140 lines
18 KiB
XML
140 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="944FD90945F1E6999134C86886D9B53E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411478" ID-ZooBank="93DB37F6-2564-4E3A-AA25-4A842994BE68" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609608099647" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gale, Andrew S." docDate="2020" docId="0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4858.1.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4858 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Arthraster Forbes 1848" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="145" masterDocId="FFAECE435272FFDBFF84FFBB6517FF88" masterDocTitle="The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="144" pageNumber="145" updateTime="1698829810915" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="308640CCCB51AC91B82C93BA2B316EDC">
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<mods:title id="304F87321E121F7C9F2E315D8CAC03F6">The fossil record of the asteroid (Echinodermata) family Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889 and subfamily Hyalothricinae Fisher, 1911</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="69D1F3C0B3DAF0A1A3BC0FEFB0B64935" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1467A98A62BD421E30F77F43460BB76C">Gale, Andrew S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="22193889D3DC182CC46148A3E43AD2E0">School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO 13 QL U. K. & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 75 BD U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6DB6B1B0C6B9617064A79564698DC9FC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EFA92FBAB5B09113C266002E1BC948A6">
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<mods:date id="5113E9EEB864C53047F16772BB87F651">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DC6E7982D729D1304A184BF39F7EE0EC">2020-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EE4BE660FE023ADBCD6711E8E1D6B43E">4858</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C85C43FF4650D2B11B77B343978816FE">144</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="91E4BC07D0360C4BB92778DEF55EA811" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.11</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="71A5B9A3A633F4E27D9F57348A0BA1B9" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411407" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411407" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397B63B5273FFDAFF13FD6D6035FB61" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<subSubSection id="C32454A65273FFDAFF13FD6D6704FD78" box="[151,531,726,753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B81072D5273FFDAFF13FD6D6704FD78" blockId="1.[151,531,726,753]" box="[151,531,726,753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0C9B0415273FFDAFF13FD6D6704FD78" bold="true" box="[151,531,726,753]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF13FD6D6704FD78" bold="true" box="[151,531,726,753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFF6AFD6D6704FD78" ID-CoL="8TXL7" authority="Forbes, 1848" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[238,531,726,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF6AFD6D647BFD79" bold="true" box="[238,364,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF7ADC5273FFDAFEF7FD6C6704FD78" author="Forbes, E." box="[371,531,726,753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref2662" refString="Forbes, E. (1848) On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32454A65273FFDAFF13FCA466B2FCB1" box="[151,933,798,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8B81072D5273FFDAFF13FCA466B2FCB1" blockId="1.[151,1437,798,1257]" box="[151,933,798,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF13FCA46425FCB0" bold="true" box="[151,306,798,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<typeStatus id="5485B98F5273FFDAFF13FCA465C5FCB1" box="[151,210,799,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFEBDFCA46783FCB1" authority="Forbes, 1848" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[313,660,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dixoni">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFEBDFCA464ECFCB1" box="[313,507,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster dixoni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF7ADC5273FFDAFD86FCA46783FCB1" author="Forbes, E." box="[514,660,799,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref2662" refString="Forbes, E. (1848) On the Asteriadae found fossil in British strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Practical Geology in London, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32454A65273FFDAFF43FCF96134FC41" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B81072D5273FFDAFF43FCF96110FC2D" blockId="1.[151,1437,798,1257]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF43FCF96455FCD4" bold="true" box="[199,322,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Long-armed, robust chaetasterids, in which the extraxial arm is constructed of 7 rows of ossicles, including 1 row of large radials, paired rows of supero- and inferomarginals and broad actinals. Arm ossicles with tall transverse crest; abactinals of disc small, round, with raised central region.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B81072D5273FFDAFF43FC146134FC41" blockId="1.[151,1437,798,1257]" box="[199,1059,942,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF43FC146485FC40" bold="true" box="[199,402,942,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Included species.</emphasis>
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In addition to the
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<typeStatus id="5485B98F5273FFDAFDE4FC146787FC41" box="[608,656,943,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFD72FC146109FC41" authority="Spencer, 1907" authorityName="Spencer" authorityYear="1907" box="[758,1054,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFD72FC146662FC40" box="[758,885,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">A. cristatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF7ADC5273FFDAFCF8FC146109FC41" author="Spencer, W. K." box="[892,1054,943,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" pagination="91 - 132" refId="ref3218" refString="Spencer, W. K. (1907) A monograph of the British fossil Echinodermata from the Cretaceous formations. Vol. 2. The Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 4, 91 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1907.12035532" type="journal article" year="1907">Spencer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32454A65273FFDAFF43FC686035FB61" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B81072D5273FFDAFF43FC686035FB61" blockId="1.[151,1437,798,1257]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF43FC68642CFC65" bold="true" box="[199,315,979,1005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFEC0FC6864AEFC65" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[324,441,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFEC0FC6864AEFC65" box="[324,441,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares a number of similarities with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFCE2FC6866F6FC65" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[870,993,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFCE2FC6866F6FC65" box="[870,993,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Chaetaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, most obviously the long, subcylindrical arms and small disc, the fact that the abactinal, marginal and actinal ossicles are of similar size, and arranged in longitudinal rows. The extraxial ossicles of the arm (radials, marginal, actinals) of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFBD9FBA061C5FBBD" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[1117,1234,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFBD9FBA061C5FBBD" box="[1117,1234,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13051BA85273FFDAFB66FBA0604CFBBD" box="[1250,1371,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,183,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[162,1426,179,1865]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, B, Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848. Holotype specimen NHMUK 47000, “Lower Chalk”, probably Middle Turonian, Balcombe, Sussex, UK.A, actinal surface, B, enlargement of abactinal surface and base of arms. C–F, Chaetaster longipes (Bruzelius, 1805). C, enlargement of actinal arm. D, enlargement of abactinal disc. E, actinal view of specimen. F, abactinal view of specimen. Recent, Mediterranean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411480/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
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) bear transverse ridges, similar to those present on the interradially positioned adradials and marginals of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFB62FB846076FBD1" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1254,1377,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFB62FB846076FBD1" box="[1254,1377,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Chaetaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13051BA85273FFDAFAEBFB8465ABFBF5" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,183,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[162,1426,179,1865]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, B, Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848. Holotype specimen NHMUK 47000, “Lower Chalk”, probably Middle Turonian, Balcombe, Sussex, UK.A, actinal surface, B, enlargement of abactinal surface and base of arms. C–F, Chaetaster longipes (Bruzelius, 1805). C, enlargement of actinal arm. D, enlargement of abactinal disc. E, actinal view of specimen. F, abactinal view of specimen. Recent, Mediterranean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411480/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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). The abactinal ossicles of the disc of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFDDBFBD867C3FBF5" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[607,724,1123,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFDDBFBD867C3FBF5" box="[607,724,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, revealed by preparation of the abactinal surface of the
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<typeStatus id="5485B98F5273FFDAFABEFBD8608BFBF5" box="[1338,1436,1123,1149]" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFF32FB3C640CFB29" box="[182,283,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dixoni">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFF32FB3C640CFB29" box="[182,283,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">A. dixoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13051BA85273FFDAFEAEFB3C6496FB29" box="[298,385,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,183,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[162,1426,179,1865]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, B, Arthraster dixoni Forbes, 1848. Holotype specimen NHMUK 47000, “Lower Chalk”, probably Middle Turonian, Balcombe, Sussex, UK.A, actinal surface, B, enlargement of abactinal surface and base of arms. C–F, Chaetaster longipes (Bruzelius, 1805). C, enlargement of actinal arm. D, enlargement of abactinal disc. E, actinal view of specimen. F, abactinal view of specimen. Recent, Mediterranean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411480/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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), are small and oval to rounded, as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFCA8FB3C66B0FB29" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[812,935,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFCA8FB3C66B0FB29" box="[812,935,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Chaetaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The differences between the genera include the smaller number of extraxial arm ossicle rows in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFD5CFB10665AFB4D" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1848" box="[728,845,1195,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Arthraster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFD5CFB10665AFB4D" box="[728,845,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Arthraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(7, rather than
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<quantity id="4CC6AAC85273FFDAFC71FB106139FB4D" box="[1013,1070,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFBB0FB1061B8FB4D" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1076,1199,1195,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFBB0FB1061B8FB4D" box="[1076,1199,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Chaetaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and the presence of crested ridges on the arm and abactinal ossicles; the raised central regions are flat-topped in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E7CAE5273FFDAFB24FB74600CFB61" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[1184,1307,1231,1257]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="145" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94ADB3F5273FFDAFB24FB74600CFB61" box="[1184,1307,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="145">Chaetaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |