214 lines
31 KiB
XML
214 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="76B2AA90E46AE51E5DB3024C31BBAA68" ID-CLB-Dataset="4802" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.567.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="173cf168-6357-4b76-955f-7b523590ff1d" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259734" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1624554202448" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zeidler, Wolfgang" docDate="2004" docId="03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFD26FD68" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00567.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 567" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Themisto Guerin 1825" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="FFAA6E6DEC70FFF1FFD7FFF8FF92FFAE" masterDocTitle="A review of the families and genera of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Phronimoidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1699020667192" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C08441D89DE513ECBA0FE41365B4FD71">A review of the families and genera of the hyperiidean amphipod superfamily Phronimoidea Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FB29EDE8DD800C33DFBF153CB13EEB1C">Zeidler, Wolfgang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7C90E95F72A7B3B472B58D5C310CE4ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="94C986E989A9A5E8F28F5644645149EF">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C36F4B11A43DF63BEC55D3BB14621B86">567</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="00E862DA4AC4DE7B9C2986D6A4B17A67" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.567.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFD26FD68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5030017" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184952227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5030017" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFD26FD68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03931615EC6AFFEAFEDFFC8CFD26FD68" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" blockId="26.[264,627,884,910]" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D0CD106FEC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" bold="true" box="[264,627,884,910]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFEDFFC8CFDE1FC20" bold="true" box="[264,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE88FC8CFDE1FC20" ID-CoL="7Q49K" authority="Guerin 1825" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[351,627,884,910]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE88FC8CFE5DFC20" bold="true" box="[351,463,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFE00FC8CFDE1FC20" author="Guerin, F. E." box="[471,627,884,910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref26438" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris." type="book" year="1825">Guérin 1825</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6AFFEAFEDFFC47FB67FD30" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEDFFC47FEFCFC76" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" box="[264,366,959,984]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFEDFFC47FEFCFC76" box="[264,366,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFC1FFC85FB0F" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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This genus has provided much taxonomic confusion in the past. Its status has been in question being known alternately as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFD62FBF7FCABFB86" authorityName="Bovallius" authorityYear="1887" box="[693,825,1039,1064]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Euthemisto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFD62FBF7FCABFB86" box="[693,825,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Euthemisto</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCB6FBF7FC6DFB86" box="[865,1023,1039,1064]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Parathemisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCB6FBF7FC6DFB86" box="[865,1023,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Parathemisto</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, sometimes with subgenera. Bowman
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE64FBCFFE75FBFE" box="[435,487,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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. (1982) restored the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCFFFBCFFC01FBFE" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[808,915,1079,1104]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCFFFBCFFC01FBFE" box="[808,915,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which up until that time was considered a junior homonym of the nudibranch
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFCF8FBA7FBA6FBD7" authority="Oken, 1815" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[815,1076,1119,1145]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFCF8FBA7FC08FBD6" box="[815,922,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC72FBA7FBA6FBD7" author="Oken, L." box="[933,1076,1119,1145]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref28543" refString="Oken, L. (1815) Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1: Fleischlose Thiere. Jena: August Schmid und Comp., 850 pp., 40 pls." type="book" year="1815">Oken, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; a work rejected for nomenclatural purposes by the ICZN (1956).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFB57FB92FA4F" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The uncertainty of the generic status combined with several illdefined species, subspecies and varieties has made specific determination very difficult, despite the efforts of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEDFFB07FE5CFAB7" author="Bowman, T. E." box="[264,462,1279,1305]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="343 - 392" refId="ref24304" refString="Bowman, T. E. (1960) The pelagic amphipod genus Parathemisto (Hyperiidea: Hyperiidae) in the North Pacific and adjacent Arctic Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 343 - 392." type="journal article" year="1960">Bowman (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFE08FB07FC8DFAB7" author="Sheader, M. & Evans, F." box="[479,799,1279,1305]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="915 - 924" refId="ref29559" refString="Sheader, M. & Evans, F. (1974) The taxonomic relationship of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin) and P. gracilipes (Norman), with a key to the genus Parathemisto. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 54, 915 - 924." type="journal article" year="1974">Sheader and Evans (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFCB6FB07FEC8FAEF" author="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and WeigmannHaass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEA4FADFFD0DFAEF" author="Vinogradov, M. E. & Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N." box="[371,671,1319,1345]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref31017" refString="Vinogradov, M. E., Volkov, A. F. & Semenova, T. N. (1982) Amfipody-Giperiidy (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) Mrovogo Okeanea. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR No. 132. Leningrad, 492 pp. [In Russian]. (English translation, 1996, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D. C., D. Siegel-Causey, Scientific Editor)." type="book" year="1982">
