8E8260078164435AFE28FBD35A60FBBA" box="[507,569,1128,1147]" name="Perinet" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Perinet</location>
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<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFD91FBD35ACDFBBA" box="[578,660,1128,1147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<collectorName id="26A8530A8164435AFD91FBD35A36FBBA" box="[578,623,1128,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Rauh</collectorName>
477
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(
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFD73FBD35A89FBBA" box="[672,720,1128,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">TAN</collectionCode>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFD30FBD35A6FFB57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017395" collectingDate="1950-03-08" collectionCode="K, P" collectorName="Service Forestier" location="Analamazaotra" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="8E8260078164435AFD30FBD358BDFB57" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CA8163435AFFA7F9BE5A37FB0A:8E8260078164435AFD30FBD358BDFB57" municipality="Analamazaotra" name="Analamazaotra" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Analamazaotra</location>
, 
<date id="FFE3101C8164435AFF3FFB38591DFB57" box="[236,324,1155,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1950-03-08">
<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48164435AFF3FFB38591DFB57" box="[236,324,1155,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1950-03-08">8.III.1950</collectingDate>
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<collectorName id="26A8530A8164435AFE9EFB38598BFB57" box="[333,466,1155,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Service Forestier</collectorName>
715
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(
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFDD1FB385A4AFB57" box="[514,531,1155,1174]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFDC8FB385A71FB57" box="[539,552,1155,1174]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFDE8FB385903FB70" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017318" collectingDate="1961-08-08" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Service Forestier" location="Analamazaotra" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFDE8FB385A22FB57" box="[571,635,1155,1174]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">ibid loc.</emphasis>
, 
<date id="FFE3101C8164435AFD51FB385AB3FB57" box="[642,746,1155,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1961-08-08">
<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48164435AFD51FB385AB3FB57" box="[642,746,1155,1174]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="1961-08-08">8.VIII.1961</collectingDate>
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, 
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<collectorName id="26A8530A8164435AFD20FB3858AFFB71" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Service Forestier</collectorName>
20317
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(
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFEEEFB255912FB70" box="[317,331,1182,1201]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
);
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<materialsCitation id="3B353C818164435AFE8CFB255A37FB0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3420017302" collectingDate="2015-08-11" collectionCode="MICH, MO, P, TAN" collectorName="van Ee et al." elevation="929" latitude="-18.945" location="Analamazaotra NP" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.424446" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<location id="8E8260078164435AFE8CFB255A5AFB70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F487CA8163435AFFA7F9BE5A37FB0A:8E8260078164435AFE8CFB255A5AFB70" box="[351,515,1182,1201]" latitude="-18.945" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.424446" name="Analamazaotra NP" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Analamazaotra NP</location>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE69501B8164435AFDD8FB265A33FB71" box="[523,618,1181,1200]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" precision="15" seconds="42" value="-18.945">18°56’42”S</geoCoordinate>
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<quantity id="4CA59B398164435AFD09FB255B4BFB70" box="[730,786,1182,1201]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.29" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="929.0">
<elevation id="0070D1EF8164435AFD09FB255B4BFB70" box="[730,786,1182,1201]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.29" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="m" value="929.0">929 m</elevation>
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, 
<date id="FFE3101C8164435AFF58FB0358A7FB0A" box="[139,254,1208,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="2015-08-11">
<collectingDate id="EFA7E9F48164435AFF58FB0358A7FB0A" box="[139,254,1208,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" value="2015-08-11">11.VIII.2015</collectingDate>
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<emphasis id="B929EACE8164435AFED4FB0259C4FB0A" box="[263,413,1208,1227]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
<collectorName id="26A8530A8164435AFED4FB025937FB0A" box="[263,366,1208,1227]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">van Ee et al.</collectorName>
2176
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(
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, 
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFE22FB035A41FB0A" box="[497,536,1208,1227]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFDF3FB025A72FB0D" box="[544,555,1209,1228]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED4CAE198164435AFDE0FB035A3DFB0A" box="[563,612,1208,1227]" country="Madagascar" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13842" name="Parc de Tsimbazaza" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" type="Herbarium">TAN</collectionCode>
).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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