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<document id="A72C85C928A200851BB57A3697B73307" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282529" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2125526-fe06-427d-bae8-f752ff034cf4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282529" ID-ZooBank="2D771791-67EB-48A2-BB44-FD4B7F428723" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460542166786" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cadle, John E. &amp; Savage, Jay M." docDate="2012" docId="03F4852C5459FFD1FF1F8617FCDBFEFA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03513p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3513" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Dendrophidion nuchale W. Peters" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFCDFD54545DFFD8FF888372FF87FFC1" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Central America" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698317227376" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="560A2A1057B7B1EA53DBCE14C5ECA57E">Systematics of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Central America</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="24743F53F1E284AD1B72BB0A9B2C3385" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="58462C78868ACE07D31D24377CCAD600">Cadle, John E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="840EFBA21C39823141CDA0701151DFF9">Savage, Jay M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7680798DDABC45CA418847CB653DC8C0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:date id="35D9F2466152715DB4FB09814059A998">2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2EF0446D62C1853C80791CE53B0801DB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D86A574F9B39E19743E4EACEF9AA56B0">3513</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="52E296A7A52C48A3EEACEE2E4EDA5625">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="CC8B5C57E11BAF118F8D30C2E0DF48ED" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.282529</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="31DF152E83B767A7F1F352AF996AB236" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D8DF3C8DE2958A21251D547CF0FF8783" type="Zenodo-Dep">282529</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F4852C5459FFD1FF1F8617FCDBFEFA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628551" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119528462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628551" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4852C5459FFD1FF1F8617FCDBFEFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4852C5459FFD1FF1F8617FCDBFEFA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C34767B15459FFDCFF1F8617FEFAFA5E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F8617FDCDFABE" blockId="4.[151,586,1381,1439]" box="[151,586,1381,1407]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0AA83565459FFDCFF1F8617FDCDFABE" bold="true" box="[151,586,1381,1407]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F8617FDCDFABE" authority="W. Peters" authorityName="W. Peters" box="[151,586,1381,1407]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8617FDCDFABE" bold="true" box="[151,586,1381,1407]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8617FE3FFABE" bold="true" box="[151,440,1381,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
(W. Peters)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F86F5FEFAFA5E" blockId="4.[151,586,1381,1439]" box="[151,381,1415,1439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<figureCitation id="136628BF5459FFDCFF1F86F5FE86FA5E" box="[151,257,1415,1439]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,769,1725]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[415,1171,769,1726]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion nuchale. A – B, UMMZ 122355. C, UMMZ 124067, lateral view of posterior body." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282531/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136628BF5459FFDCFE8586F5FEACFA5E" box="[269,299,1415,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1150,1173]" captionTargetBox="[226,1361,373,1128]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[226,1361,373,1129]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 24. Everted hemipenis of Dendrophidion nuchale in sulcate and asulcate views (TCWC 59022) illustrating spine terminology used herein." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282553/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136628BF5459FFDCFEBF86F5FEFAFA5E" box="[311,381,1415,1439]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 26" captionStart-1="FIGURE 27" captionStartId-0="37.[151,250,1628,1651]" captionStartId-1="38.[151,250,1935,1958]" captionTargetBox-0="[321,1265,851,1605]" captionTargetBox-1="[425,1161,1125,1913]" captionTargetId-0="figure@37.[321,1266,851,1607]" captionTargetId-1="figure@38.[425,1161,1125,1913]" captionTargetPageId-0="37" captionTargetPageId-1="38" captionText-0="FIGURE 26. Everted hemipenis of Dendrophidion nuchale in sulcate and asulcate views (TCWC 59022, Aragua province, Venezuela)." captionText-1="FIGURE 27. Hemipenis of Dendrophidion nuchale, oblique apical view (TCWC 59022). Sulcus spermaticus is the deep furrow in the center of the photograph." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282555/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282556/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">26–27</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15459FFDCFF1F86BBFD15F974" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F86BBFB25FA1E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" box="[151,1186,1481,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F86BBFB25FA1E" box="[151,1186,1481,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F86BBFDD6FA1E" ID-CoL="3L35M" authority="W. Peters 1863: 285" authorityName="W. Peters" authorityPageNumber="285" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,593,1481,1503]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F86BBFEF9FA1E" box="[151,382,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Herpetodryas nuchalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFE0C86B8FDD6FA1E" author="Peters" box="[388,593,1481,1503]" page="285" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1863">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE0C86B8FDA6FA1E" author="Peters" box="[388,545,1481,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Peters, W. (1863) Uber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Schlangenarten des zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1863, 272 - 289." type="journal article" year="1863">W. Peters 1863</bibRefCitation>
: 285
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFDD686B8FD0CFA1E" box="[606,651,1482,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
locality: “Caracas”; three
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFC1086B8FC74FA1E" box="[920,1011,1482,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, apparently lost).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F869AFC38FA3F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" box="[151,959,1512,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F869AFC38FA3F" box="[151,959,1512,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F869AFEF9FA3F" box="[151,382,1512,1534]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Drymobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F869AFEF9FA3F" box="[151,382,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Drymobius dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part).
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFE42869AFD11FA3F" author="Boulenger" box="[458,662,1512,1534]" page="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1894">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE42869AFDF7FA3C" author="Boulenger" box="[458,624,1512,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1894) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, xi + 382 pp. + 20 pls." type="book" year="1894">Boulenger 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFD17869AFCB6FA3C" author="Amaral" box="[671,817,1512,1534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Amaral, A. d. (&quot; 1929 &quot; [1930]) Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. XVIII - Lista remissiva dos ophidios da Regiao Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 4, 127 - 128 + i - viii + 129 - 271." type="journal article" year="1929">Amaral “1929</bibRefCitation>
” [1930]: 154.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F8575FD41F9DD" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" box="[151,710,1542,1565]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F8575FD41F9DD" box="[151,710,1542,1565]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F8575FD98F9DC" box="[151,543,1543,1565]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dendrophis" subSpecies="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8575FD98F9DC" box="[151,543,1543,1565]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion dendrophis dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFDA48575FD45F9DD" author="Roze" box="[556,706,1542,1564]" page="99" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFDA48575FD1BF9DD" author="Roze" box="[556,668,1542,1564]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Roze, J. A. (1952) Coleccion de reptiles del Professor Scorza, de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 1, 93 - 114 + pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1952">Roze 1952</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F8557FCEEF9FA" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" box="[151,873,1573,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F8557FCEEF9FA" box="[151,873,1573,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F8557FE2FF9FA" box="[151,424,1573,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8557FE2FF9FA" box="[151,424,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part).
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFE7B8554FCE2F9FA" author="Peters" box="[499,869,1573,1595]" page="80" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE7B8554FCB8F9FA" author="Peters" box="[499,831,1573,1595]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Peters, J. A. &amp; Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I. Snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 347." type="journal article" year="1970">Peters and Orejas-Miranda 1970</bibRefCitation>
: 80
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F8536FEE2F9B8" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F8536FEE2F9B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F8536FE0AF99B" box="[151,397,1604,1626]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8536FE0AF99B" box="[151,397,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part).
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE508531FDC4F998" author="Lieb" box="[472,579,1603,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFDC48536FC84F998" author="Savage" box="[588,771,1604,1625]" page="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFDC48536FD5AF998" author="Savage" box="[588,733,1604,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Savage, J. M. (1973 a) A preliminary handlist of the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists." type="book" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Savage 1973a</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFC848536FC31F998" author="Savage" box="[780,950,1604,1625]" page="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFC848536FC15F998" author="Savage" box="[780,914,1604,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Savage, J. M. (1980) A handlist with preliminary keys to the herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 111 pp." type="book" year="1980">Savage 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
(handlist), 92 (key).
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFB038536FA1FF998" author="Savage" box="[1163,1432,1603,1625]" page="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFB038536FAF3F998" author="Savage" box="[1163,1396,1603,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Savage, J. M. &amp; Villa, J. (1986) Introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica / Introduccion a la Herpetofauna de Costa Rica. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, NY, viii + 207 pp." type="book" year="1986">Savage and Villa 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 17
</treatmentCitation>
, 148, 169 (part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F85F3FD15F974" blockId="4.[151,1436,1481,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D13145459FFDCFF1F85F3FD15F974" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFF1F85F3FE0FF956" box="[151,392,1665,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F85F3FE0FF956" box="[151,392,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part).
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE5C85F3FDB8F956" author="Lieb" box="[468,575,1665,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1991">Lieb 1991</bibRefCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFDC185F0FC85F956" author="Savage" box="[585,770,1665,1687]" page="654" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFDC185F0FD48F956" author="Savage" box="[585,719,1666,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 654
</treatmentCitation>
. Stafford 2003.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFC2D85F3FBFDF956" author="Solorzano" box="[933,1146,1665,1687]" page="228" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFC2D85F3FBCDF956" author="Solorzano" box="[933,1098,1665,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 228
</treatmentCitation>
–229. Wilson and Townsend 2006: 96.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFEA585D2FE28F974" author="Cadle" box="[301,431,1696,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B5459FFDCFE3185D2FD09F974" author="Rivas" box="[441,654,1696,1718]" page="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE3185D2FDEFF974" author="Rivas" box="[441,616,1696,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rivas, G. A., Molina, C. R., Ugueto, G. N., Barros, T. R., Barrio-Amoros, C. L. &amp; Kok, P. J. R. (2012) Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa, 3211, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="2012">
Rivas
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFE7185D3FDABF977" box="[505,556,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 18
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15459FFDDFF1F8591FB21FEFE" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5459FFDCFF1F8591FDDDF82C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1762,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFF1F8591FEC7F93A" bold="true" box="[151,320,1762,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFF1F8591FF55F93A" box="[151,210,1763,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFED98591FE6DF93B" author="Peters" box="[337,490,1762,1786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Peters, W. (1863) Uber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Schlangenarten des zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1863, 272 - 289." type="journal article" year="1863">Peters (1863)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFDE18591FCEBF93A" box="[617,876,1763,1787]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFDE18591FCEBF93A" box="[617,876,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Herpetodryas nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from three
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFC718591FBDCF93A" box="[1017,1115,1763,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(not two, as stated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFAE18590FF54F8DC" author="Lieb" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 166) from “Caracas” in the Zoologisches Museum in Berlin (
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5459FFDCFC368477FB86F8DC" box="[958,1025,1797,1821]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMB</collectionCode>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFB908477FA9FF8DC" author="Lieb" box="[1048,1304,1797,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb (1988: 166–167)</bibRefCitation>
designated
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5459FFDCFF1F8455FF6FF8FE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,232,1831,1855]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
129579 as a
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFE0D845AFE59F881" box="[389,478,1832,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFD8F845BFD0DF881" box="[519,650,1832,1856]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFD8F845BFD0DF881" box="[519,650,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">H. nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after receiving word from Günther Peters that the
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFB5D845AFAB0F881" box="[1237,1335,1832,1856]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
were no longer present in the
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5459FFDCFE0D8439FE45F8A3" box="[389,450,1867,1890]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ZMB</collectionCode>
and were assumed to be lost. This
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFCC78439FC2FF8A2" box="[847,936,1867,1891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designation is invalid by criteria outlined in Article 75 of the International Code of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFDE5841FFBB0F844" box="[621,1079,1901,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature in association with the British Museum (Natural History), London, xxix + 306 pp." type="book">
Zoological Nomenclature (
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5459FFDCFC2C841FFC60F844" box="[932,999,1901,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ICZN</collectionCode>
1999)
</bibRefCitation>
. The identity of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95459FFDCFA8A841FFF71F869" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285459FFDCFA8A841FFF71F869" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Herpetodryas nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not in doubt and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5459FFDCFE5B84FDFDD0F866" author="Lieb" box="[467,599,1935,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb (1988)</bibRefCitation>
outlined no “complex zoological problem” that required an extant
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFACC84E2FAF3F869" box="[1348,1396,1936,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
for resolution. In these circumstances,
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFDAA84C1FDFDF80A" box="[546,634,1971,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designation merely because the original
<typeStatus id="54E68A985459FFDCFBC084C1FBFFF80A" box="[1096,1144,1971,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
material is assumed to be lost is expressly prohibited by the Code.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5458FFDDFF4F83EAFB21FEFE" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In much of the literature on Venezuelan snakes prior to 1988,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFC0583EAFB1EFF71" box="[909,1177,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFC0583EAFB1EFF71" box="[909,1177,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was referred to by the name “
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFF6183CFFE23FF15" box="[233,420,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFF6183CFFE23FF15" box="[233,420,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, a Central American species that enters South
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5458FFDDFC4783CEFBA8FF15" box="[975,1071,188,212]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">America</collectingCountry>
only in northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5458FFDDFAA683CEFA1BFF15" box="[1326,1436,188,212]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and extreme western
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5458FFDDFE0C83ADFE70FF36" box="[388,503,223,247]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFD8D83ADFDFCFF36" author="Lieb" box="[517,635,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFD0D83ADFD47FF36" author="Lieb" box="[645,704,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1996) Dendrophidion percarinatum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 520, 520.1 - 520.2." type="journal volume" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFD4383ADFB9CFF36" author="Rojas-Runjaic" box="[715,1051,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. &amp; Rivero, E. E. I. (2008) First record of the forest racer snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Cope, 1893) (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Venezuela. Caribbean Journal of Science 44, 128 - 130." type="journal article" year="2008">Rojas-Runjaic &amp; Rivero 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFBAE83ADFB3FFF36" author="Cadle" box="[1062,1208,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle 2012b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFB4383ADFA1BFF36" author="Lieb" box="[1227,1436,223,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1996) Dendrophidion percarinatum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 520, 520.1 - 520.2." type="journal volume" year="1996">Lieb (1996: 636.2)</bibRefCitation>
traced the source of the confusion and pointed out some works that refer to
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFC7B8277FBF7FEDD" box="[1011,1136,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFC7B8277FBF7FEDD" box="[1011,1136,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by this other name. These include the following cited in this paper:
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFDEB8255FC8AFEFE" author="Lancini" box="[611,781,295,319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Lancini, A. R. (1962) Los ofidios de Curupao, Estado Miranda (Venezuela). Acta Biological Venezuelica, 3, 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1962">Lancini (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFC90825AFC21FEFE" author="Roze" box="[792,934,295,319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Roze, J. A. (1966) La Taxonomia y Zoogeografia de los Ofidios en Venezuela. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 362 pp." type="book" year="1966">Roze (1966)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5458FFDDFC69825AFB25FEFE" box="[993,1186,295,319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Test, F. H., Sexton, O. J. &amp; Heatwole, H. (1966) Reptiles of Rancho Grande and vicinity, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 128, 1 - 63." type="journal article">Test et al. (1966)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15458FFDDFF4F823EFEA4FDD6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5458FFDDFF4F823EFEA4FDD6" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFF4F823EFEC9FEA5" bold="true" box="[199,334,332,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFEDE823EFE34FEA5" box="[342,435,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFEDE823EFE34FEA5" box="[342,435,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the Medieval Latin noun
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFC1F823EFC5CFEA5" box="[919,987,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">nucha</emphasis>
, meaning the back of the neck or nape (originally from an Arabic word meaning spinal cord, with transfer of meaning) + the adjectival ending
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFAED8202FA1BFE49" box="[1381,1436,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">–alis</emphasis>
(pertaining to). It presumably is an allusion to the black nape collar of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFB8E82E6FA90FE6D" box="[1030,1303,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFB8E82E6FA90FE6D" box="[1030,1303,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The form “
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFF2B82CAFE85FE11" box="[163,258,440,464]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Herpetodryas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFF2B82CAFE85FE11" box="[163,258,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">nuchalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (the masculine and feminine form of the adjective) is often seen in combination with
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFB6382CAFA12FE11" box="[1259,1429,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFB6382CAFA12FE11" box="[1259,1429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the neuter form
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFEF382AEFE53FE35" box="[379,468,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFEF382AEFE53FE35" box="[379,468,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is required in this case to agree with the Greek neuter diminutive ending
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFA9782AFFAD7FE35" box="[1311,1360,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">–ion</emphasis>
of the genus name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2264B25458FFDDFF1F85CAFD0FF92C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[226,1360,639,1698]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5458FFDDFF1F85CAFD0FF92C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1720,1773]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFF1F85CAFE92F90C" bold="true" box="[151,277,1720,1743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Representative specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFDC485CAFC3AF90F" authority="W. Peters" authorityName="W. Peters" box="[588,957,1720,1742]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFDC485CAFCB9F90F" box="[588,830,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
(W. Peters)
</taxonomicName>
. A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15458FFDEFF4F846BFB79FB05" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5458FFDEFF4F846BFF70FF36" blockId="5.[151,1436,1817,2022]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFF4F846BFEC6F8F3" bold="true" box="[199,321,1817,1842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95458FFDDFEC68468FDD8F8F3" box="[334,607,1818,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285458FFDDFEC68468FDD8F8F3" box="[334,607,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by (1) dorsocaudal reduction from 8 to 6 occurring posterior to subcaudal 25 (range, 27–54); (2) anal plate single or divided (approximately equal frequencies); (3) subcaudal counts&gt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF5458FFDDFEF58413FE40F8B8" box="[381,455,1889,1913]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.429" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="135.0">135 in</quantity>
males and females; (4) ground color of head and body brown; dark crossbands with embedded pale ocelli present on the posterior half or more of the body and tail (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5458FFDDFBFE84F4FB39F85F" box="[1142,1214,1926,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); tail not strongly differentiated in color from posterior body; (5) blackish or dark brown nuchal collar present in adults (evident or not in juveniles); (6) ventral scutes in adults usually with irregular dark anterior borders to each scale (often interrupted midventrally) and sometimes with other irregular dark flecks or spots (
<figureCitation id="136628BF545BFFDEFBD383E5FB27FF6E" box="[1115,1184,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); (8) total number of enlarged spines on the hemipenis relatively few (&lt;60); spines in the distal row uniform in size and numbering &lt;15 (12–14).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDEFF4F8276FDB4FE0E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Apart from
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEC38276FDD2FEDD" box="[331,597,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEC38276FDD2FEDD" box="[331,597,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFCB58276FC60FEDD" box="[829,999,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFCB58276FC60FEDD" box="[829,999,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except the allopatric species
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFAB88277FA1BFEDD" box="[1328,1436,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFAB88277FA1BFEDD" box="[1328,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a prominent blackish nuchal collar in adults (less distinct or absent in juveniles).
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFBCC825AFACBFE81" box="[1092,1356,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFBCC825AFACBFE81" box="[1092,1356,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEF5823FFDBFFEA5" box="[381,568,333,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEF5823FFDBFFEA5" box="[381,568,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group in having a more distal dorsocaudal reduction (typically proximal to subcaudal
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFE9A821DFEC8FE46" box="[274,335,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFE008203FD98FE49" box="[392,543,369,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFE008203FD98FE49" box="[392,543,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group compared to&gt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFCA4821DFCEDFE46" box="[812,874,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFCFD8203FC73FE49" box="[885,1012,368,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFCFD8203FC73FE49" box="[885,1012,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Single anal plates occur in the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFA098203FEA8FE6D" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFA098203FEA8FE6D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group only in some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD5182E7FC35FE6D" box="[729,946,405,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucicarinatum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD5182E7FC35FE6D" box="[729,946,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. paucicarinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFC4C82E6FB53FE6D" box="[964,1236,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boshelli">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFC4C82E6FB53FE6D" box="[964,1236,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion boshelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 15 midbody dorsal scale rows (
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFEEF82C5FE26FE0E" box="[359,417,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="17.0">17 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFE2082CBFDA4FE11" box="[424,547,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFE2082CBFDA4FE11" box="[424,547,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDEFF4F82AEFB10FD45" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFF4F82AEFE56FE35" box="[199,465,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF4F82AEFE56FE35" box="[199,465,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFC8B82AFFC25FE35" box="[771,930,476,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFC8B82AFFC25FE35" box="[771,930,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group as follows. The three species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFA0982AFFF65FDD9" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFA0982AFFF65FDD9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. vinitor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFED48173FE4EFDD9" box="[348,457,513,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFED48173FE4EFDD9" box="[348,457,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. vinitor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFE508173FDF9FDD9" box="[472,638,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apharocybe">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFE508173FDF9FDD9" box="[472,638,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. apharocybe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD058173FC9EFDD9" box="[653,793,512,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crybelum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD058173FC9EFDD9" box="[653,793,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. crybelum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545BFFDEFCA1828DFC3EFDD6" author="Cadle" box="[809,953,511,535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
) lack a nuchal collar, have prominent pale bands on the anterior body of adults and fewer subcaudals (&lt;130) than
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFC738157FBFCFDFD" box="[1019,1147,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFC738157FBFCFDFD" box="[1019,1147,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&gt; 135).
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB7A8156FE93FDA1" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB7A8156FE93FDA1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a nuchal collar and has a longer tail (&gt; 70% of SVL in adults) and more subcaudals (≥ 150) than
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFF1F811FFE95FD45" box="[151,274,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF1F811FFE95FD45" box="[151,274,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&lt;70% and &lt;150, respectively).
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD18811EFC23FD45" box="[656,932,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD18811EFC23FD45" box="[656,932,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion atlantica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a nuchal collar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDEFF4F81E2FBAAFCBE" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFF4F81E2FE56FD69" box="[199,465,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF4F81E2FE56FD69" box="[199,465,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been confused with the two other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB3B81E2FA8CFD69" box="[1203,1291,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB3B81E2FA8CFD69" box="[1203,1291,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFA0981E3FF67FD0D" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFA0981E3FF67FD0D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the new species described herein,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD1C81C7FCE5FD0D" box="[660,866,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD1C81C7FCE5FD0D" box="[660,866,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is allopatric to both species.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB7A81C6FEC3FD31" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB7A81C6FEC3FD31" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a nuchal collar and has a reddish head and tail; see its species account for further distinctions and comparisons.
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEEB818EFDEAFCD5" box="[355,621,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEEB818EFDEAFCD5" box="[355,621,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD2C818FFC88FCD5" box="[676,783,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD2C818FFC88FCD5" box="[676,783,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both have dark nuchal collars but otherwise differ greatly in coloration. In
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEDB8053FE38FCF9" box="[339,447,800,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEDB8053FE38FCF9" box="[339,447,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the head and anterior one third to two thirds of the body are bright green in life (brown in
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFF3D8037FEB5FC9D" box="[181,306,836,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF3D8037FEB5FC9D" box="[181,306,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although with greenish edging to some anterior dorsal scales in some individuals).
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB7A8036FF77FC41" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB7A8036FF77FC41" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also typically has fewer ventrals and subcaudals than
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFCC7801BFC3DFC41" box="[847,954,872,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFCC7801BFC3DFC41" box="[847,954,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6DF0181545BFFDEFC408015FB9BFCBE" box="[968,1052,871,895]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDEFF4F80FEFB79FB05" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEDC80FFFE4AFC65" box="[340,461,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEDC80FFFE4AFC65" box="[340,461,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFE5480FFFDC1FC65" box="[476,582,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFE5480FFFDC1FC65" box="[476,582,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFD0B80FFFCD6FC65" box="[643,849,908,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFD0B80FFFCD6FC65" box="[643,849,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be more easily confused than adults because the color characteristics of adults (e.g., dark nuchal collar in the first two species, red head and tail in the last) are less distinct or absent in juveniles. Sympatry among these species occurs between
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB8E80A7FBF6FC2D" box="[1030,1137,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB8E80A7FBF6FC2D" box="[1030,1137,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB2180A7FAFFFC2D" box="[1193,1400,980,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB2180A7FAFFFC2D" box="[1193,1400,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the Caribbean versant and uplands of extreme northwestern (Pacific versant)
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA545BFFDEFC748085FBFDFBCE" box="[1020,1146,1015,1039]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. The head and sometimes the tail of juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEE5876FFDBBFBF5" box="[365,572,1052,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEE5876FFDBBFBF5" box="[365,572,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually reddish brown and somewhat paler than the adjacent portions of the body, as shown by photographs of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFDCF8733FC90FB99" box="[583,791,1088,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFDCF8733FC90FB99" box="[583,791,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545BFFDEFCB2874DFC48FB96" author="Savage" box="[826,975,1087,1111]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 414 and
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545BFFDEFBD6874DFA94FB96" author="Solorzano" box="[1118,1299,1087,1111]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 56 (see
<figureCitation id="136628BF545BFFDEFF1F8716FF69FBBD" box="[151,238,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFF5A8716FF69FBBD" box="[210,238,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="17.0">17</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in the species account for
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFDC08717FC98FBBD" box="[584,799,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFDC08717FC98FBBD" box="[584,799,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The head and tail of juvenile
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFB3D8717FABEFBBD" box="[1205,1337,1124,1148]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFB3D8717FABEFBBD" box="[1205,1337,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not differentiated in color and juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFDD787FBFD49FB61" box="[607,718,1160,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFDD787FBFD49FB61" box="[607,718,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a bright green head and anterior body. The dorsocaudal reduction of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFEAE87DFFE72FB05" box="[294,501,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFEAE87DFFE72FB05" box="[294,501,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distal to subcaudal 45 (&lt;
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFCF887DFFC6CFB05" box="[880,1003,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFCF887DFFC6CFB05" box="[880,1003,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFBA987DFFB0BFB05" box="[1057,1164,1196,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFBA987DFFB0BFB05" box="[1057,1164,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<tableCitation id="C6DF0181545BFFDEFB1387DEFB6AFB05" box="[1179,1261,1196,1220]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B1545BFFDFFF4F87BDFC2BFD0D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDEFF4F87BDFACCF956" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF4F87BDFDF0FB29" bold="true" box="[199,631,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Description (
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB3545BFFDEFEEF87BDFE5FFB29" box="[359,472,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">26 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB3545BFFDEFE6387BDFDF7FB29" box="[491,624,1231,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">12 females</specimenCount>
)
</emphasis>
.
<tableCitation id="C6DF0181545BFFDEFD0487BDFD62FB26" box="[652,741,1231,1255]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarizes size, body proportions, and meristic data for
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545BFFDEFF1F8786FE26FACD" box="[151,417,1268,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545BFFDEFF1F8786FE26FACD" box="[151,417,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Largest specimen (AMNH R-59444) a female 1225+ mm total length (very tip of the tail missing),
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SVL; largest male (AMNH R-98239)
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFC868665FCFFFAEE" box="[782,888,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.208" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1208.0">1208 mm</quantity>
total length,
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFB828665FBE1FAEE" box="[1034,1126,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4799999999999995" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="748.0">748 mm</quantity>
SVL). Tail 37–40% of total length (58–66% of SVL) in males; 36–39% of total length (57–65% of SVL) in females. Dorsal scales usually in 17–17–15 scale rows, the posterior reduction by fusion of rows 3 + 4 (N = 15), 2 + 3 (N = 10), or loss of row 3 (N = 1) at the level of ventrals 84–106. Ventrals 149–160 (averaging 156.2) in males, 153–165 (averaging 159.5) in females; usually two (occasionally one) preventrals anterior to the ventrals. Anal plate single or divided (approximately equal frequencies). Subcaudals 136–150 (averaging 142.5) in males, 137–147 (averaging 141.2) in females; subcaudals 3–14 were single in one specimen. Dorsocaudal reduction at subcaudals
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFB2E869DFA8FF9C6" box="[1190,1288,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0287" metricValueMax="1.3716" metricValueMin="0.6858" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="40.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="27.0">27–54 in</quantity>
males (mean 41.4),
<quantity id="4CA599DF545BFFDEFF688566FEC3F9ED" box="[224,324,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.779" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="6.858" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="38.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="27.0">27–50 in</quantity>
females (mean 40.2). Preoculars usually 1, postoculars usually 2, primary temporals 2, secondary temporals 2, supralabials usually 9 with 4–6 bordering the eye (occasionally 8 with 3–5 bordering the eye), infralabials usually 10 (range 9–12). Maxillary teeth 39–44 (averaging 42), typically with 4 posterior teeth enlarged (occasionally 3 or 5 enlarged). Enlarged teeth are ungrooved, not offset, and there is no maxillary diastema.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545BFFDFFF4F85D7FC6DFF15" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,716]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Two apical pits present on dorsal scales. Dorsal scales strongly keeled. Results for
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB3545BFFDEFB0D85D6FAA7F97D" box="[1157,1312,1700,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">29 specimens</specimenCount>
scored for keeling follow. Keeling on the neck: all specimens have keels present on all rows except rows 1 and/or 2. Keeling at midbody: 83% of specimens have keels on all dorsal rows except row 1 (the remainder have keels on all rows, occasionally weak on row 1). Keeling on posterior body: 55% of specimens lack keels on row 1; in 38% of specimens all rows are keeled (weak or very weak on row 1). Fusions or divisions of temporal scales were infrequent. Counting each side separately, an upper secondary temporal was divided in 12.8% of the sides and all other divisions + fusions combined were another 12.8%. A lower primary temporal contacted a parietal via a narrow dorsal extension between the upper primary and secondary temporals in 6.4% of the sides. The only statistically significant differences in size or scale counts between males and females were the number of ventral scales (greater in females) and the point at which the reduction in the dorsal scales occurred (more posterior in females) (
<tableCitation id="C6DF0181545AFFDFFE8E83CEFEDEFF15" box="[262,345,188,212]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In both cases the mean character differences were small.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545AFFDFFF4F83ADFBADFEA5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Hemipenis unilobed, bulbous; overall morphology “robust morphotype” as characterized by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545AFFDFFB7983ADFA1FFF36" author="Cadle" box="[1265,1432,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
. Sulcus spermaticus simple, with divergent lips distally, and centrolineal in orientation. Four enormously enlarged spines (two on the sulcate side, two on the asulcate side) at the proximal edge of the spine array. Apex distal to the spines is ornamented with flounces/calyces, followed by a largely nude apical tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545AFFDFFF4F821DFC2BFD0D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B929E828545AFFDFFF4F821DFE1EFE49" bold="true" box="[199,409,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545AFFDFFE178202FDD0FE46" author="Test" box="[415,599,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Test, F. H., Sexton, O. J. &amp; Heatwole, H. (1966) Reptiles of Rancho Grande and vicinity, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 128, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1966">
Test
<emphasis id="B929E828545AFFDFFE5C8203FD8BFE49" box="[468,524,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
(1966
</bibRefCitation>
: 38–39) described life colors for specimens from the Cordillera de la Costa of
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA545AFFDFFF3082E6FEA9FE6D" box="[184,302,404,428]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, here paraphrased: Adults dark glossy brown with dorsal scales on the anterior body having green edges; one adult had a tan-brown anterior dorsum, darker posteriorly. A black nuchal collar from behind the eye to the occiput, sometimes broken middorsally. Adults bright yellow on the venter, orange on the subcaudals. Juveniles lack a distinct nuchal collar and have blackish crossbands the entire body length. Two juveniles had gray venters.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB545AFFDFFF1F8157FEE7FDFD" author="Roze" box="[151,352,548,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Roze, J. A. (1966) La Taxonomia y Zoogeografia de los Ofidios en Venezuela. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 362 pp." type="book" year="1966">Roze (1966: 109)</bibRefCitation>
described the coloration as “brown or grayish brown above with numerous black crossbands, narrower than the interspaces. Laterally the crossbands have embedded yellow spots. Ventrally deep yellow, with the lateral parts invaded by the dark dorsal color, which is concentrated especially on the bases of each ventral scale and sometimes occupies the lateral third of each ventral. The head is dark gray or brown above, with the inferior portion of the supralabials and the underside of the head deep yellow.”
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2264B2545AFFDFFF1F85A1FE05F8C9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282531/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[415,1171,769,1725]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545AFFDFFF1F85A1FE05F8C9" blockId="7.[151,1435,1747,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B929E828545AFFDFFF1F85A1FE93F928" bold="true" box="[151,276,1747,1770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Details of head and body patterns of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9545AFFDFFD1585A6FC08F92B" box="[669,911,1748,1770]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E828545AFFDFFD1585A6FC08F92B" box="[669,911,1748,1770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A–B, UMMZ 122355. C, UMMZ 124067, lateral view of posterior body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34767B1545AFFD0FF4F8447FE5AFE6D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A545AFFD0FF4F8447FC1CFEDD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1845,2013]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,680]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B929E828545AFFDFFF4F8447FD74F88F" bold="true" box="[199,755,1845,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Coloration of preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="136628BF545AFFDFFDF48447FD6CF88F" box="[636,747,1845,1870]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,769,1725]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[415,1171,769,1726]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion nuchale. A – B, UMMZ 122355. C, UMMZ 124067, lateral view of posterior body." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282531/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
. Top of head brown to grayish brown. Black nuchal collar usually visible in adults (
<figureCitation id="136628BF545AFFDFFE3A842BFD87F8B0" box="[434,512,1881,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,769,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[415,1171,769,1726]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion nuchale. A – B, UMMZ 122355. C, UMMZ 124067, lateral view of posterior body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282531/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A, 2B). Anterior dorsum gray, either without crossbands or with indistinct narrow blackish crossbands. Posterior two thirds of dorsum grayish with blackish crossbands (anteriorly) and transverse rows of pale spots set within blackish crossbands (more posteriorly). Extreme posterior dorsum and tail usually grayish brown and paler than the rest of the dorsum, and bearing prominent pale (dirty whitish) ocelli set within blackish crossbands (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5455FFD0FE0D83E5FE55FF6E" box="[389,466,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136628BF5455FFD0FE6883E5FE68FF6E" box="[480,495,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1747,1770]" captionTargetBox="[415,1171,769,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[415,1171,769,1726]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion nuchale. A – B, UMMZ 122355. C, UMMZ 124067, lateral view of posterior body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282531/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</figureCitation>
C). Vertebral scale row often with whitish line. Venter in adults with or without dark transverse narrow lines or heavy stipple across the anterior edge of each ventral scute; these tend to peter out on the anterior quarter to third of the body and are usually more prominent in larger individuals. Subcaudals immaculate or with dark suture lines, especially the transverse subcaudal sutures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5455FFD0FF4F825AFE5AFE6D" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">In juveniles with the complete set of crossbands visible, the total number of dark crossbands/transverse rows of ocelli is 58–71 (mean, 62.9; N = 11). Ocelli are generally present ventrolaterally on the lateral edges of the ventral scutes/dorsal row 1; laterally on rows 3 and 4 (sometimes involving row 2 as well), and the vertebral row (and adjacent paravertebral rows).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34767B15455FFD1FF4F82C5FCDBFEFA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5455FFD0FF4F82C5FC18FD66" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FF4F82C5FE44FE11" bold="true" box="[199,451,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Distribution (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5455FFD0FEE382C5FE33FE11" box="[363,436,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[264,1321,734,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1324,733,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution of Dendrophidion nuchale in northern Venezuela. The map includes localities documented in Roze (1966) and Natera-Mumaw (2008) in addition to specimens we examined. Some symbols represent multiple contiguous localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282532/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE4482CAFD5EFE11" box="[460,729,440,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE4482CAFD5EFE11" box="[460,729,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as we define it is known from coastal and interior mountain ranges and adjacent foothills of northern
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5455FFD0FDE582AEFD64FE35" box="[621,739,476,500]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and from a seemingly disjunct population in the Serranía de Perijá of northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5455FFD0FE16828DFD96FDD6" box="[414,529,511,535]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
near the Colombian border (
<figureCitation id="136628BF5455FFD0FCE8828DFC21FDD6" box="[864,934,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1312,1335]" captionTargetBox="[264,1321,734,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1324,733,1291]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution of Dendrophidion nuchale in northern Venezuela. The map includes localities documented in Roze (1966) and Natera-Mumaw (2008) in addition to specimens we examined. Some symbols represent multiple contiguous localities." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282532/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
, Appendix 1;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FBC38172FB4EFDD6" author="Roze" box="[1099,1225,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Roze, J. A. (1966) La Taxonomia y Zoogeografia de los Ofidios en Venezuela. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 362 pp." type="book" year="1966">Roze 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FB5F828DFAC8FDD6" author="Lieb" box="[1239,1359,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FAD4828DFA10FDD6" author="Lieb" box="[1372,1431,511,535]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FF1F8157FE08FDFD" author="Natera-Mumaw" box="[151,399,548,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Natera-Mumaw, M. (2008) Nuevos registros geograficos y notas bioecologicas de Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) y Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters, 1863) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela, con comentarios sobre la taxonomia de Dendrophidion nuchale. Herpetotropicos, 4, 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="2008">Natera-Mumaw 2008</bibRefCitation>
; note that symbols for
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FD288157FC98FDFD" box="[672,799,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FD288157FC98FDFD" box="[672,799,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FCD48157FC78FDFD" box="[860,1023,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FCD48157FC78FDFD" box="[860,1023,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are reversed in figure 1 of Natera-
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FF1F813AFEBAFD9E" author="Mumaw" box="[151,317,583,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Natera-Mumaw, M. (2008) Nuevos registros geograficos y notas bioecologicas de Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) y Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters, 1863) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela, con comentarios sobre la taxonomia de Dendrophidion nuchale. Herpetotropicos, 4, 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="2008">Mumaw 2008</bibRefCitation>
). The elevational range of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FDF7813BFD79FDA1" box="[639,766,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FDF7813BFD79FDA1" box="[639,766,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the vicinity of the Rancho Grande Biological Station (Aragua state) is
<quantity id="4CA599DF5455FFD0FED2811EFE60FD45" box="[346,487,620,644]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.8699999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1010.0" valueMax="1150.0" valueMin="870.0">870–1150 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FE7E811EFD2BFD45" author="Test" box="[502,684,620,644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Test, F. H., Sexton, O. J. &amp; Heatwole, H. (1966) Reptiles of Rancho Grande and vicinity, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 128, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1966">
Test
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FDA7811FFDEFFD45" box="[559,616,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
: 37) but the elevational range overall is from &lt;
<quantity id="4CA599DF5455FFD0FB43811EFA93FD45" box="[1227,1300,620,644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
(Borburata, Aragua state) to
<quantity id="4CA599DF5455FFD0FED981FDFE21FD66" box="[337,422,655,679]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1270.0">1270 m</quantity>
(Hacienda Picachito;
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FD1581E2FC14FD66" author="Natera-Mumaw" box="[669,915,655,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Natera-Mumaw, M. (2008) Nuevos registros geograficos y notas bioecologicas de Dendrophidion dendrophis (Schlegel, 1837) y Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters, 1863) (Serpentes: Colubridae) en Venezuela, con comentarios sobre la taxonomia de Dendrophidion nuchale. Herpetotropicos, 4, 11 - 16." type="journal article" year="2008">Natera-Mumaw 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2264B25455FFD0FF1F8652FF7DFAB5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282532/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[264,1321,734,1290]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5455FFD0FF1F8652FF7DFAB5" blockId="8.[151,1436,1312,1396]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FF1F8652FE93FAF7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1312,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE348652FD29FAF7" box="[444,686,1312,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE348652FD29FAF7" box="[444,686,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northern Venezuela. The map includes localities documented in Roze (1966) and Natera-Mumaw (2008) in addition to specimens we examined. Some symbols represent multiple contiguous localities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5455FFD0FF4F86D2FCC2F989" blockId="8.[151,1436,1440,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE1486D3FD21FA78" box="[412,678,1441,1465]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE1486D3FD21FA78" box="[412,678,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Serranía de Perijá (also referred to as the Sierra de Perijá) is documented from four specimens in the Museo de Historia Natural de La Salle (MHNLS, Caracas) collected before 1953 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FF55869AFD6EF9C1" author="Aleman" box="[221,745,1512,1537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Aleman G. C. (1953) Apuntes sobre reptiles y anfibios de la region Baruta-El Hatillo. Memorias de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales de La Salle, 12, 11 - 30." type="journal article" year="1953">
Alemán 1953, as “
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE27869BFD5AF9C0" box="[431,733,1513,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE27869BFD5AF9C0" box="[431,733,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
</bibRefCitation>
) and the species seems not to have been recorded there since. These specimens were identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FDB3857CFD3EF9E4" box="[571,697,1549,1573]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FDB3857CFD3EF9E4" box="[571,697,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by James R. Dixon in 1981 (Fernando Rojas-Runjaic, personal communication) and formed the basis for subsequent reports.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5455FFD0FF4F8527FF61F871" blockId="8.[151,1436,1440,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FF4F8527FE08F9AC" bold="true" box="[199,399,1620,1645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Natural History.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FE128527FDD8F9AD" author="Test" box="[410,607,1620,1645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Test, F. H., Sexton, O. J. &amp; Heatwole, H. (1966) Reptiles of Rancho Grande and vicinity, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 128, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1966">
Test
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE5B8524FD97F9AC" box="[467,528,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(1966
</bibRefCitation>
: 37–39) described general behavior, appearance, and natural history of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FF1F850BFE26F950" box="[151,417,1657,1681]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FF1F850BFE26F950" box="[151,417,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Cordillera de la Costa of
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5455FFD0FC84850AFCF8F951" box="[780,895,1656,1680]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(Rancho Grande area). It was one of the snakes most commonly seen during
<date id="FFE312FA5455FFD0FE5285EEFD07F975" box="[474,640,1692,1716]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1951" valueMax="1956">1951 and 1956</date>
and occurred in secondary and primary forests. A captive specimen ate frogs (
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FF6C85B3FE6CF918" box="[228,491,1729,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FF6C85B3FE6CF918" box="[228,491,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mannophryne trinitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE7485B0FDFEF918" box="[508,633,1729,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Aromobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE7485B0FDFEF918" box="[508,633,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">M. neblina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FD3485B3FC55F918" box="[700,978,1729,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Strabomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporcatus">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FD3485B3FC55F918" box="[700,978,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Strabomantis biporcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Stafford (2003) presented data on the size, diet, and reproduction of “
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FE778597FC8CF93C" box="[511,779,1765,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FE778597FC8CF93C" box="[511,779,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” based on a mix of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FC7C8594FB42F93C" box="[1012,1221,1765,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FC7C8594FB42F93C" box="[1012,1221,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FB5C8594FAC7F93C" box="[1236,1344,1765,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FB5C8594FAC7F93C" box="[1236,1344,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. clarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FA098594FF77F8E0" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FA098594FF77F8E0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5455FFD0FF76847BFE31F8E1" author="Roze" box="[254,438,1800,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Roze, J. A. (1952) Coleccion de reptiles del Professor Scorza, de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 1, 93 - 114 + pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1952">Roze (1952: 99)</bibRefCitation>
, using the name “
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FDF7847BFC2AF8E0" box="[639,941,1801,1825]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FDF7847BFC2AF8E0" box="[639,941,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, stated that this species is “abundant in the Cordillera de la Costa” and feeds on frogs and toads. We examined two gravid females: AMNH R-
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SVL, no date of collection; MVZ
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SVL, contained leathery-shelled oviductal eggs (not counted), and was collected
<date id="FFE312FA5455FFD0FEEC8406FE7AF84D" box="[356,509,1908,1933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1980-05-24">24 May 1980</date>
. The incidence of broken/healed tails in our sample of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95455FFD0FBE88407FAEDF84C" box="[1120,1386,1909,1933]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285455FFD0FBE88407FAEDF84C" box="[1120,1386,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 14.3%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5454FFD1FF4F83E5FCDBFEFA" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FF4F83E5FEE9FF6E" author="Lancini" box="[199,366,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Lancini, A. R. (1962) Los ofidios de Curupao, Estado Miranda (Venezuela). Acta Biological Venezuelica, 3, 161 - 172." type="journal article" year="1962">Lancini (1962)</bibRefCitation>
reported basic data for
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35454FFD1FDFF83E5FC88FF6E" box="[631,783,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">14 specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95454FFD1FCBC83EAFBBBFF71" box="[820,1084,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
<emphasis id="B929E8285454FFD1FCBC83EAFBBBFF71" box="[820,1084,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Curupao (Miranda state), whence come many of the specimens we examined (Appendix 1).
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5454FFD1FC0983C9FC27FF12" box="[897,928,187,211]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">As</collectingCountry>
explained by Lancini, collection of snakes at this locality (“hundreds per year” of 14 species) is facilitated by concrete canals and a reservoir associated with a power plant, from which the snakes escape with difficulty once they enter. The site is situated in a “mesothermic pluvial rainforest”, climate CWA in the
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5454FFD1FDDE8251FD78FEFB" author="Koppen" box="[598,767,290,314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Koppen, W. P. (1931) Grundriß der Klimakunde. Walter de Gruyter und Co., Berlin, xii + 388 pp." type="book" year="1931">Köppen (1931)</bibRefCitation>
system.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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