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Vinogradov
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFDDFFADFFDADFAEE" box="[520,575,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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. (1982)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recognise six species, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC3EFADFFE7CFAC7" author="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and WeigmannHaass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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demonstrated that northern hemisphere material, previously identified with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE90FA8FFD3FFA3F" authority="Guerin, 1825" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[327,685,1399,1425]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Hyperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE90FA8FFD90FA3E" box="[327,514,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. gaudichaudii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFDDAFA8FFD3FFA3F" author="Guerin, F. E." box="[525,685,1399,1425]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref26438" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1825) Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes par M. Latreille. Tome 10. Paris." type="book" year="1825">Guérin, 1825</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is a separate species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFC12FA8FFB6BFA3F" authority="Goes, 1865" authorityName="Goes" authorityYear="1865" box="[965,1273,1399,1425]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compressa">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFC12FA8FFBF3FA3E" box="[965,1121,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. compressa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFBBBFA8FFB6BFA3F" author="Goes, A. T." box="[1132,1273,1399,1425]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="517 - 536" refId="ref26329" refString="Goes, A. T. (1865) Crustacea amphipoda maris Spetsbergiam alluentis cum speciebus aliis arcticis enumerat. Ofversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 1865, 8, 517 - 536, pls 36 - 41. (Reprint, pp. 1 - 20)." type="journal article" year="1865">Goës, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In view of the past confusion, and recent studies by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFCB4FA67FECBFA4F" author="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim and WeigmannHaass (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, a new key to species is provided to assist future workers.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEBFEEFFA17FD02F957" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The
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<typeStatus id="548119A1EC6AFFEBFEBAFA17FE46F9A7" box="[365,468,1519,1545]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE2DFA17FD20F9A6" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1825" box="[506,690,1519,1544]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Hyperia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gaudichaudii">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE2DFA17FD20F9A6" box="[506,690,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. gaudichaudii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was discovered recently in the GuérinMéneville collection (No. 438), in the ANSP (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFD70F9EFFCDBF99F" author="Zeidler, W." box="[679,841,1559,1585]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="121 - 146" refId="ref31784" refString="Zeidler, W. (1997) The hyperiid amphipod specimens in the Guerin-Meneville collection surviving in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 148, 121 - 146." type="journal article" year="1997">Zeidler 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). The correct citation for the original description of this species has been confused in the past with some authors citing
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB05F9C7FED0F92F" author="Guerin, F. E." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="379 - 386" refId="ref26475" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1828) Memoire sur le nouveau genre Themisto, de la classe des Crustaces. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4, 379 - 386, pl. 23." type="journal article" year="1828">Guérin, 1828</bibRefCitation>
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(eg.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFEA9F99FFCE6F92F" author="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R." box="[382,884,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="215 - 225" refId="ref29102" refString="Schneppenheim, R. & Weigmann-Haass, R. (1986) Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the genus Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) from the south and north Atlantic. Polar Biology, 6, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1986">Schneppenheim & WeigmannHaass 1986</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFC57F99FFB03F92F" author="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E." box="[896,1169,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 305" refId="ref29936" refString="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E. (1992) General Invertebrates Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Tryonia, 26, 1 - 305." type="journal article" year="1992">Spamer & Bogan 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB49F99FFB4FF92F" author="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E." box="[1182,1245,1639,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="35 - 46" refId="ref29972" refString="Spamer, E. E. & Bogan, A. E. (1994) Type specimens of Crustacea surviving in the Guerin-Meneville collection, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 145, 35 - 46." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
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). This has arisen because, although the genus and species was first described in 1825,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6AFFEBFB0EF977FEC4F97F" author="Guerin, F. E." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="379 - 386" refId="ref26475" refString="Guerin, F. E. (1828) Memoire sur le nouveau genre Themisto, de la classe des Crustaces. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4, 379 - 386, pl. 23." type="journal article" year="1828">Guérin (1828)</bibRefCitation>
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more or less repeated his description in a separate memoir introducing them as new, and providing figures of the type.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6AFFEAFEEFF8FFFDBDFDE0" blockId="26.[264,1324,959,1905]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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All species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFE30F8FFFDC0F88E" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[487,594,1799,1824]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFE30F8FFFDC0F88E" box="[487,594,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are mainly freeswimming, and can occur in large numbers, particularly in colder waters where, like krill, they play a significant role as food for planktonfeeding predators. Although considered mainly freeliving, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6AFFEBFB46F8AFFB6EF8DE" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[1169,1276,1879,1904]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6AFFEBFB46F8AFFB6EF8DE" box="[1169,1276,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Themisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to be associated with medusae and salps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC8FFEE4FB16FE98" author="Harbison, G. R. & Biggs, D. C. & Madin, L. P." box="[856,1156,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="465 - 488" refId="ref26746" refString="Harbison, G. R., Biggs, D. C. & Madin, L. P. (1977) The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton - II. Associations with Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research, 24, 465 - 488." type="journal article" year="1977">Madin & Harbison 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB45FEE4FA8FFE98" author="Laval, P." box="[1170,1309,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="11 - 56" refId="ref27842" refString="Laval, P. (1980) Hyperiid amphipods as crustacean parasitoids associated with gelatinous plankton. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Review, 18, 11 - 56." type="journal article" year="1980">Laval 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFE08FEBCFDF1FEF3" authorityName="Stebbing, 1888:" authorityYear="1431" box="[479,611,324,349]" class="Malacostraca" family="Phrosinidae" genus="Phrosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFE08FEBCFDF1FEF3" box="[479,611,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">T. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been collected from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFC76FEBCFBF0FEF3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1804" box="[929,1122,324,349]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Salpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFC76FEBCFBF0FEF3" box="[929,1122,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Salpa fusiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tasmanian waters. Additional biological and ecological information is given by the following;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB25FE94FECBFE00" author="Bary, B. M." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="317 - 334" refId="ref24077" refString="Bary, B. M. (1959) Ecology and distribution of some pelagic Hyperiidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from New Zealand waters. Pacific Science, 13, 317 - 334." type="journal article" year="1959">Bary (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEBDFE6CFD97FE00" author="Kane, J. E." box="[362,517,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="35 - 45" refId="ref27107" refString="Kane, J. E. (1963) Stages in the early development of Parathemisto gaudichaudii (Guer.) (Crustacea Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), the development of secondary sexual characters and of the ovary. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 3 (5), 35 - 45." type="journal article" year="1963">Kane (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDC1FE6CFD4DFE00" author="Siegfried, W. R." box="[534,735,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="339 - 352" refId="ref29898" refString="Siegfried, W. R. (1965) Observations on the amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin) off the west coast of South Africa. Zoologica Africana, 1 (1), 339 - 352." type="journal article" year="1965">Siegfried (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFD27FE6CFC1AFE00" author="Gray, J. S." box="[752,904,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="100" refId="ref26377" refString="Gray, J. S. (1967) Swarming of hyperiid amphipods. Nature, 215, 100." type="journal article" year="1967">Gray (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC4DFE6CFBADFE00" author="Evans, F." box="[922,1087,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="105 - 106" refId="ref25877" refString="Evans, F. (1968) The subgenera Parathemisto and Euthemisto of the genus Parathemisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). Crustaceana, 14 (1), 105 - 106." type="journal article" year="1968">Evans (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB87FE6CFABAFE00" author="Semenova, T. N." box="[1104,1320,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="272 - 276" refId="ref29177" refString="Semenova, T. N. (1974) Diurnal vertical migration of Parathemisto japonica Bov. (Hyperiidea) in the Sea of Japan. Oceanology, 14, 272 - 276." type="journal article" year="1974">Semenova (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEDFFE44FE29FE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[264,443,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="887 - 891" refId="ref29300" refString="Sheader, M. (1975) Factors influencing change in the phenotype of the planktonic amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 55, 887 - 891." type="journal article" year="1975">Sheader (1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFE19FE44FD99FE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[462,523,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="943 - 954" refId="ref29340" refString="Sheader, M. (1977) Breeding and marsupial development in laboratory - maintained Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 57, 943 - 954." type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDC8FE44FDCEFE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[543,604,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="769 - 787" refId="ref29378" refString="Sheader, M. (1981) Development and growth in laboratory - maintained and field populations of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Hyperiidea: Amphipoda). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 769 - 787." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDB8FE44FD3FFE78" author="Sheader, M." box="[623,685,444,470]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="478 - 490" refId="ref29456" refString="Sheader, M. (1990) Morphological adaptations permitting resource partitioning in the predatory hyperiid Themisto (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea). In: Barnes, M. & Gibson, R. N. (Eds) Trophic Relationships in the Marine Environment. Aberdeen University Press, pp. 478 - 490." type="book chapter" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Sheader and Evans (1975),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFBFFFE44FECBFE50" author="Williams, R. & Robins, D." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="289 - 298" refId="ref31381" refString="Williams, R. & Robins, D. (1981) Seasonal variability in abundance and vertical distribution of Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) in the North East Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology, Progress Series, 4, 289 - 298." type="journal article" year="1981">Williams and Robins (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Bowman
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFE0DFE1CFD9DFE53" box="[474,527,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1982),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFDA9FE1CFCB6FE50" author="Hiroki, M." box="[638,804,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="48 - 52" refId="ref26797" refString="Hiroki, M. (1988) Relation between diel vertical migration and locomotor activity of a marine hyperiidean amphipod, Themisto japonica (Bovallius). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8 (1), 48 - 52." type="journal article" year="1988">Hiroki (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFCE5FE1CFC46FE50" author="Corey, S." box="[818,980,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="291 - 308" refId="ref25450" refString="Corey, S. (1990) Distributional patterns of Amphipoda in the Bay of Fundy region, Canada. Crustaceana, 58 (3), 291 - 308." type="journal article" year="1990">Corey (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC36FE1CFB48FE50" author="Semura, H. & Minoda, T. & Kawamura, A." box="[993,1242,484,510]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="33 - 41" refId="ref29211" refString="Semura, H., Minoda, T. & Kawamura, A. (1991) Quantitative study on diagnostic characters of two pelagic amphipods Themisto japonica and T. pacifica along their growth. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan, 38 (1), 33 - 41. [In Japanese]." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Semura
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFB93FE1CFBEBFE53" box="[1092,1145,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFB3FFE1CFECBFD88" author="Percy, J. A." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="131 - 139" refId="ref28575" refString="Percy, J. A. (1993) Reproduction and growth of the Arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto libellula Mandt. Polar Biology, 13, 131 - 139." type="journal article" year="1993">Percy (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEB0FDF4FD3CFD88" author="Colombo, G. L. A. & Vinas, M. D." box="[359,686,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="5 - 10" refId="ref25353" refString="Colombo, G. L. A. & Vinas, M. D. (1994) Relaciones peso seco-talla y volumen-talla en Themisto gaudichaudii, principal antipodo hiperido del mar epicontinental Argentino. Revista des Investigacion Desarrollo Pesquero, 9, 5 - 10." type="journal article" year="1994">Colombo and Vinas (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFD6BFDF4FC59FD88" author="Koszteyn, J. & Timofeev, S. & Weslawski J. M. & Malinga, B." box="[700,971,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref27164" refString="Koszteyn, J., Timofeev, S., Weslawski J. M. & Malinga, B. (1995) Size structure of Themisto abyssorum Boeck and Themisto libellula (Mandt) populations in European Arctic Seas. Polar Biology, 15, 85 - 92." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Koszteyn
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFCE3FDF4FCFBFD8B" box="[820,873,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFC0EFDF4FAB8FD88" author="Condon, R. H. & Norman, M. D." box="[985,1322,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref25400" refString="Condon, R. H. & Norman, M. D. (1999) Commensal associations between the hyperiid amphipod, Themisto australis, and the scyphozoan jellyfish, Cyanea capillata. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 32 (4), 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1999">Condon and Norman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFABDAF2EC6BFFEAFEEDFDCCFDB9FDE0" author="Vinogradov, G. M." box="[314,555,564,590]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="465 - 467" refId="ref30894" refString="Vinogradov, G. M. (1999 b) Deep-sea near-bottom swarms of pelagic amphipods Themisto: observations from submersibles. Sarsia, 84, 465 - 467." type="journal article" year="1999">Vinogradov (1999b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FB67FD30" blockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3ADC80EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FE31FDDB" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1815" box="[312,419,604,629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Hyperiidae" genus="Themisto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEEFFDA4FE31FDDB" box="[312,419,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Themisto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a bipolar distribution with species restricted to the colder waters of the Arctic and Antarctic regions and occasionally venturing into cooltemperature waters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C320F488EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FD26FD68" box="[312,692,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85A703EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FD26FD68" blockId="27.[264,1324,284,710]" box="[312,692,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94E7B11EC6BFFEAFEEFFD54FE01FD68" bold="true" box="[312,403,684,710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Species</emphasis>
|
||
: as in the following key.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |