1386 lines
189 KiB
XML
1386 lines
189 KiB
XML
<document id="C778A3D1C3F556ADCB1C23197B036907" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282529" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2125526-fe06-427d-bae8-f752ff034cf4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282529" ID-ZooBank="2D771791-67EB-48A2-BB44-FD4B7F428723" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460542166786" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cadle, John E. & Savage, Jay M." docDate="2012" docId="03F4852C544BFFF8FF1F8658FDD6FDD6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03513p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3513" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Dendrophidion rufiterminorum Cadle & Savage, 2012, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFCDFD54545DFFD8FF888372FF87FFC1" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Central America" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1698317227376" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A39A3507CA0FD430A2DFA9D8EC998D1E">Systematics of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Central America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D71DFB234B4A9A1C13A1CA8A103D5824">Cadle, John E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0DA563A0B887A25E5211942BFEDDAE1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A8C0AC2B23BEA653EB04A025737A982E">Savage, Jay M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3C9500AF8B622C84D28D97D2F3824AE0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="07037014C14FDD7AD5EB0520C64E7AEF">
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<mods:date id="7506AAA1F1962354E6750015576F2DE2">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3F92ADF4581FB8012CEAE06F8C5E6B74">3513</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F4852C544BFFF8FF1F8658FDD6FDD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5628555" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119528464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5628555" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F4852C544BFFF8FF1F8658FDD6FDD6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4852C544BFFF8FF1F8658FDD6FDD6" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="C34767B1544BFFCEFF1F8658FCEEFA75" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F8658FD34FA85" blockId="22.[151,691,1322,1381]" box="[151,691,1322,1348]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="D0AA8356544BFFCEFF1F8658FD34FA85" bold="true" box="[151,691,1322,1348]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F8658FD34FA85" bold="true" box="[151,691,1322,1348]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F8658FD93FA85" box="[151,532,1322,1348]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F8658FD93FA85" bold="true" box="[151,532,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A5553544BFFCEFDAB8658FD34FA85" box="[547,691,1322,1348]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F863FFE6DFAA4" blockId="22.[151,691,1322,1381]" box="[151,490,1357,1381]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
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<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFF1F863FFE9AFAA4" box="[151,285,1357,1381]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStart-3="FIGURE 18" captionStart-4="FIGURE 19" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionStartId-1="25.[151,250,1241,1264]" captionStartId-2="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionStartId-3="28.[151,250,1371,1394]" captionStartId-4="29.[151,250,668,691]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetBox-1="[340,1247,193,1219]" captionTargetBox-2="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetBox-3="[226,1360,193,1349]" captionTargetBox-4="[226,1360,193,646]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId-1="figure@25.[340,1247,193,1220]" captionTargetId-2="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId-3="figure@28.[226,1361,193,1350]" captionTargetId-4="figure@29.[226,1361,193,647]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="25" captionTargetPageId-2="27" captionTargetPageId-3="28" captionTargetPageId-4="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794. B, UMMZ 69531. C, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body)." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." captionText-3="FIGURE 18. Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL). B, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL). C, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL). D, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL)." captionText-4="FIGURE 19. Juvenile specimens of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from Guatemala. A, KU 190917, 395 mm SVL. B, KU 190916, 257 mm SVL." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/282548/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 15–19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFEA1863FFEC0FAA4" box="[297,327,1357,1381]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">21</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFEDB863FFEF6FAA4" box="[339,369,1357,1381]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">22</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 23B, 29
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F86EDFCEEFA75" blockId="22.[151,1437,1438,1706]" box="[151,873,1438,1461]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D1314544BFFCEFF1F86EDFCEEFA75" box="[151,873,1438,1461]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F86EDFE2FFA74" box="[151,424,1439,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F86EDFE2FFA74" box="[151,424,1439,1461]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFE7B86EDFCE2FA75" author="Peters" box="[499,869,1438,1460]" page="80" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFE7B86EDFCB8FA75" author="Peters" box="[499,831,1438,1460]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Peters, J. A. & Orejas-Miranda, B. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I. Snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 297, 1 - 347." type="journal article" year="1970">Peters and Orejas-Miranda 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B1544BFFCEFF1F86CFFD5FF968" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F86CFFE11F9F1" blockId="22.[151,1437,1438,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D1314544BFFCEFF1F86CFFE11F9F1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F86CFFE0EFA12" box="[151,393,1469,1491]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F86CFFE0EFA12" box="[151,393,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFE1086CCFDFDFA12" author="Scott" box="[408,634,1469,1491]" page="372" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1983">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFE1086CCFDCFFA12" author="Scott" box="[408,584,1469,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Scott, N. J., Jr., Savage, J. M. & Robinson, D. C. (1983) Checklist of reptiles and amphibians. In: Janzen, D. H. (Ed.) Costa Rican Natural History. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 367 - 374." type="book chapter" year="1983">Scott et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 372
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFD4286CFFCB3FA12" author="Lieb" box="[714,820,1469,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1991) Dendrophidion nuchale. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 636, 636.1 - 636.2." type="journal volume" year="1991">Lieb 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFC0C86CCFB99FA12" author="Lee" box="[900,1054,1469,1491]" page="309" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFC0C86CCFC6FFA12" author="Lee" box="[900,1000,1469,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lee, J. C. (1996) The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatan Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, xii + 500 pp. + 40 pl." type="book" year="1996">Lee 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 309
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFBA286CCFB46FA12" author="Lee" box="[1066,1217,1470,1491]" page="280" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFBA286CCFB08FA12" author="Lee" box="[1066,1167,1470,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lee, J. C. (2000) A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Maya World, the Lowlands of Mexico, Northern Guatemala, and Belize. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xi + 402 pp." type="book" year="2000">Lee 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 280
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFA9886CCFF6AFA30" author="Savage" page="654" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFA9886CCFA1FFA12" author="Savage" box="[1296,1432,1470,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 654
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–655 (part).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFEE286A9FE72FA30" author="Stafford" box="[362,501,1499,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2002) Record of the colubrid snake Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters) from Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist, 47, 615 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Stafford 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(part). Stafford 2003 (part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFC9D86A9FC6FFA30" author="Solorzano" box="[789,1000,1499,1521]" page="228" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2004">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFC9D86A9FC3FFA30" author="Solorzano" box="[789,952,1499,1521]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 228
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–231 (part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFBED86A9FA1EFA30" author="Stafford" box="[1125,1433,1499,1522]" page="197" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFBED86A9FAE0FA30" author="Stafford" box="[1125,1383,1499,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stafford and Meyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 197
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFF4F8688FEFEF9D1" author="Kohler" box="[199,377,1530,1552]" page="199" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFF4F8688FECDF9D1" author="Kohler" box="[199,330,1530,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Kohler, G. (2003) Reptiles of Central America, English edition. Herpeton, Offenbach, Germany, 368 pp." type="book" year="2003">Köhler 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 199
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–200; 2008: 214–215 (part). Wilson and Townsend 2006: 96.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFC618689FA92F9D1" author="Savage" box="[1001,1301,1530,1552]" page="14" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFC618689FB74F9D1" author="Savage" box="[1001,1267,1530,1552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. & Bolanos, F. (2009) A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: Additions and nomenclatural revisions. Zootaxa, 2005, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2009">Savage and Bolaños 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 14
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFAE98688FE80F9EE" author="Cadle" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFE99856BFED7F9EE" author="Cadle" box="[273,336,1561,1583]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F854AFB5AF9AC" blockId="22.[151,1437,1438,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D1314544BFFCEFF1F854AFB5AF9AC" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F854AFE17F98F" box="[151,400,1592,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F854AFE17F98F" box="[151,400,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part).
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFE6A854AFD27F98C" author="Savage" box="[482,672,1592,1613]" page="17" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1973">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFE6A854AFDF0F98C" author="Savage" box="[482,631,1592,1613]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (1973 a) A preliminary handlist of the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists." type="book" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Savage 1973a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFD25854AFCD9F98C" author="Savage" box="[685,862,1592,1613]" page="17" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFD25854AFCB1F98C" author="Savage" box="[685,822,1592,1613]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. (1980) A handlist with preliminary keys to the herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, 111 pp." type="book" year="1980">Savage 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 92.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFC1E854AFB36F98C" author="Savage" box="[918,1201,1592,1614]" page="17" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1986">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFC1E854AFB0FF98F" author="Savage" box="[918,1160,1592,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Savage, J. M. & Villa, J. (1986) Introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica / Introduccion a la Herpetofauna de Costa Rica. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, NY, viii + 207 pp." type="book" year="1986">Savage and Villa 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 17
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 148, 169.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFAA3854AFA1EF98C" author="Lieb" box="[1323,1433,1592,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Lieb, C. S. (1988) Systematic status of the Neotropical snakes Dendrophidion dendrophis and D. nuchalis (Colubridae). Herpetologica, 44, 162 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Lieb 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Campbell and Vannini 1989: 11.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFD9C8524FCDDF9AD" author="Bolanos" box="[532,858,1622,1644]" page="110" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFD9C8524FCAFF9AD" author="Bolanos" box="[532,808,1622,1644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Bolanos, F. & Ehmcke, J. (1996) Anfibios y reptiles de la Reserva Biologica de San Ramon, Costa Rica. Revista Pensamiento Actual, 2, 107 - 112." type="journal article" year="1996">Bolaños and Ehmcke 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 110
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFCEC8524FB1FF9AD" author="Pounds" box="[868,1176,1622,1644]" page="539" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFCEC8524FBEFF9AD" author="Pounds" box="[868,1128,1622,1644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Pounds, J. A. & Fogden, M. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles of Monteverde. In: Nadkarni, N. M, & Wheelwright, N. T. (Eds.) Monteverde, Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 537 - 540." type="book chapter" year="2000">Pounds and Fogden 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 539
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F8507FD1BF94D" blockId="22.[151,1437,1438,1706]" box="[151,668,1653,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D1314544BFFCEFF1F8507FD1BF94D" box="[151,668,1653,1676]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F8507FEFEF94A" box="[151,377,1653,1675]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F8507FEFEF94A" box="[151,377,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFE0D8507FDD1F94A" author="McCranie" box="[389,598,1653,1675]" page="105" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFE0D8507FDA1F94A" author="McCranie" box="[389,550,1653,1675]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF1F85E6FD5FF968" blockId="22.[151,1437,1438,1706]" box="[151,728,1683,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4D1314544BFFCEFF1F85E6FD5FF968" box="[151,728,1683,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544BFFCEFF1F85E6FEF5F96B" box="[151,370,1684,1706]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF1F85E6FEF5F96B" box="[151,370,1684,1706]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dendrophidion clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFC122B544BFFCEFEF685E1FD53F968" author="Henderson" box="[382,724,1683,1706]" page="38" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1975">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFEF685E1FD29F968" author="Henderson" box="[382,686,1683,1706]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Henderson, R. W. & Hoevers, L. G. (1975) A checklist and key to the amphibians and reptiles of Belize, Central America. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology, 5, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="1975">Henderson and Hoevers 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 38
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B1544BFFC0FF4F8592FC95FBE2" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544BFFCEFF4F8592FC95F8A6" blockId="22.[151,1436,1759,1895]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544BFFCEFF4F8592FE5EF939" bold="true" box="[199,473,1759,1784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544BFFCEFF4F8592FEB3F939" box="[199,308,1760,1784]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFECA85ADFE26F939" box="[322,417,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF544BFFCEFE2685ADFE4BF939" box="[430,460,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1714,1737]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,937,1692]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[378,1209,937,1693]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 28. Everted hemipenis of Dendrophidion clarkii in sulcate and asulcate views (AMNH 109719, Cauca department, Colombia)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282557/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">28</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF544BFFCEFE6885ADFDB8F936" box="[480,575,1759,1783]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ew6z-dwdm" name="Louisiana State University, Musuem of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LSUMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
8901, an adult male from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF544BFFCEFCEE85ADFC1FF936" box="[870,920,1759,1783]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Baldy Sibun, Cayo district,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544BFFCEFB7F85ADFAB9F936" box="[1271,1342,1759,1783]" name="Belize" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
[
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6952FD544BFFCEFAC585ADFF29F8DC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="17.0">17°00’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6952FD544BFFCEFF368477FEB0F8DC" box="[190,311,1797,1821]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" precision="925" value="-88.76667">88°46’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
]. Collected
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA544BFFCEFE4C8477FDD8F8DC" box="[452,607,1797,1821]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1963-07-19">19 July 1963</date>
|
||
by Stephen M. Russell and Angelo W. Palmisano (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544BFFCEFB408477FAE5F8DC" author="Wilson" box="[1224,1378,1797,1821]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Wilson, L. D. (1966) Dendrophidion vinitor, an addition to the snake fauna of British Honduras. Journal of the Ohio Herpetological Society, 5, 103." type="journal article" year="1966">Wilson 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An attached field tag has field number “A. Palmisano 177” but
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF544BFFCEFCC88458FC18F883" box="[832,927,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ew6z-dwdm" name="Louisiana State University, Musuem of Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LSUMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
collection ledgers record only Russell as the collector (Christopher Austin, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B2544AFFCFFF1F86E3FABFFA66" box="[151,1336,1425,1448]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[340,1247,211,1372]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544AFFCFFF1F86E3FABFFA66" blockId="23.[151,1336,1425,1448]" box="[151,1336,1425,1448]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544AFFCFFF1F86E3FE98FA66" bold="true" box="[151,287,1425,1448]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544AFFCFFE2D86E3FD65FA66" box="[421,738,1425,1447]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544AFFCFFE2D86E3FD65FA66" box="[421,738,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A544AFFCFFF4F868AFD6DF86A" blockId="23.[151,1436,1528,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544AFFCFFF76868AFEE7F9D1" box="[254,352,1528,1552]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is in moderately good condition,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF544AFFCFFD7D868AFCE3F9D1" box="[757,868,1528,1552]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.459" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="1459.0">1459 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF544AFFCFFB8E868AFBE0F9D1" box="[1030,1127,1528,1552]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.129999999999999" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="913.0">913 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF544AFFCFFB32868AFA9BF9D1" box="[1210,1308,1528,1552]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.46" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="546.0">546 mm</quantity>
|
||
tail length (complete). Both hemipenes were nearly fully everted in the field; the left one was removed for further preparation and illustration (see the section on hemipenial morphology). There are several midventral incisions through the body wall. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544AFFCFFEDF851AFE3EF941" box="[343,441,1640,1664]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has 161 ventrals, 2 preventrals, 143 subcaudals, single anal plate, and dorsocaudal reductions occurring at subcaudals 65 (8 to 7) and 70 (7 to 6). The upper primary temporal on each side is divided by a vertical suture. It has 39 maxillary teeth, the last four enlarged.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA544AFFCFFC2A85C1FC46F90A" box="[930,961,1715,1739]" name="American Samoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
of 2012, the head and anterior half of the body are grayish brown, transitioning to dark brown on the posterior body; the tail is whitish/tan, contrasting greatly with the posterior body coloration. Pale ocelli are visible on the posterior two thirds of the dorsum, these inset within narrow dark brown crossbands anteriorly. The venter is whitish with lateral encroachment of dark pigment, which increases posteriorly; the posterior venter has scattered tiny irregular dark brown flecks.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB544AFFCFFAC4843AFF66F844" author="Wilson" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Wilson, L. D. (1966) Dendrophidion vinitor, an addition to the snake fauna of British Honduras. Journal of the Ohio Herpetological Society, 5, 103." type="journal article" year="1966">Wilson (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erroneously referred the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544AFFCFFD83841FFDEAF844" box="[523,621,1901,1925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544AFFCFFD57841CFCCDF847" box="[735,842,1902,1926]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF544AFFCFFCD4841FFC3AF844" box="[860,957,1901,1925]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ew6z-dwdm" name="Louisiana State University, Musuem of Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">LSUMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
8902-03) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9544AFFCFFBD1841DFB4EF847" box="[1113,1225,1903,1926]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828544AFFCFFBD1841DFB4EF847" box="[1113,1225,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and recorded the number of midbody scale rows of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98544AFFCFFDC884E1FD25F86A" box="[576,674,1939,1963]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as 15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F83EAFE63FDA8" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF4F83EAFE1AFF71" bold="true" box="[199,413,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A985445FFC0FF4F83EAFEC6FF71" box="[199,321,152,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FEC483E5FE1FFF71" box="[332,408,151,176]" name="Belize" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE2B83EAFE59FF6E" box="[419,478,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cayo</emphasis>
|
||
: Dos Cuevas [= Las Cuevas fide Stafford
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC3B83EBFC6CFF71" box="[947,1003,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003: 110],
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FBFF83E5FB51FF6E" box="[1143,1238,151,175]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ew6z-dwdm" name="Louisiana State University, Musuem of Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">LSUMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
8902. Sibun Hill,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FF1F83CEFF71FF15" box="[151,246,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ew6z-dwdm" name="Louisiana State University, Musuem of Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">LSUMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
8903.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FEDB83CFFE64FF14" box="[339,483,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stann Creek</emphasis>
|
||
: Middlesex [
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FD0E83CEFD50FF15" box="[646,727,188,212]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="125.0">125 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FCEC83CEFB84FF15" author="McCoy" box="[868,1027,188,212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="McCoy, C. J. (1970) The snake fauna of Middlesex, British Honduras. Journal of Herpetology, 4, 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="1970">McCoy 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FB9683CEFBD9FF15" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34854" box="[1054,1118,188,212]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34854" name="University of Colorado Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">UCM</collectionCode>
|
||
25708, 25794, 25805–06, 25846–47, 25874.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FEF88393FE3FFF38" box="[368,440,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Toledo</emphasis>
|
||
: Maya Mt Forest Preserve, Snake Creek, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FC798393FBB9FF38" box="[1009,1086,225,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FBC58393FB19FF38" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1101,1182,225,249]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
498213.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FA868393FA1BFF3B" bold="true" box="[1294,1436,225,250]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FA868393FA10FF3B" box="[1294,1431,225,250]" name="Guatemala" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF1F8274FF5AFEDF" box="[151,221,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Izabal</emphasis>
|
||
: Los Amates, Aldea Vista Hermosa,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FDF58274FD41FEDF" box="[637,710,262,286]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
|
||
, KU
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA5445FFC0FC898274FCDEFEDF" box="[769,857,262,286]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="16-09-19">190916</date>
|
||
–18. Morales, Sierra de Carál, Aldea San Miguelito,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FF1F8259FE9BFE82" box="[151,284,299,323]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="565.0" valueMax="580.0" valueMin="550.0">550–580 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FEA48259FE0DFE82" box="[300,394,299,323]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">UTACV</collectionCode>
|
||
37287–88, 38158–60. Sierra de Santa Cruz, Soselá,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FC738259FBCEFE82" box="[1019,1097,299,323]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FBD18259FB30FE82" box="[1113,1207,299,323]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">UTACV</collectionCode>
|
||
26182.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FA938259FA1BFE82" bold="true" box="[1307,1436,299,323]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FA938259FA10FE82" box="[1307,1431,299,323]" name="Honduras" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF288222FE8FFEA9" box="[160,264,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Atlántida</emphasis>
|
||
]: Lancetilla (Tela),
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FE618222FDC7FEA6" box="[489,576,336,359]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">UMMZ</collectionCode>
|
||
69531.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD138222FD7CFEA9" box="[667,763,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Olancho</emphasis>
|
||
: Quebrada de las Escaleras,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FBB7823DFB0FFEA6" box="[1087,1160,335,359]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="970.0">970 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FB1C823DFB62FEA6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1172,1253,335,359]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
337503. [
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FAD08223FA0FFEA9" box="[1368,1416,337,360]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Yoro</emphasis>
|
||
]: Mataderos Mtns,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FED78206FE37FE4D" box="[351,432,372,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.144" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="ft" value="3000.0">3000 ft</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FE378206FD88FE4D" box="[447,527,372,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="915.0">915 m</quantity>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FDAB8206FDD8FE4D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[547,607,372,396]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FDE08206FD03FE4D" box="[616,644,372,396]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">R-</collectionCode>
|
||
38720. Subirana Valley,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FC138206FC6BFE4D" box="[923,1004,372,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5344" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="ft" value="2800.0">2800 ft</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FC748206FBCCFE4D" box="[1020,1099,372,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.54" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="854.0">854 m</quantity>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FBD78206FB1BFE4D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[1119,1180,372,396]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FB2D8206FB46FE4D" box="[1189,1217,372,396]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">R-</collectionCode>
|
||
38730.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FA9E8206FA1BFE4C" bold="true" box="[1302,1436,372,397]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FA9E8206FA10FE4C" box="[1302,1431,372,397]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
No specific locality [probably Río San Juan department, Río San Juan between El Castillo and San Juan del Norte (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF1682CCFEC5FE17" author="Savage" box="[158,322,446,470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Savage, J. M. (1973 b) Herpetological collections made by Dr. John F. Bransford, assistant surgeon, U. S. N. during the Nicaragua and Panama Canal Surveys (1872 - 1885). Journal of Herpetology, 7, 35 - 38." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Savage 1973b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FEC582CCFE69FE17" author="Stafford" box="[333,494,446,470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2002) Record of the colubrid snake Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters) from Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist, 47, 615 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Stafford 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)],
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FD8182CCFDDDFE17" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[521,602,446,470]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
14220 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FD3082CCFC8CFE17" box="[696,779,446,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FCA982CFFC2BFE17" bold="true" box="[801,940,445,470]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FCA982CFFC2FFE17" box="[801,936,445,470]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC3C82CCFB94FE17" box="[948,1043,446,470]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Alajuela</emphasis>
|
||
: Poco Sol (de San Carlos),
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FAC582CCFA1FFE17" box="[1357,1432,446,470]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="540.0">540 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FF1F8291FF6FFE3A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" box="[151,232,483,507]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
149515, UCR 5297. Reserva San Ramón,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FD6C8291FCA8FE3A" box="[740,815,483,507]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
|
||
[=Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve], UCR 12316.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF65817BFEB3FDE1" box="[237,308,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Limón</emphasis>
|
||
: Alto Guayacán,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FD8A8175FDC9FDDE" box="[514,590,519,543]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
|
||
, UCR 14354 (photographs of the live specimen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FB288175FAB1FDDE" author="Savage" box="[1184,1334,519,543]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 413;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF1F815EFEC9FD85" author="Solorzano" box="[151,334,556,580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 54–55;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FE65815EFD25FD85" author="McCranie" box="[493,674,556,580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6A; note that captions/localities for plates
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FB48815EFAC5FD85" box="[1216,1346,556,580]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05029" metricValueMax="1.0515599999999998" metricValueMin="1.04902" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="413.5" valueMax="414.0" valueMin="413.0">413–414 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FAC3815EFF48FDA8" author="Savage" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were reversed, in error).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F8107FC95FBE2" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF4F8107FC4BFD4F" bold="true" box="[199,972,629,654]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Other referred specimens and photographic records.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FCF38107FC40FD4F" box="[891,967,629,654]" name="Belize" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC548104FBA2FD4F" box="[988,1061,630,654]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Toledo</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FBB78104FAEBFD4F" author="Garel" box="[1087,1388,630,654]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Garel, T. & Matola, S. (1995) A Field Guide to the Snakes of Belize. Corporacion Grafica, San Jose, Costa Rica, 150 pp." type="book" year="1995">Garel and Matola (1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 56 [photograph], adult from Bladen Nature Reserve; same photo [reversed] reproduced in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FB0A81EEFAEDFD72" author="Lee" box="[1154,1386,667,691]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Lee, J. C. (1996) The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatan Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, xii + 500 pp. + 40 pl." type="book" year="1996">Lee [1996: fig. 353]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF1F81B2FE04FD16" author="Lee" box="[151,387,703,727]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Lee, J. C. (2000) A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Maya World, the Lowlands of Mexico, Northern Guatemala, and Belize. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xi + 402 pp." type="book" year="2000">Lee [2000: fig. 314]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE1181B2FE53FD16" box="[409,468,704,727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cayo</emphasis>
|
||
: Cuxta Bani, upper Raspaculo River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FC0581CDFBC6FD16" author="Campbell" box="[909,1089,703,727]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Campbell, J. A. (1998) Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatan, and Belize. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, xix + 380 pp. + 30 pls." type="book" year="1998">Campbell 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 126, based on specimens cited by Stafford 2003: 110;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FE578196FC86FD3D" author="Stafford" box="[479,769,740,765]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stafford and Meyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pls. 110–111 [adult] and 112 [juvenile];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FB5F8196FAEEFD3D" author="Kohler" box="[1239,1385,740,764]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Kohler, G. (2003) Reptiles of Central America, English edition. Herpeton, Offenbach, Germany, 368 pp." type="book" year="2003">Köhler 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 473, adult (same photo reproduced in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FDD1807BFD6AFCE0" author="Kohler" box="[601,749,777,801]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Kohler, G. (2008) Reptiles of Central America, 2 nd English edition. Herpeton, Offenbach, Germany, 400 pp." type="book" year="2008">Köhler 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 579).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FCFB807BFB87FCE3" bold="true" box="[883,1024,777,802]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FCFB807BFC7BFCE3" box="[883,1020,777,802]" name="Guatemala" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FB84807BFB18FCE0" box="[1036,1183,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Alta Verapaz</emphasis>
|
||
: Between Coban and Lanquín (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FE8C805CFEDDFC87" box="[260,346,814,838]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
64.1.26.4–5; specimens not seen; Stafford 2003: 110).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC5C805CFBD2FC87" bold="true" box="[980,1109,814,838]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FC5C805CFBD7FC87" box="[980,1104,814,838]" name="Honduras" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FBD6805CFB41FC87" box="[1118,1222,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Atlántida</emphasis>
|
||
: Quebrada de Oro [
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4CACFF5445FFC0FF158021FF67FCAA" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" box="[157,224,851,875]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">ROM</collectionCode>
|
||
19970, specimen not seen; Stafford 2003: 110,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FD7D8021FC20FCAA" author="McCranie" box="[757,935,851,875]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105].
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC7B8026FBB9FCAA" box="[1011,1086,852,875]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cortés</emphasis>
|
||
: near El Cusuco (specimen not seen;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF518005FE0BFC4E" author="McCranie" box="[217,396,887,911]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 107).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE538005FDEFFC51" bold="true" box="[475,616,887,912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5445FFC0FE538005FDE4FC51" box="[475,611,887,912]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FDF8800AFD4DFC51" box="[624,714,888,912]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Heredia</emphasis>
|
||
: La Selva Biological Station,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FBAC8005FF4DFC75" author="Guyer" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Guyer, C. & Donnelly, M. A. (2005) Amphibians and Reptiles of La Selva, Costa Rica, and the Caribbean Slope: a Comprehensive Guide. University of California Press, Berkeley, viii + 299 pp. + 76 pls." type="book" year="2005">Guyer and Donnelly (2005: plate 148)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(adult, photograph by Scott Boback of a specimen photographed and released at La Selva; Craig Guyer, personal communication to Cadle,
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA5445FFC0FDAA80B3FD5DFC18" box="[546,730,961,985]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-12">December 2010</date>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD6680B0FCE9FC18" box="[750,878,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Puntarenas</emphasis>
|
||
: San Luís de Monteverde [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FB2A80B3FABDFC18" author="Savage" box="[1186,1338,961,985]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 414,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF1F8094FEC9FC3F" author="Solorzano" box="[151,334,998,1022]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 56; juvenile, both illustrations of the same snake; captions/localities for plates
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FA928094FA1BFC3F" box="[1306,1436,998,1022]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05029" metricValueMax="1.0515599999999998" metricValueMin="1.04902" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="413.5" valueMax="414.0" valueMin="413.0">413–414 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FF1F8779FEA0FBE2" author="Savage" box="[151,295,1035,1059]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were reversed, in error; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FDEC8779FD33FBE2" box="[612,692,1035,1059]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
herein].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B15445FFC0FF4F8742FC71FB77" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F8742FC71FB77" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF4F8742FEC9FB89" bold="true" box="[199,334,1072,1096]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FDA78742FD5BFB89" box="[559,732,1072,1096]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FDA78742FD5BFB89" box="[559,732,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Latin noun in genitive case meaning “of reddish ends”, referring to the most salient and diagnostic color characteristic of this species, its red head and tail. It is a compound word derived from
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE64870BFDA1FB50" box="[492,550,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
(red or reddish) +
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD718708FCDCFB50" box="[761,859,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">terminus</emphasis>
|
||
(end or limit), a second declension masculine noun in genitive plural form (
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE2C87EDFDAFFB77" box="[420,552,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">terminorum</emphasis>
|
||
) to reflect the fact that both ends are red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B15445FFC2FF4F87B0FDE2FEDE" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F87B0FD20F9E7" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF4F87B0FEC6FB1A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1218,1243]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FECF87B1FD22FB1A" box="[327,677,1219,1243]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FECF87B1FD22FB1A" box="[327,677,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by (1) Dorsocaudal reduction from 8 to 6 occurring posterior to subcaudal 45 (range, 46–79); (2) anal plate nearly always single (divided in 1 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35445FFC0FB4F8795FAE0FB3E" box="[1223,1383,1255,1279]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="generic">25 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
); (3) subcaudal counts>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FEFF867EFE39FAE5" box="[375,446,1292,1316]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.429" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="135.0">135 in</quantity>
|
||
males and females; (4) head and tail of adults reddish brown to bright red; tail strongly differentiated in color from posterior body and lacking crossbands or ocelli (indistinct crossbands on the anterior part of the tail sometimes present in small individuals); (5) blackish nuchal collar absent in adults and juveniles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FF178609FF79FA52" box="[159,254,1403,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1241,1264]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[340,1247,193,1220]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 16. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794. B, UMMZ 69531. C, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FE848609FEADFA52" box="[268,298,1403,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">17</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FEBF8609FED2FA52" box="[311,341,1403,1427]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">22</figureCitation>
|
||
A); (6) dorsal coloration in adults anteriorly olive, greenish brown, or brownish, grading to dark brown or blackish posteriorly; dark crossbands or transverse rows of ocelli evident except on the anterior body of adults; (7) central part of ventral scutes usually immaculate (lateral dark pigment is present but no transverse ventral lines) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FEB3869BFE08F9C0" box="[315,399,1513,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
); (8) total number of enlarged spines on the hemipenis relatively great (> 80); spines in the distal row uniform in size and numbering> 20.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F8546FAABF8E6" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
No species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FEEC8541FD89F98A" box="[356,526,1587,1611]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FEEC8541FD89F98A" box="[356,526,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FDEC8546FCB4F98A" box="[612,819,1587,1611]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FDEC8546FCB4F98A" box="[612,819,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a distinctly reddish head
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FBF28541FB23F98A" box="[1146,1188,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">and</emphasis>
|
||
tail in life so the adult coloration is diagnostic and distinguishes this species from all others. In preserved adults the head (especially the antorbital region) and tail are usually distinctly paler than adjacent parts of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FB15850EFA87F955" box="[1181,1280,1660,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FA99850EFAA8F955" box="[1297,1327,1660,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1241,1264]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[340,1247,193,1220]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 16. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794. B, UMMZ 69531. C, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FAC8850EFAD9F955" box="[1344,1374,1660,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1371,1394]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[226,1361,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL). B, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL). C, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL). D, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5445FFC0FAF8850EFA08F955" box="[1392,1423,1660,1684]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FF1F85D3FE7BF978" box="[151,508,1697,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FF1F85D3FE7BF978" box="[151,508,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FCD585D0FB99F978" box="[861,1054,1698,1721]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FCD585D0FB99F978" box="[861,1054,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in having a more distal dorsocaudal reduction (typically proximal to subcaudal
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FCA885B4FCDAF91F" box="[800,861,1734,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FC1D85B5FBABF91F" box="[917,1068,1735,1758]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC1D85B5FBABF91F" box="[917,1068,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group compared to>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FAB185B4FAF1F91F" box="[1337,1398,1734,1758]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="45.0">45 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FA0985B5FEC3F8C2" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FA0985B5FEC3F8C2" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Single anal plates occur in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FD7C859EFC31F8C2" box="[756,950,1772,1795]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD7C859EFC31F8C2" box="[756,950,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group only in some individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FA09859EFECFF8E9" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucicarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FA09859EFECFF8E9" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. paucicarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FEDE8462FDE7F8E9" box="[342,608,1808,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boshelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FEDE8462FDE7F8E9" box="[342,608,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion boshelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5445FFC0FB84847DFBC1F8E6" box="[1036,1094,1807,1831]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="17.0">17 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FBC58463FA9CF8E9" box="[1101,1307,1808,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FBC58463FA9CF8E9" box="[1101,1307,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5445FFC0FF4F8447FABCF821" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2016]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
In addition to coloration,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FE658447FCC9F88C" box="[493,846,1845,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FE658447FCC9F88C" box="[493,846,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FB078444FAB6F88C" box="[1167,1329,1845,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FB078444FAB6F88C" box="[1167,1329,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as follows. The three species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FD998428FD07F8B0" box="[529,640,1882,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD998428FD07F8B0" box="[529,640,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FD728428FCE0F8B0" box="[762,871,1882,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD728428FCE0F8B0" box="[762,871,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FCFE8428FB9BF8B0" box="[886,1052,1881,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apharocybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FCFE8428FB9BF8B0" box="[886,1052,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. apharocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FBA48428FB30F8B0" box="[1068,1207,1881,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crybelum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FBA48428FB30F8B0" box="[1068,1207,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. crybelum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5445FFC0FB4F842BFAD0F8B0" author="Cadle" box="[1223,1367,1881,1905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 a) Cryptic species within the Dendrophidion vinitor complex in Middle America (Serpentes: Colubridae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 160, 183 - 240." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Cadle 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have distinct pale bands on the neck and fewer subcaudals (<130) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FC24840DFBF8F857" box="[940,1151,1918,1942]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FC24840DFBF8F857" box="[940,1151,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(> 135).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FB7A840CFE93F87A" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dendrophis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FB7A840CFE93F87A" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion dendrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a longer tail (> 70% of SVL in adults) and more subcaudals (≥ 150) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FBFC84D6FAC4F87A" box="[1140,1347,1955,1979]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FBFC84D6FAC4F87A" box="[1140,1347,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(<65% and usually <150, respectively).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95445FFC0FD8484BAFCA6F821" box="[524,801,1992,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285445FFC0FD8484BAFCA6F821" box="[524,801,1992,2016]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dendrophidion atlantica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have a distinctly reddish head and tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25444FFC1FF1F87ABFDA5FACF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[340,1247,193,1219]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5444FFC1FF1F87ABFDA5FACF" blockId="25.[151,1435,1241,1294]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF1F87ABFEA4FB2F" bold="true" box="[151,291,1241,1264]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of head and body patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD3F87ABFC70FB2E" box="[695,1015,1241,1263]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD3F87ABFC70FB2E" box="[695,1015,1241,1263]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB8F87ABFB9EFB2F" bold="true" box="[1031,1049,1241,1262]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
, UCM 25794.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB3387A8FB4BFB2E" bold="true" box="[1211,1228,1242,1263]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
|
||
, UMMZ 69531.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FA0B87ABFA12FB31" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1241,1264]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
|
||
, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5444FFC1FF4F8648FB93F89C" blockId="25.[151,1436,1338,2035]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FF4F8648FDA0FA93" box="[199,551,1338,1362]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF4F8648FDA0FA93" box="[199,551,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has previously been confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FC4B8649FBC7FA93" box="[963,1088,1338,1362]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FC4B8649FBC7FA93" box="[963,1088,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FBF28649FB60FA93" box="[1146,1255,1338,1362]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FBF28649FB60FA93" box="[1146,1255,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and these three species are very similar in standard scutellation characters (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815444FFC1FC1D862DFC71FAB6" box="[917,1014,1375,1399]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB938612FAB6FAB9" box="[1051,1329,1376,1400]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB938612FAB6FAB9" box="[1051,1329,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FA098613FEC3FA5C" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FA098613FEC3FA5C" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are allopatric but the distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD7186F4FC4EFA5C" box="[761,969,1413,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD7186F4FC4EFA5C" box="[761,969,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB8C86F4FBF5FA5C" box="[1028,1138,1413,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB8C86F4FBF5FA5C" box="[1028,1138,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap on the Caribbean versant of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5444FFC1FE8486D8FE01FA03" box="[268,390,1450,1474]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in uplands of extreme northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5444FFC1FCC686D8FC4CFA03" box="[846,971,1450,1474]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FBCD86D9FB47FA03" box="[1093,1216,1450,1474]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FBCD86D9FB47FA03" box="[1093,1216,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB7D86D9FAE7FA03" box="[1269,1376,1450,1474]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB7D86D9FAE7FA03" box="[1269,1376,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a distinct black or dark brown nuchal collar and dark transverse lines and other dark markings on the venter; adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FF1F8684FEE3F9CC" box="[151,356,1525,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF1F8684FEE3F9CC" box="[151,356,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack nuchal collars and transverse ventral lines and other dark markings on the central part of the ventral scales. The tail of some specimens we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD7D8569FCE7F9F3" box="[757,864,1562,1586]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD7D8569FCE7F9F3" box="[757,864,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion in that species account) is deep red to bright red like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FE318533FD0DF999" box="[441,650,1600,1624]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FE318533FD0DF999" box="[441,650,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in addition to having a nuchal collar,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB4D8533FAB4F999" box="[1221,1331,1600,1624]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB4D8533FAB4F999" box="[1221,1331,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is bright green anteriorly and lacks a reddish head in adults (dull green, olive, or greenish brown anterior dorsum and a red head in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FF6785F9FE38F963" box="[239,447,1674,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF6785F9FE38F963" box="[239,447,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FE5E85F8FCB4F963" box="[470,819,1674,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FE5E85F8FCB4F963" box="[470,819,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more posterior dorsocaudal reduction than either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FF1F85C3FE94F909" box="[151,275,1712,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF1F85C3FE94F909" box="[151,275,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FEB185C3FE22F909" box="[313,421,1712,1736]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FEB185C3FE22F909" box="[313,421,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although there is some overlap in the ranges of the three species for this character (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815444FFC1FAD485DDFF23F92C" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). All dorsal rows are more consistently keeled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD6485A4FC3AF92C" box="[748,957,1749,1773]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD6485A4FC3AF92C" box="[748,957,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FBA885A4FB19F92C" box="[1056,1182,1749,1773]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FBA885A4FB19F92C" box="[1056,1182,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB4185A4FAB1F92C" box="[1225,1334,1749,1773]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB4185A4FAB1F92C" box="[1225,1334,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FF1F8588FE71F8D3" box="[151,502,1786,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FF1F8588FE71F8D3" box="[151,502,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have more hemipenial spines than other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FB308589FAB3F8D3" box="[1208,1332,1786,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FB308589FAB3F8D3" box="[1208,1332,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex but we have been able to verify this only for specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5444FFC1FCC1846DFC13F8F6" box="[841,916,1823,1847]" name="Belize" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
; the possibility of geographic variation cannot be excluded. This is further discussed in the section on hemipenial morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5444FFC2FF4F8419FDE2FEDE" blockId="25.[151,1436,1338,2035]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,1968]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FEE58418FDF0F843" box="[365,631,1898,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FEE58418FDF0F843" box="[365,631,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dendrophidion nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD248419FC90F843" box="[684,791,1898,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD248419FC90F843" box="[684,791,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a nuchal collar and dark ventral markings are less distinct or even absent; similarly the head and tail of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FD6284E3FC30F869" box="[746,951,1936,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FD6284E3FC30F869" box="[746,951,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often brown to rusty or orangish, rather than distinctly red. Thus, juveniles of these three species can be easily confused. The tail and/or head of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95444FFC1FA0984C4FEC3F832" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285444FFC1FA0984C4FEC3F832" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reddish brown to brown and somewhat paler than the adjacent portions of the body (see, e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FF1F83E5FF61FF6E" box="[151,230,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
[same photo in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5447FFC2FE1483E5FDB7FF6E" author="Savage" box="[412,560,151,175]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 414] and a photograph of the same individual in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5447FFC2FB0A83E5FAB0FF6E" author="Solorzano" box="[1154,1335,151,175]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 56). The head and tail of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FE6C83CCFDE6FF14" box="[484,609,189,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FE6C83CCFDE6FF14" box="[484,609,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not differentiated in color and the anterior body and head of juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FF1F8396FE84FF3A" box="[151,259,227,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FF1F8396FE84FF3A" box="[151,259,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are bright green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FE468390FD94FF3B" box="[462,531,226,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[295,1299,901,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[281,1306,885,1909]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dendrophidion clarkii in life. A, Juvenile specimen from western Panama (AMNH 129758, 225 mm SVL). B, Adult from western Colombia (AMNH 109718, 894 mm SVL; compare Fig. 8 C). From color slides taken by Charles W. Myers. A nuchal collar is present in both specimens but with less dense black pigment in the juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282536/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The dorsocaudal reduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FC1A8396FBE5FF3A" box="[914,1122,227,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FC1A8396FBE5FF3A" box="[914,1122,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distal to subcaudal 45 (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FF1F8275FF57FEDE" box="[151,208,263,287]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3969999999999998" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="55.0">55 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FF5E827BFED6FEE1" box="[214,337,264,288]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FF5E827BFED6FEE1" box="[214,337,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FE00827BFE74FEE1" box="[392,499,264,288]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FE00827BFE74FEE1" box="[392,499,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815447FFC2FD8A8275FDD3FEDE" box="[514,596,263,287]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B15447FFC3FF4F825FFCDDF802" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5447FFC2FF4F825FFE61FCC4" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FF4F825FFDF0FE87" bold="true" box="[199,631,301,326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Description (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35447FFC2FEEF825FFE5FFE84" box="[359,472,301,326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="male">17 males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35447FFC2FE63825FFDF7FE87" box="[491,624,301,326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">13 females</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815447FFC2FD04825FFD62FE84" box="[652,741,301,325]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
summarizes size, body proportions, and meristic data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FF1F8221FE73FEAA" box="[151,500,339,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FF1F8221FE73FEAA" box="[151,500,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout its geographic range. Largest specimen (UTA 38158 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5447FFC2FA8E8220FA06FEAB" box="[1286,1409,338,362]" name="Guatemala" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
) a female
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FF638205FED0FE4E" box="[235,343,375,399]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.561" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1561.0">1561 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FE668205FDCBFE4E" box="[494,588,375,399]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.87" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="987.0">987 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Largest male (UTA 37287 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5447FFC2FB8F8205FB05FE4E" box="[1031,1154,375,399]" name="Guatemala" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
) 1423+ mm total length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FF1F82EFFF74FE74" box="[151,243,413,437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.51" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="951.0">951 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL. Tail 35–37% of total length (55–60% of SVL) in males; 35–38% of total length (55–61% of SVL) in females. Dorsal scales in 17–17–15 scale rows, the posterior reduction usually by fusion of rows 2 + 3 at the level of ventrals
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FE9E8295FEFDFE3E" box="[278,378,487,511]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3368" metricValueMax="2.413" metricValueMin="2.2606" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="92.0" valueMax="95.0" valueMin="89.0">89–95 in</quantity>
|
||
males,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FE598295FDC4FE3E" box="[465,579,487,511]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="95.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="90.0">90–100 in</quantity>
|
||
females. Ventrals 161–170 (averaging 164.6) in males, 165–174 (averaging 168) in females; nearly always two preventrals anterior to the ventrals. Anal plate single (divided in 1 of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35447FFC2FA08817FFE96FD8B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
). Subcaudals 138–152 (averaging 143.3) in males, 136–149 (averaging 142.4) in females. Dorsocaudal reduction at subcaudals
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FE228125FD88FDAE" box="[426,527,599,623]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6764" metricValueMax="1.9558" metricValueMin="1.3969999999999998" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="66.0" valueMax="77.0" valueMin="55.0">55–77 in</quantity>
|
||
males (mean 69.3),
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FD738125FCE7FDAE" box="[763,864,599,623]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5875" metricValueMax="2.0065999999999997" metricValueMin="1.1684" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="62.5" valueMax="79.0" valueMin="46.0">46–79 in</quantity>
|
||
females (mean 64.3). Preoculars 1, postoculars 2, primary temporals 2, secondary temporals 2, supralabials usually 9 with 4–6 bordering the eye and 2–3 bordering the loreal (occasionally other patterns; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815447FFC2FDF681D0FD55FD7B" box="[638,722,674,698]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), infralabials usually 10 (low frequency of 9 or 11). Maxillary teeth 35–43 (averaging 38.8), with 3–5 posterior enlarged teeth; enlarged teeth are ungrooved, not offset, and no maxillary diastema is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5447FFC2FF4F8061FB78FB94" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Two apical pits present on dorsal scales. Dorsal scales strongly keeled. Results for
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB35447FFC2FB0E8060FA98FCEB" box="[1158,1311,786,810]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">21 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
scored for keeling follow. Keeling on the neck: 81% of the specimens have keels present on all rows (keels weak on row
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FAF88045FA1BFC8E" box="[1392,1436,823,847]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
about half of these); keels are lacking on row 1 on the neck in 19% of the specimens. Keeling at midbody: keels present on all dorsal rows in all specimens (weak on row
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FC9D80F0FCB8FC5B" box="[789,831,898,922]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
less than 10% of the specimens). Keeling on posterior body: all specimens have strong keels on all rows on the posterior body. Fusions or divisions of temporal scales were moderately common, with the following frequencies (counting each side separately): upper primary divided (35.5%), upper secondary divided (9.6%), lower primary or secondary divided (13.5%), upper or lower primary + secondary fused (15.4%), temporals fragmented or highly irregular (7.7%). The only statistically significant difference between males and females was a small difference in the number of ventral scales (greater in females) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DF01815447FFC2FB14874FFB69FB94" box="[1180,1262,1085,1109]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,237,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,332,1966]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Taxonomic data for species of the Dendrophidion nuchale complex. Body proportions, segmental counts, scale" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" tableUuid="DF2264B2545EFFDBFF1F83EAFA1BFF6E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5447FFC2FF4F8710FB18FA41" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The hemipenis is unilobed with a bulbous apex; overall morphology “robust morphotype” as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5447FFC2FAD38710FF74FB5E" author="Cadle" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Cadle, J. E. (2012 b) A review of the Neotropical snake Dendrophidion percarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae), with descriptions of two new species from western Colombia and Ecuador and supplementary data on D. brunneum. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in press." type="book" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Cadle (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The spinose region is delimited proximally on the sulcate side by a pair of enormously enlarged spines (one on each side of the sulcus spermaticus), followed by much smaller spines in three or four irregular rows. Distally, the spinose region is delimited by a very regular circumferential row of much larger spines (spinose annulus). This distal row has more than 20 spines (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5447FFC2FD678785FCD0FACE" box="[751,855,1271,1295]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" metricValueMax="6.096" metricValueMin="5.588" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="23.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="22.0">22–24 in</quantity>
|
||
four organs examined). Total number of enlarged spines on the hemipenis> 80. The spinose region is followed distally by several rows of calyces/flounces that peter out at the periphery of the apex, which is largely nude (a few low rounded ridges present). Sulcus spermaticus simple, extending to the center of the apex and having a slightly flared tip in everted organs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5447FFC2FF4F86FFFE68F871" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FF4F86FFFE1DFA67" bold="true" box="[199,410,1421,1446]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Previously published color photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FC0B86FFFB66FA64" box="[899,1249,1421,1445]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FC0B86FFFB66FA64" box="[899,1249,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5447FFC2FAAD86FFFAEBFA64" box="[1317,1388,1421,1445]" name="Belize" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5447FFC2FF1F86C0FE96FA0B" box="[151,273,1458,1482]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are cited above in the listing of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A985447FFC2FDF386C1FD6DFA0A" box="[635,746,1459,1483]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, referred specimens, and photographic records (see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FAED86C0FF34FA2E" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FF6286A5FE8FFA2E" box="[234,264,1495,1519]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">22</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The salient color characteristics of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95447FFC2FD7686AAFBDAFA31" box="[766,1117,1496,1520]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285447FFC2FD7686AAFBDAFA31" box="[766,1117,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the following. Dark nuchal collar absent. Head reddish brown, rusty, to bright red (in most photographs the entire dorsal surface of the head is reddish but occasionally the red is more restricted to the antorbital region). Tail reddish brown, deep red, or bright red and contrasting greatly with the posterior dorsal body coloration, which is dark brownish or blackish and usually with distinct dark crossbands or transverse rows of ocelli (the contrast between tail and body coloration is maintained in preservation;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FE5385E0FDBCF96B" box="[475,571,1682,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FDC385E0FDEEF96B" box="[587,617,1682,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1371,1394]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[226,1361,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL). B, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL). C, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL). D, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FDF085E0FD10F96B" box="[632,663,1682,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">21</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tail lacking crossbands or rows of ocelli except perhaps weakly developed ones on the proximal portion. Anterior body olive green, dull green, or greenish brown; crossbands or transverse rows of ocelli usually indistinct on the anterior body of adults (present in juveniles). Dorsal ground coloration transitions gradually from greenish or pale brown anteriorly to darker brown or blackish posteriorly; the anterior dorsum is distinctly paler than the posterior. Posterior half to two-thirds of the body may have narrow dark crossbands with embedded pale flecks or ocelli, or more distinct transverse rows of ocelli; however, this pattern is obscure in photographs of some adults and some individuals appear nearly solid blackish posteriorly (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5447FFC2FAF88400FF33F871" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
A;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5447FFC2FF5E84EAFE0DF871" author="Solorzano" box="[214,394,1944,1968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 54).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F83E5FE3CFE46" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,391]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Photographs of adults and juveniles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FD1583E5FC90FF6E" box="[669,791,151,175]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are very similar to those from northern Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FABC83E5FA1FFF6E" box="[1332,1432,151,175]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The shade and brilliance of the red head and tail of adults seems to vary, sometimes described as more reddish brown or rust colored, at other times crimson, purplish brown, or dark red. Only two preserved specimens we examined had a complete set of crossbands, numbering 63 and 70 (general darkening obscured anterior bands in some specimens). Lateral ocelli are on rows 4–5 or 3–5 anterior to the scale reduction, 3–4 after the reduction; a ventrolateral series is at the lateral edge of the ventrals/dorsal row 1 and a middorsal series (smaller than the others) is along the vertebral row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25446FFC3FF1F8084FCC2FB8B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF1F8084FCC2FB8B" blockId="27.[151,1437,1014,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285446FFC3FF1F8084FEA5FBCD" bold="true" box="[151,290,1014,1037]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95446FFC3FE018085FD4FFBCC" box="[393,712,1015,1037]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285446FFC3FE018085FD4FFBCC" box="[393,712,1015,1037]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95446FFC3FD0C8747FD62FB8B" box="[644,741,1076,1098]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285446FFC3FD0C8747FD62FB8B" box="[644,741,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig. 7A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F87E9FB40FAAF" blockId="27.[151,1436,1179,1987]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Juveniles from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FEFC87E9FE3CFB72" box="[372,443,1179,1203]" name="Belize" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FE7A87E9FDEBFB72" box="[498,620,1179,1203]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are more distinctly banded or ocellated than adults and lack the strongly contrasting red head and tail characteristic of adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5446FFC3FD7287B2FCC8FB19" box="[762,847,1216,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FCD587B2FBE8FB19" author="Stafford" box="[861,1135,1216,1241]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stafford & Meyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 112;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FB5487B2FAF5FB19" author="Savage" box="[1244,1394,1216,1240]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 414;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FF598797FE00FB3C" author="Solorzano" box="[209,391,1253,1277]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 56). The photographs of juveniles show reddish brown to orangish brown tones on the top of the head (especially anterior to the eyes) but the tail appears brown to dark brown with only hints of red, and only slightly paler than the rest of the dorsum. The dorsum is brown anteriorly to blackish posteriorly with a series of pale grayish to yellowish ocelli the length of the body and pale flecking on the vertebral row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F8609FB51FA52" blockId="27.[151,1436,1179,1987]" box="[199,1238,1403,1427]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Descriptions of coloration in life for specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FC948609FCE3FA52" box="[796,868,1403,1427]" name="Belize" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FC128609FB80FA52" box="[922,1031,1403,1427]" name="Honduras" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
are the following:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F86D2FDEAF959" blockId="27.[151,1436,1179,1987]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FF4F86D2FD0AFA79" author="Stafford" box="[199,653,1440,1465]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">
|
||
Stafford and Meyer (2000: 197;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FDB086D2FD02FA79" box="[568,645,1440,1464]" name="Belize" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Dorsum olive green, gray-green, or leaf green anteriorly (interstitial skin pale blue) with a series of inconspicuous dark-edged, pale crossbands, changing posteriorly to velvety black or grayish brown with black crossbands enclosing pale ocelli; head rust brown or reddish with pale upper lip; tail coral red to dark purplish brown. Venter white, grading to pinkish.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FC0A8562FBE1F9E9" author="Stafford" box="[898,1126,1552,1576]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2002) Record of the colubrid snake Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters) from Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist, 47, 615 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Stafford (2002: 615)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented that specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FF5D8544FE9AF98F" box="[213,285,1590,1614]" name="Belize" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
lack a nuchal collar. We have seen no photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95446FFC3FC048545FBDBF98F" box="[908,1116,1590,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285446FFC3FC048545FBDBF98F" box="[908,1116,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a “leaf green” anterior dorsum, as suggested above, and we suspect that Stafford and Meyer were including in their description individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95446FFC3FF3D85F3FEA7F959" box="[181,288,1664,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285446FFC3FF3D85F3FEA7F959" box="[181,288,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from lower Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FD8D85F2FDEEF959" box="[517,617,1664,1688]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F85D4FA86F922" blockId="27.[151,1436,1179,1987]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FF4F85D4FDE8F97F" author="Garel" box="[199,623,1702,1726]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Garel, T. & Matola, S. (1995) A Field Guide to the Snakes of Belize. Corporacion Grafica, San Jose, Costa Rica, 150 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Garel and Matola (1995: 57;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FD9285D4FDE0F97F" box="[538,615,1702,1726]" name="Belize" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Head is a rusty orange, with neck to mid-dorsal body an olive green, fading into a blue black, and finally a bright crimson red tail. Irregular spots break up the uniformity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5446FFC3FF4F8582FCDDF802" blockId="27.[151,1436,1179,1987]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5446FFC3FF4F8582FDC3F8C9" author="McCranie" box="[199,580,1776,1800]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">
|
||
McCranie (2011: 106;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5446FFC3FE438582FDBBF8C9" box="[459,572,1776,1800]" name="Honduras" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on an adult male (ROM 19970 from Atlántida province): Head rust colored, supralabials pale ocher; dorsum on anterior third of body olive green, grading to olive rust on middle portion of body; with obscure darker crossbars enclosing small rust spots laterally, dorsum becoming increasingly suffused with black posteriorly; dorsal surface of tail dark wine red; chin and throat cream, remainder of venter becoming increasingly suffused with pinkish orange until becoming red-orange on subcaudal surface; iris pale ocher with black reticulations, except upper portion pale ocher.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25441FFC4FF1F8629FEB7FA6E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[226,1360,193,1349]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5441FFC4FF1F8629FEB7FA6E" blockId="28.[151,1436,1371,1455]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FF1F8629FEA6FAB0" bold="true" box="[151,289,1371,1394]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95441FFC4FD73862EFBBFFAB3" box="[763,1080,1372,1394]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FD73862EFBBFFAB3" box="[763,1080,1372,1394]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FBCE862EFBDFFAB0" bold="true" box="[1094,1112,1372,1393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
||
, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FF558609FF69FA51" bold="true" box="[221,238,1403,1424]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B</emphasis>
|
||
, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FD2C8608FD31FA50" bold="true" box="[676,694,1402,1425]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C</emphasis>
|
||
, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FBE48609FBF9FA51" bold="true" box="[1132,1150,1403,1424]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D</emphasis>
|
||
, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B15441FFC6FF4F86A9FD9FFEDD" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5441FFC4FF4F86A9FA12F872" blockId="28.[151,1437,1499,1972]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FF4F86A9FC14FA35" bold="true" box="[199,915,1499,1524]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Coloration of preserved specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FDF186A9FC84FA35" box="[633,771,1499,1524]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 15" captionStart-1="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1425,1448]" captionStartId-1="25.[151,250,1241,1264]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetBox-1="[340,1247,193,1219]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[340,1247,211,1372]" captionTargetId-1="figure@25.[340,1247,193,1220]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="25" captionText-0="FIGURE 15. Holotype of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum (LSUMZ 8901, 913 mm SVL) from Cayo District, Belize." captionText-1="FIGURE 16. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794. B, UMMZ 69531. C, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282544/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 15–16</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FC9A86A9FCDEFA35" box="[786,857,1499,1524]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 18" captionStart-1="FIGURE 19" captionStartId-0="28.[151,250,1371,1394]" captionStartId-1="29.[151,250,668,691]" captionTargetBox-0="[226,1360,193,1349]" captionTargetBox-1="[226,1360,193,646]" captionTargetId-0="figure@28.[226,1361,193,1350]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[226,1361,193,647]" captionTargetPageId-0="28" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 18. Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL). B, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL). C, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL). D, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL)." captionText-1="FIGURE 19. Juvenile specimens of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from Guatemala. A, KU 190917, 395 mm SVL. B, KU 190916, 257 mm SVL." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282548/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">18–19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FCE086A9FC01FA35" box="[872,902,1499,1524]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">21</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In adults the head and tail are pale brown to grayish brown or whitish (at least the tail is distinctly paler than the blackish posterior dorsum). The head color gradually transitions to the darker ground color of the dorsum (grayish anteriorly to blackish brown posteriorly); narrow dark brown crossbands with inset pale ocelli are evident on approximately the middle one third of the body but only the pale ocelli are visible on the blackish posterior body. At the vent or proximal portion of the tail the transition between the dark brown/blackish dorsal color to the pale tail coloration is abrupt. The tail usually lacks dark crossbands and ocelli, although pale ocelli on the tail (a juvenile pattern) persist in some smaller individuals. The ocelli are deployed on dorsal rows 4–5 anterior to the dorsal scale reduction (3–4 posterior to the reduction) and smaller ones on the vertebral row. A less distinct series of ocelli is present ventrolaterally at the lateral edges of the ventral scutes/dorsal row 1. In large adults the posterior body may be nearly solid black, reducing the lateral ocelli to very small pale spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FE2D8423FE7CF8A8" box="[421,507,1873,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1241,1264]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1219]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[340,1247,193,1220]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 16. Details of head and body patterns of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794. B, UMMZ 69531. C, UMMZ 69531 (posterior lateral body)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282545/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Lateral edges of the ventral scutes have dark pigment, as do all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95441FFC4FF1F8404FEB8F84F" box="[151,319,1910,1934]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FF1F8404FEB8F84F" box="[151,319,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Dendrophidion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the central parts of the ventral scales are immaculate and there are no transverse dark ventral lines, as are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95441FFC4FE6A84EFFDCCF875" box="[482,587,1948,1972]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FE6A84EFFDCCF875" box="[482,587,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95441FFC4FDF784EFFD7FF875" box="[639,760,1948,1972]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285441FFC4FDF784EFFD7FF875" box="[639,760,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to varying degrees (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FBB684E9FB0BF872" box="[1086,1164,1947,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1371,1394]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1349]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[226,1361,193,1350]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 18. Representative dorsal and ventral patterns in Dendrophidion rufiterminorum. A, UCM 25794 (Belize, 529 mm SVL). B, UTA 37288 (Guatemala, 755 mm SVL). C, KU 190918 (Guatemala, 903 mm SVL). D, UMMZ 69531 (Honduras, 872 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282547/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FB4184E9FA93F872" box="[1225,1300,1947,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1720,1743]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,639,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,639,1699]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Representative specimens of Dendrophidion nuchale (W. Peters). A, UMMZ 122355 (adult, 726 mm SVL). B, UMMZ 124067 (presumed adult, 508 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282530/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5441FFC4FAA984E9FAB6F872" box="[1313,1329,1947,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25440FFC5FF1F81EEFE07FD11" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282548/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[226,1360,193,646]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5440FFC5FF1F81EEFE07FD11" blockId="29.[151,1436,668,721]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FF1F81EEFEA6FD70" bold="true" box="[151,289,668,691]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Juvenile specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FD9E81EEFCD3FD73" box="[534,852,668,690]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FD9E81EEFCD3FD73" box="[534,852,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Guatemala.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FB9A81EEFBA3FD70" bold="true" box="[1042,1060,668,689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A</emphasis>
|
||
, KU 190917, 395 mm SVL.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FAD081EFFAEEFD73" bold="true" box="[1368,1385,669,690]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B</emphasis>
|
||
, KU 190916, 257 mm SVL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5440FFC5FF4F818FFD7DFC08" blockId="29.[151,1436,765,969]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Preserved juveniles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5440FFC5FE38818FFD8BFCD4" box="[432,524,765,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="29.[151,250,668,691]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,646]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[226,1361,193,647]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 19. Juvenile specimens of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from Guatemala. A, KU 190917, 395 mm SVL. B, KU 190916, 257 mm SVL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282548/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5440FFC5FD90818FFDB2FCD4" box="[536,565,765,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[321,1265,591,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[321,1266,591,1498]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 23. Specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum from northwestern Costa Rica. A, LACM 148557 (D. clarkii, upper San Luís valley, 1000 m, Pacific versant). B, LACM 149515 (D. rufiterminorum, Poco Sol de San Carlos, 540 m, Atlantic versant)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282552/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">23</figureCitation>
|
||
B) exhibit less contrasting head and tail colorations compared to the rest of the body; often the tip of the snout or the entire top of the head is paler brown than the anterior body, and the tail sometimes appears slightly paler than the posterior body. The ground color of the body transitions from a medium brown anteriorly to a blackish brown posteriorly. Juveniles have transverse rows of pale ocelli (sometimes appearing to be set within dark crossbands) the entire body length from the neck to vent, continuing onto the tail and gradually petering out on the distal half of the tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25440FFC5FF1F8586FB64F886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5440FFC5FF1F8586FB64F886" blockId="29.[151,1436,1780,1863]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FF1F8586FEA1F8C8" bold="true" box="[151,294,1780,1803]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FE6D8586FCA0F8CB" box="[485,807,1780,1802]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FE6D8586FCA0F8CB" box="[485,807,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FCED8587FC4AF8CB" box="[869,973,1780,1802]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FCED8587FC4AF8CB" box="[869,973,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5440FFC6FF4F8407FD9FFEDD" blockId="29.[151,1436,1908,2005]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FEA38406FD0FF84D" box="[299,648,1908,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FEA38406FD0FF84D" box="[299,648,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FC138407FB91F84D" box="[923,1046,1908,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FC138407FB91F84D" box="[923,1046,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FBB28407FB22F84D" box="[1082,1189,1908,1932]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FBB28407FB22F84D" box="[1082,1189,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in previous literature, most color descriptions for members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95440FFC5FD0084EAFD66F871" box="[648,737,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285440FFC5FD0084EAFD66F871" box="[648,737,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex in Middle
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5440FFC5FC4084EAFBAEF871" box="[968,1065,1944,1968]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
describe a highly variable snake without linking specific color variants to specific localities or specimens. In many cases the life coloration of museum specimens can be inferred based on differences in how the life colors transform during preservation; in many cases the black nuchal collar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FDC783CFFD3BFF15" box="[591,700,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FDC783CFFD3BFF15" box="[591,700,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains evident in preserved specimens. However, a cautionary note is provided by the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A985443FFC6FE1683ADFD87FF36" box="[414,512,223,247]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FDAC8393FD17FF39" box="[548,656,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FDAC8393FD17FF39" box="[548,656,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which had a distinct black nuchal collar in life (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FB3983ADFAB7FF36" author="Dunn" box="[1201,1328,223,247]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1933) Amphibians and reptiles from El Valle de Anton, Panama. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8, 65 - 70." type="journal article" year="1933">Dunn 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that was not evident as of 2011 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FE168276FD8CFEDD" box="[414,523,260,284]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="9.[151,250,1589,1612]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetBox-1="[415,1171,223,978]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[151,1436,916,1578]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[415,1171,223,979]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878, 672 mm SVL) in dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Dendrophidion clarkii. Holotype (MCZ 34878). A, head (right side). B, Posteriolateral pattern. C, Base of the tail in lateral view. Arrows in B and C indicate the position of the vent." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/282533/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/282534/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34767B15443FFF8FF4F8255FDD6FDD6" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5443FFC6FF4F8255FCE3FD66" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FF4F8255FD82FE81" bold="true" box="[199,517,295,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Distribution (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FEE28255FE4DFE81" box="[362,458,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FE518255FE7FFE81" box="[473,504,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">20</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FD87825AFCE8FE81" box="[527,879,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FD87825AFCE8FE81" box="[527,879,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a curiously disjunct distribution. A northern series of populations occurs in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FDDA823EFD1BFEA5" box="[594,668,332,356]" name="Belize" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FCB7823EFC3CFEA5" box="[831,955,332,356]" name="Guatemala" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FBEA823EFB48FEA5" box="[1122,1231,332,356]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
on the Caribbean versant (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FF70821DFECAFE46" box="[248,333,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). A gap of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5443FFC6FDFF821DFD4AFE46" box="[631,717,367,391]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="km" value="550.0">550 km</quantity>
|
||
separates these populations from the next known occurrence in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FEA382E6FE19FE6D" box="[299,414,404,428]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
along the border with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FD2A82E6FC9AFE6D" box="[674,797,404,428]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FCA582E6FC06FE6D" box="[813,897,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, locality 1). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FBB882E6FB2CFE6D" box="[1072,1195,404,428]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
are scattered records on the Caribbean versant of Heredia province (La Selva Biological Station, photographs only;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FB4B82C5FA92FE0E" box="[1219,1301,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, locality 2); Limón province (Guayacán, UCR 14354); and western Alajuela province (Poco Sol de San Carlos;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FB6482AEFABAFE35" box="[1260,1341,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, locality 3; LACM 149515, UCR 5297). The species is also known from uplands of the Pacific versant from Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve (Reserva San Ramón) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FD558156FCB7FDFD" box="[733,816,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, locality 4; Alajuela province, UCR 12316) and from northern Puntarenas province (San Luís de Monteverde, photographs only,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FC6E8135FBFCFD9E" author="Savage" box="[998,1147,583,607]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 414,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FB6B8135FA1FFD9E" author="Solorzano" box="[1251,1432,583,607]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 56, and
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FEAD811EFEF0FD45" box="[293,375,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
herein). Elevational records are
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5443FFC6FD7A811EFCF4FD45" box="[754,883,620,644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="450.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="200.0">200–700 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FC0D811EFC56FD45" box="[901,977,620,644]" name="Belize" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FC57811EFA82FD45" author="Stafford" box="[991,1285,620,645]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stafford and Meyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5443FFC6FA92811EFA1BFD45" box="[1306,1436,620,644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="600.0" valueMax="650.0" valueMin="550.0">550–650 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FF1681FDFE9AFD66" box="[158,285,655,679]" name="Guatemala" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
), to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5443FFC6FEC581FDFE13FD66" box="[333,404,655,679]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="915.0">915 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FE2B81FDFD91FD66" box="[419,534,655,679]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5443FFC6FDD081FDFD4EFD66" box="[600,713,655,679]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="950.0" valueMin="30.0">30–950 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FD5F81FDFCDFFD66" box="[727,856,655,679]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5443FFC6FF4F81C6FB0AFCBE" blockId="30.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FF4F81C6FDA0FD0D" box="[199,551,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FF4F81C6FDA0FD0D" box="[199,551,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems rare in the southern portion of its distribution, as few specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FF1F81A5FE95FD2E" box="[151,274,727,751]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FEB381A5FE29FD2E" box="[315,430,727,751]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
have made their way into collections despite relatively intensive field efforts by Savage and colleagues. For example, at the La Selva Research Station, where amphibians and reptiles have received comparatively intensive study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FE728053FD4CFCF9" box="[506,715,800,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FE728053FD4CFCF9" box="[506,715,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from a photograph of a snake subsequently released (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FE8A8036FB0FFC9D" author="Guyer" box="[258,1160,836,860]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Guyer, C. & Donnelly, M. A. (2005) Amphibians and Reptiles of La Selva, Costa Rica, and the Caribbean Slope: a Comprehensive Guide. University of California Press, Berkeley, viii + 299 pp. + 76 pls." type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Guyer and Donnelly 2005: plate 148, erroneously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FC468037FB0FFC9D" box="[974,1160,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percarinatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FC468037FB0FFC9D" box="[974,1160,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. percarinatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and one more recently photographed specimen, also released (Craig Guyer, personal communication,
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA5443FFC6FB81801BFB06FCBE" box="[1033,1153,871,897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2012-05">May 2012</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25443FFC6FF1F86EBFB57FA71" box="[151,1232,1433,1456]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5443FFC6FF1F86EBFB57FA71" blockId="30.[151,1232,1433,1456]" box="[151,1232,1433,1456]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FF1F86EBFE98FA6F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1433,1456]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FEAD86EBFDE5FA6E" box="[293,610,1433,1455]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FEAD86EBFDE5FA6E" box="[293,610,1433,1455]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5443FFC6FF4F86AEFE18F89D" blockId="30.[151,1436,1500,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The only known Nicaraguan specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FD4186AEFBA9FA35" box="[713,1070,1500,1524]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FD4186AEFBA9FA35" box="[713,1070,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is USNM 14220 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FA9186AEFAF4FA35" box="[1305,1395,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1433,1456]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,949,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[378,1209,949,1412]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from southeastern Nicaragua (USNM 14220, 924 mm SVL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282550/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
), a specimen obtained by John Bransford in 1885, probably along the lower Río San Juan in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FAA18572FA1BF9D9" box="[1321,1436,1536,1560]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FF168556FEC2F9FD" author="Savage" box="[158,325,1572,1596]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Savage, J. M. (1973 b) Herpetological collections made by Dr. John F. Bransford, assistant surgeon, U. S. N. during the Nicaragua and Panama Canal Surveys (1872 - 1885). Journal of Herpetology, 7, 35 - 38." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Savage 1973b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It had until recently been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FCC28557FB43F9FD" authority="Smith (Stafford 2002)" authorityName="Smith (Stafford" authorityYear="2002" box="[842,1220,1572,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FCC28557FC3DF9FD" box="[842,954,1573,1596]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
Smith (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FB908556FB3BF9FD" author="Stafford" box="[1048,1212,1572,1596]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2002) Record of the colubrid snake Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters) from Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist, 47, 615 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Stafford 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FB5A8556FAEEF9FD" author="Smith" box="[1234,1385,1572,1596]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Smith, H. M. (1941) A new name for the Mexican snakes of the genus Dendrophidion. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 54, 73 - 76." type="journal article" year="1941">Smith (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FF1F853AFECDF9A1" author="Stafford" box="[151,330,1608,1632]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Stafford, P. J. (2002) Record of the colubrid snake Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters) from Nicaragua. Southwestern Naturalist, 47, 615 - 616." type="journal article" year="2002">Stafford (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided meristic data on the specimen. Javier Sunyer, a herpetologist with extensive field experience in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FEBC851EFE2DF945" box="[308,426,1644,1668]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
, informed us that he has never seen “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FCC4851FFC40F945" box="[844,967,1644,1668]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FCC4851FFC40F945" box="[844,967,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21A55535443FFC6FC53851FFBCDF945" box="[987,1098,1644,1668]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in that country and it also has not been collected in the “Mosquitia” region of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FC9B85E2FC07F969" box="[787,896,1680,1704]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FC1885E2FB00F969" author="McCranie" box="[912,1159,1680,1704]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="McCranie, J. R., Townsend, J. H. & Wilson, L. D. (2006) The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Honduran Mosquitia. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL, x + 291 pp." type="book" year="2006">McCranie et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FB1C85E2FACEF969" author="McCranie" box="[1172,1353,1680,1704]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we are inclined to think that the apparent disjunction in the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FC3285C7FB0CF90D" box="[954,1163,1716,1740]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FC3285C7FB0CF90D" box="[954,1163,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FB7485C6FAEEF90D" box="[1276,1385,1716,1740]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FF7685AAFEF6F931" box="[254,369,1752,1776]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FE0885AAFE56F931" box="[384,465,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
) is real rather than a collecting artifact. However, we do note that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FB3C85ABFA05F931" box="[1204,1410,1752,1776]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FB3C85ABFA05F931" box="[1204,1410,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is seemingly uncommon or rare throughout much of its range, especially the southern segment in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FB7E858EFAEEF8D5" box="[1270,1385,1788,1812]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FF1F8452FE92F8F9" box="[151,277,1824,1848]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5443FFC6FEA88452FD9CF8F9" author="McCranie" box="[288,539,1824,1848]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie (2011: 107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that it is “rarely seen” in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FC008452FC72F8F9" box="[904,1013,1824,1848]" name="Honduras" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the few records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FAA98452FA1BF8F9" box="[1313,1436,1824,1848]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
speak to its rarity there.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5443FFC7FF4F841AFC80FE0E" blockId="30.[151,1436,1500,2028]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,463]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Sympatry or near-sympatry between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FDF8841AFC56F841" box="[624,977,1896,1920]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FDF8841AFC56F841" box="[624,977,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95443FFC6FB84841BFBFEF841" box="[1036,1145,1896,1920]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285443FFC6FB84841BFBFEF841" box="[1036,1145,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is documented from two localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FE9784FEFE1EF865" box="[287,409,1932,1956]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FE2184FEFD81F865" box="[425,518,1932,1956]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5443FFC6FD9A84FEFDB6F865" box="[530,561,1932,1956]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1780,1803]" captionTargetBox="[311,1280,1027,1754]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[302,1285,1022,1758]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 20. Distributions of Dendrophidion rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in Central America. Arrows indicate type localities. Labeled localities in Costa Rica (San Luis and Guayacán) are documented localities of sympatry between the two species. A few localities in Costa Rica and Panama are based on photographic records (see Fig. 12 and text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282549/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">20</figureCitation>
|
||
), one from the Atlantic versant (Guayacán, Limón province) and one from the Pacific versant (San Luís valley, northern Puntarenas province). The few records of both species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5443FFC6FAA984C2FA1BF809" box="[1313,1436,1968,1992]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
preclude an adequate understanding of the distribution of either species in this area. Sympatry at Guayacán is documented by a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FE7783EBFD55FF71" box="[511,722,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FE7783EBFD55FF71" box="[511,722,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the uplands near Guayacán (UCR 14354; portrayed by photographs in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FECB83CEFDC6FF15" author="Savage" box="[323,577,188,212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage [2002: pl. 413]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FDFE83CEFC16FF15" author="Solorzano" box="[630,913,188,212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano [2004: fig. 54]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and reproduced here as
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FB2B83CEFB73FF15" box="[1187,1268,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
A; note that we here correct the locality published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FDC683ADFD60FF36" author="Savage" box="[590,743,223,247]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FD748392FC7DFF39" box="[764,1018,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FD748392FC7DFF39" box="[764,1018,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is documented from the vicinity of Guayacán by a photograph reproduced here as
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FD3B8276FC80FEDD" box="[691,775,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1536,1559]" captionTargetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[378,1209,517,1515]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 22. Documentation of sympatry between D. rufiterminorum and D. clarkii in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20). A, Dendrophidion rufiterminorum, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano. B, Dendrophidion clarkii photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
B. Sympatry in the San Luís valley of northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FAD48276FF4CFEFE" name="Costa Rica" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
is documented by a specimen we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FD49825BFCA8FE81" box="[705,815,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FD49825BFCA8FE81" box="[705,815,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LACM 148557;
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FB8D8255FBD0FEFE" box="[1029,1111,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[321,1265,591,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[321,1266,591,1498]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 23. Specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum from northwestern Costa Rica. A, LACM 148557 (D. clarkii, upper San Luís valley, 1000 m, Pacific versant). B, LACM 149515 (D. rufiterminorum, Poco Sol de San Carlos, 540 m, Atlantic versant)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282552/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and by photographs of a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FF71823FFE4DFEA5" box="[249,458,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FF71823FFE4DFEA5" box="[249,458,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FE52823EFDA8FEA5" box="[474,559,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[340,1247,473,974]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Juvenile Dendrophidion rufiterminorum from the San Luis valley, northwestern Costa Rica (Pacific versant). From a color slide by Alejandro Solórzano. Photographs of the same individual were published in Savage (2002: plate 414) and Solórzano (2004: fig. 56). Compare the juvenile D. clarkii, Fig. 7 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282546/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
; same individual photographed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FC31823EFBC9FEA5" author="Savage" box="[953,1102,332,356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Savage, J. M. (2002) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, a Herpetofauna between Two Continents, between Two Seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, xx + 934 pp." type="book" year="2002">Savage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 414 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FB6B823EFA1FFEA5" author="Solorzano" box="[1251,1432,332,356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Solorzano, A. (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica: Distribucion, Taxonomia e Historia Natural / Snakes of Costa Rica: Distribution, Taxonomy and Natural History. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, UT, 792 pp." type="book" year="2004">Solórzano 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 56). For comparison with a preserved specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FC8B8203FCE9FE49" box="[771,878,368,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FC8B8203FCE9FE49" box="[771,878,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FCF6821DFC4AFE46" box="[894,973,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[321,1265,591,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[321,1266,591,1498]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 23. Specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum from northwestern Costa Rica. A, LACM 148557 (D. clarkii, upper San Luís valley, 1000 m, Pacific versant). B, LACM 149515 (D. rufiterminorum, Poco Sol de San Carlos, 540 m, Atlantic versant)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282552/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
A from San Luis valley identified in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FAE7821DFF31FE6D" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), we portray a specimen we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FDD782E7FCA8FE6D" box="[607,815,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FDD782E7FCA8FE6D" box="[607,815,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the adjacent Atlantic versant in the same region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FF1782C5FF75FE0E" box="[159,242,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1520,1543]" captionTargetBox="[321,1265,591,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[321,1266,591,1498]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 23. Specimens of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum from northwestern Costa Rica. A, LACM 148557 (D. clarkii, upper San Luís valley, 1000 m, Pacific versant). B, LACM 149515 (D. rufiterminorum, Poco Sol de San Carlos, 540 m, Atlantic versant)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282552/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
B; specimen from Poco Sol,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136628BF5442FFC7FDB982C5FD04FE0E" box="[561,643,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1389,1412]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,214,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[155,1433,213,1320]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Dendrophidion clarkii and D. rufiterminorum in southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Guayacán and San Luis valley are the only known instances of sympatry. All known localities are plotted. Closed symbols are localities documented by specimens; open symbols are photographic records except for the open circle on the Pacific versant (a reliable sight record); see text for details. Numbered localities for D. rufiterminorum are mentioned in its species account: 1, Río San Juan (Nicaragua); 2, La Selva Biological Station; 3, Poco Sol; 4, Reserva San Ramón." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282541/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
, locality 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2264B25442FFC7FF1F8572FC0AF992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282551/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[378,1209,517,1515]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5442FFC7FF1F8572FC0AF992" blockId="31.[151,1437,1536,1620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FF1F8572FEA6F9D4" bold="true" box="[151,289,1536,1559]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
|
||
Documentation of sympatry between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FD238573FCE0F9D7" box="[683,871,1536,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FD238573FCE0F9D7" box="[683,871,1536,1558]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FC138573FC7AF9D7" box="[923,1021,1536,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FC138573FC7AF9D7" box="[923,1021,1536,1558]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the vicinity of Guayacán, Costa Rica (Limón province, Atlantic versant; see Figs. 12, 20).
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FD25856DFD42F9F5" bold="true" box="[685,709,1567,1588]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FD43856DFB80F9F4" box="[715,1031,1567,1589]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FD43856DFB80F9F4" box="[715,1031,1567,1589]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, photographed by Alejandro Solórzano.
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FF1F854CFF29F992" bold="true" box="[151,174,1598,1619]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">B,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FF3C854CFE11F995" box="[180,406,1598,1620]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FF3C854CFE11F995" box="[180,406,1598,1620]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrophidion clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
photographed by Brian Kubicki 22 August 2004.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5442FFC7FF4F85F3FCCFF8E9" blockId="31.[151,1436,1664,2013]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Because of its seemingly rare or sporadic occurrence on the Caribbean versant of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FB0985F2FA86F959" box="[1153,1281,1664,1688]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the southern terminus of the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FE2585D6FC8BF97D" box="[429,780,1700,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FE2585D6FC8BF97D" box="[429,780,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known with certainty. All specimens of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FACB85D6FA1BF97D" box="[1347,1436,1700,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FACB85D6FA1BF97D" box="[1347,1436,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">nuchale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex we have examined and photographs of specimens we have seen from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FB0685BAFA8DF921" box="[1166,1290,1736,1760]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FF1F859FFF77F8C5" box="[151,240,1773,1796]" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
conform to our concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FDAF859FFD14F8C5" box="[551,659,1772,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FDAF859FFD14F8C5" box="[551,659,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(bright green anterior body, blackish nuchal collar) rather than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FA09859FFEC3F8E9" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FA09859FFEC3F8E9" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, the last species may not enter
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FD6F8463FCC4F8E9" box="[743,835,1809,1832]" name="Panama" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A5442FFF8FF4F8447FC60FE46" blockId="31.[151,1436,1664,2013]" lastBlockId="32.[151,1437,151,535]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FF4F8447FE0BF88C" bold="true" box="[199,396,1844,1869]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB5442FFC7FE1C8446FCF8F88D" author="McCoy" box="[404,895,1844,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="McCoy, C. J. (1970) The snake fauna of Middlesex, British Honduras. Journal of Herpetology, 4, 135 - 140." type="journal article" year="1970">
|
||
McCoy (1970, as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FDE58446FCEDF88D" box="[621,874,1844,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vinitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FDE58446FCEDF88D" box="[621,874,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrophidion vinitor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided details about the circumstances under which a series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB95442FFC7FEEA842BFDB6F8B1" box="[354,561,1880,1904]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E8285442FFC7FEEA842BFDB6F8B1" box="[354,561,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Middlesex,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA5442FFC7FC88842AFCCFF8B1" box="[768,840,1880,1904]" name="Belize" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
(UCM 25708, 25794, 25805–06, 25846–47, 25874) were collected. The seven specimens were collected from
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA5442FFC7FCAA840EFC31F855" box="[802,950,1916,1940]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1964" valueMax="1967">1964 to 1967</date>
|
||
by indigenous Maya workers hired to clear undergrowth from citrus groves occupying cleared “semievergreen seasonal forest” on the north side of the Maya Mountains. The region receives
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF5442FFC7FD8B84B6FDE8F81D" box="[515,623,1988,2012]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5799999999999996" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="3580.0">3580 mm</quantity>
|
||
annual rainfall but has a pronounced dry season from February to May; most of the original forest cover had been removed by the time of the snake survey. No specific data are available for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98547DFFF8FF6F83CEFECEFF15" box="[231,329,188,212]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98547DFFF8FE2783CFFD9DFF14" box="[431,538,189,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
from nearby localities (LSUMZ
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA547DFFF8FC0483CEFC6AFF15" box="[908,1005,188,212]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1801" valueMax="1803">1801-03</date>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB547DFFF8FB8883CEFB26FF15" author="Wilson" box="[1024,1185,188,212]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Wilson, L. D. (1966) Dendrophidion vinitor, an addition to the snake fauna of British Honduras. Journal of the Ohio Herpetological Society, 5, 103." type="journal article" year="1966">Wilson (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the general region for the LSUMZ localities was “palm and pine savanna” but habitats are actually mosaic in that area and no direct field observations suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9547DFFF8FDB18277FC80FEDD" box="[569,775,260,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828547DFFF8FDB18277FC80FEDD" box="[569,775,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in savannas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB547DFFF8FC678276FAD4FEDD" author="Stafford" box="[1007,1363,260,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Stafford, P. J. & Meyer, J. R. (2000) A Guide to the Reptiles of Belize. Academic Press, San Diego, 356 pp." type="book" year="2000">Stafford and Meyer (2000: 197)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the primary habitat of this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA547DFFF8FDE58255FD33FEFE" box="[621,692,295,319]" name="Belize" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
was “evergreen broadleaf forest” from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF547DFFF8FBFF8255FB71FEFE" box="[1143,1270,295,319]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="450.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="200.0">200–700 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation, and possibly subtropical evergreen forest and citrus orchards.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCC49CB547DFFF8FCC2823EFBD7FEA5" author="McCranie" box="[842,1104,332,356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="McCranie, J. R. (2011) The Snakes of Honduras: Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, x + 714 pp." type="book" year="2011">McCranie (2011: 107)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34A74AA547DFFF8FA8E823EFAF4FEA5" box="[1286,1395,332,356]" name="Honduras" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9547DFFF8FA09823FFEC3FE49" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828547DFFF8FA09823FFEC3FE49" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">D. rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits Lowland Moist Forest and Premontane Wet Forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE2343A547DFFF8FF4F82E6FDD6FDD6" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The incidence of broken/healed tails in our sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5D4FB9547DFFF8FCA782E6FB09FE6D" box="[815,1166,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Dendrophidion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiterminorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B929E828547DFFF8FCA782E6FB09FE6D" box="[815,1166,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dendrophidion rufiterminorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was 10.3%. A field tag attached to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E68A98547DFFF8FEB782C5FE26FE0E" box="[319,417,439,463]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(LSUMZ 8901) indicates that it was collected on a road at the crest of a hill. A tag attached to LSUMZ 8902 indicates that it “entered cave, shot inside entrance.” A field tag for KU
|
||
<date id="FFE312FA547DFFF8FB1882AEFB63FE35" box="[1168,1252,476,500]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="17-09-19">190917</date>
|
||
indicated that it was in “tropical moist forest” at
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5BFFB3547DFFF8FD8B828DFDD6FDD6" box="[515,593,511,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA599DF547DFFF8FD8B828DFDCBFDD6" box="[515,588,511,535]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |