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<document id="69FECC82354BA8A4CA1506131873E098" ID-CLB-Dataset="9069" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2020.730.1197" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d640faf0-b3db-4fad-baaf-9eeaef7350e4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4418973" ID-ZooBank="857A9432-9083-46B3-B0BF-B34D619EB350" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609836157183" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sørensen, Martin V., Goetz, Freya E., Herranz, María, Chang, Cheon Young, Chatterjee, Tapas, Durucan, Furkan, Neves, Ricardo C., Yildiz, N. Özlem, Norenburg, Jon &amp; Yamasaki, Hiroshi" docDate="2020" docId="03C79270FF9F572DB167F99418B0F98E" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-730_1-101.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 730" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Echinoderes sublicarum Higgins 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="FFFEEA08FFAF571CB348FFDF1A73FF96" masterDocTitle="Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group - the Echinoderes dujardinii group" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698852701201" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="DE405049F1897ED59319FE982166D4C4">Description, redescription and revision of sixteen putatively closely related species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida), with the proposition of a new species group - the Echinoderes dujardinii group</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="16B8103CDA028FDE25A18AED96A33151">Sørensen, Martin V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CEB0AB5343CDDE0916A8679C7E18A83A">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA. Department of Biological Science, College of Natural and Life Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea. Crescent International School, Bario, Govindpur, Dhanbad 828109, Jharkhand, India. Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Silifke Vocational School Aquaculture Program, Mersin University, 33940 Mersin, Turkey. Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 - 0395, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="890BCEAB2CC3C3F63E82CB29DF04BACD">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA. Department of Biological Science, College of Natural and Life Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea. Crescent International School, Bario, Govindpur, Dhanbad 828109, Jharkhand, India. Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Silifke Vocational School Aquaculture Program, Mersin University, 33940 Mersin, Turkey. Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 - 0395, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BB272E8EF332A1A82C33D18BDAC2DF6">Department of Biological Science, College of Natural and Life Sciences, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E64C50E2294CCBBD2AE9E26522358943">Durucan, Furkan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C1B66D0B522A1B676C53A45B977272AF">Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C5333675FD806A4163D9567D0F006D55">Neves, Ricardo C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="56E80A60B10DF8168C4CEE20577D4542">Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="464397F41A2CDAA35DE03A4424197262">Yildiz, N. Özlem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CC724B2EFA3E58DE834128D7A4443533">Silifke Vocational School Aquaculture Program, Mersin University, 33940 Mersin, Turkey.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B48F7D8D20F4B91BE6FB406362E2DFCA">Norenburg, Jon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6081FDB0F9B6D0E09C220453B0630A6E">Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E4A808782824AB5109C006ECE872D7E3">Yamasaki, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D9E1804711A5DDBD8606219AAB84FDDD">Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819 - 0395, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4ED0F536E60674DAFDC6DD73B40181BF">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3999C33D429A99F203CD70761BE6A46F">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C79270FF9F572DB167F99418B0F98E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4419035" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176434269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4419035" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C79270FF9F572DB167F99418B0F98E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C79270FF9F572DB167F99418B0F98E" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection id="C37470EDFF9F572CB167F9941E76F9F0" box="[559,1029,1611,1638]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E58E5FF9F572CB167F9941E76F9F0" authority="Higgins, 1977" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1977" box="[559,1029,1611,1638]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Echinoderidae" genus="Echinoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="sublicarum">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9F572CB167F9941924F9F0" bold="true" box="[559,855,1611,1638]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Echinoderes sublicarum</emphasis>
Higgins, 1977
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37470EDFF9F572CB19BF9B01913F91F" box="[723,864,1647,1673]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9F572CB19BF9B01913F91F" blockId="48.[559,1029,1611,1673]" box="[723,864,1647,1673]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<figureCitation id="13553FE3FF9F572CB19BF9B01913F91F" box="[723,864,1647,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,314,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[189,1398,313,1736]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 8. Comparative light micrographs showing selected details of E. pacificus Schmidt, 1974. A. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53335). D–G. Paratype (USNM-53336). B, E, H. E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53337). C, F, I. E. sublicarum Higgins, 1977. Paratype, ♀ (USNM-54399). A–C. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view, showing presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8. D–F. Segments 6 to 8, ventral view, position and appearance of sexually dimorphic female papillae. G–I. Segments 10 to 11, with midlateral tubes on segment 10, and lateral terminal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418997/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 8C, F, I</figureCitation>
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<subSubSection id="C37470EDFF9F572CB3F5F96E19C8F85B" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<heading id="D099940AFF9F572CB3F5F96E1BDCF95C" bold="true" box="[189,431,1712,1739]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9F572CB3F5F96E1BDCF95C" bold="true" box="[189,431,1712,1739]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E58E5FF9F572CB3F5F9001B3CF96F" authorityName="Dujardinii Claparede" authorityYear="1863" box="[189,335,1759,1785]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Echinoderidae" genus="Echinoderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9F572CB3F5F9001B3CF96F" box="[189,335,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Echinoderes</emphasis>
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with middorsal spines on segments 4 to 8, and lateroventral spines on segments 6 to 9; middorsal spines on segments 5 to 8 extend well beyond the posterior margin of their respective segments. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segments 2 and 5, and in laterodorsal positions on 10; tubes on segment 10 are long and slender. Minute glandular cell outlets
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laterodorsal positions on segment 8. Tergal extensions of segment 11 pointed, with additional tooth on inferior margin. Females with ventromedial female papillae formed by crescentic substructure and a tube on segment 8; similar ventrolateral female papillae might also be present on segment 7.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9E572DB3F5FED71BD9FEB4" bold="true" box="[189,426,264,290]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Material examined</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB3A2FEE81B2FFEC7" box="[234,348,311,337]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BB5B91CFF9E572DB1FBFE8519EBFEE3" box="[691,920,346,373]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">North Inlet Estuary</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EB175BDFF9E572DB0ECFE851E1FFEE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C79270FF9F572DB167F99418B0F98E:8EB175BDFF9E572DB0ECFE851E1FFEE2" box="[932,1132,346,372]" county="Georgetown" latitude="33.333332" longLatPrecision="1205" longitude="-79.183334" municipality="North Inlet Estuary" name="Clambank docks" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="SOUTH CAROLINA">Clambank docks</location>
;
<geoCoordinate id="EE5A45A1FF9E572DB731FE861E95FEE3" box="[1145,1254,345,373]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="925" value="33.333332">33°20′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5A45A1FF9E572DB7BAFE861F01FEE3" box="[1266,1394,345,373]" degrees="079" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="925" value="-79.183334">079°11′ W</geoCoordinate>
; &lt;
<elevation id="0043C455FF9E572DB39DFEA11B37FE01" box="[213,324,381,408]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1.0">
<quantity id="4C968E83FF9E572DB39DFEA11B71FE0E" box="[213,258,382,408]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
b.s.l.
</elevation>
;
<date id="FFD005A6FF9E572DB219FEA11B81FE0E" box="[337,498,381,408]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="1975-03-19">
<collectingDate id="EF94FC4EFF9E572DB219FEA11B81FE0E" box="[337,498,381,408]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" value="1975-03-19">19 Mar. 1975</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="269B46B0FF9E572DB2B6FEA11801FE01" box="[510,626,381,408]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">W. Sikora</collectorName>
leg.; from the hydroid
<taxonomicName id="4C6E58E5FF9E572DB0CBFEA21E67FE01" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[899,1044,381,407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9E572DB0CBFEA21E67FE01" box="[899,1044,381,407]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Eudendrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.;
<specimenCode id="DBC88B1DFF9E572DB704FEA21E8BFE0E" box="[1100,1272,381,408]" collectionCode="USNM-" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">USNM-54397</specimenCode>
. Specimen mounted for LM.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3A2FE3D1B14FE6A" blockId="49.[189,1399,482,579]" box="[234,359,482,508]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9E572DB3A2FE3D1B14FE6A" bold="true" box="[234,359,482,508]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB3A2FE3D1B14FE6A" box="[234,359,482,508]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3F5FDDA187CFDD5" blockId="49.[189,1399,482,579]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<materialsCitation id="3B06293BFF9E572DB3F5FDDA1878FDD5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3009108336" collectedFrom="muddy sand gravel, rich in organic matter" collectingDate="1975-03-19" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="W. Sikora &amp; Specimen" county="Georgetown" elevation="1" latitude="33.333332" location="SOUTH CAROLINA" longLatPrecision="1205" longitude="-79.183334" municipality="North Inlet Estuary" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" specimenCode="USNM-54399, 54400" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="SOUTH CAROLINA" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingRegion id="49AAED84FF9E572DB3F5FDDA1BCCFD89" box="[189,447,517,543]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">SOUTH CAROLINA</collectingRegion>
•
<specimenCount id="9D68E8EFFF9E572DB296FDDA1850FDB6" box="[478,547,517,544]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="female">4 ♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D68E8EFFF9E572DB17CFDDA1804FDB4" box="[564,631,517,546]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">4 ♂♂</specimenCount>
; same collection data as for holotype;
<specimenCode id="DBC88B1DFF9E572DB71BFDDA1E89FDB6" box="[1107,1274,517,544]" collectionCode="USNM-" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">USNM-54399</specimenCode>
to
<specimenCode id="DBC88B1DFF9E572DB66EFDDA1F00FDB6" box="[1318,1395,517,544]" collectionCode="USNM-" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">54400</specimenCode>
. Specimens mounted for LM
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37470EDFF9E572DB3F5FDB518B0F98E" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3F5FDB518F0FD7B" blockId="49.[188,1399,618,750]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Most of the
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB203FDB51BFAFD12" box="[331,393,618,644]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">types</typeStatus>
were in good condition, although the mounting medium was partly or fully dried out. While it was easy to see spines and tubes, it was very difficult or impossible to see the mostly subcuticular structures, such as glandular cell out
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB120FD6E18E8FD5D" box="[616,667,689,715]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
1, female papillae and sensory spots. SEM specimens were not available. See
<tableCitation id="C6EC16DDFF9E572DB22DFD0C1BCEFD78" box="[357,445,723,750]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[189,258,265,291]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next page). Species of Echinoderes Claparède, 1863 examined or studied for the present study. Types have kindly been loaned from ICHUM, NHMD, SMBL, SMNH, and USNM." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1173EEFFAB5718B3F5FED61F33FED0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="DF1173EEFFAB5718B3F5FED61F33FED0">Table 1</tableCitation>
for an overview.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3F5FCCA1B3DFCB9" blockId="49.[189,334,789,815]" box="[189,334,789,815]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D099940AFF9E572DB3F5FCCA1B3DFCB9" bold="true" box="[189,334,789,815]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B91AFF74FF9E572DB3F5FCCA1B3DFCB9" bold="true" box="[189,334,789,815]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3F5FC9C1E86FC17" blockId="49.[188,1399,835,897]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
The appearance of the species generally follows the description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF5E97FF9E572DB771FC9C1E8EFCC8" author="Higgins R. P." box="[1081,1277,835,862]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="340 - 354" refId="ref55967" refString="Higgins R. P. 1977 b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225864" type="journal article" year="1977">Higgins (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
, hence the following notes only provide additional information not included in the original description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD12366FF9E572DB3F5FC7718B0F98E" blockId="49.[187,1400,936,1560]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Males and females with minute laterodorsal glandular cell outlets
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB0F6FC761982FC55" box="[958,1009,937,963]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
2 on segment 8 (
<figureCitation id="13553FE3FF9E572DB7F0FC771F67FC54" box="[1208,1300,936,962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,314,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[189,1398,313,1736]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 8. Comparative light micrographs showing selected details of E. pacificus Schmidt, 1974. A. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53335). D–G. Paratype (USNM-53336). B, E, H. E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53337). C, F, I. E. sublicarum Higgins, 1977. Paratype, ♀ (USNM-54399). A–C. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view, showing presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8. D–F. Segments 6 to 8, ventral view, position and appearance of sexually dimorphic female papillae. G–I. Segments 10 to 11, with midlateral tubes on segment 10, and lateral terminal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418997/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). Spines and tubes as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF5E97FF9E572DB2B8FC1418C6FC70" author="Higgins R. P." box="[496,693,971,998]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="340 - 354" refId="ref55967" refString="Higgins R. P. 1977 b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225864" type="journal article" year="1977">Higgins (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
. Glandular cell outlets
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB08DFC13198BFC70" box="[965,1016,972,998]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
1 present in middorsal positions on segments 1 to 3, 10 (two longitudinally aligned) and 11, in subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9, in sublateral positions on segment 1, and ventromedial positions on segments 2 to 10 (most of these structures are also included in the original description, but generally referred to as ‘sensory spots’).Actual sensory spots were only observed in paradorsal positions on segments 6 to 8, but more sensory spots are most likely present. Female papillae are present in ventromedial positions on segment 8 (
<figureCitation id="13553FE3FF9E572DB791FBA41F40FB03" box="[1241,1331,1147,1173]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,314,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[189,1398,313,1736]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 8. Comparative light micrographs showing selected details of E. pacificus Schmidt, 1974. A. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53335). D–G. Paratype (USNM-53336). B, E, H. E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53337). C, F, I. E. sublicarum Higgins, 1977. Paratype, ♀ (USNM-54399). A–C. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view, showing presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8. D–F. Segments 6 to 8, ventral view, position and appearance of sexually dimorphic female papillae. G–I. Segments 10 to 11, with midlateral tubes on segment 10, and lateral terminal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418997/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
). The intracuticular substructures indicate the presence of a very weak crescentic line, and a more distinct tube extending from the centre of this line.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF5E97FF9E572DB1CEFB1D193BFB4B" author="Higgins R. P." box="[646,840,1218,1245]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="340 - 354" refId="ref55967" refString="Higgins R. P. 1977 b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225864" type="journal article" year="1977">Higgins (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
also reports these structures but refers to them as “bracket-shaped muscle scars”. He does not mention that they are restricted to females, but we can confirm that this is the case.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF5E97FF9E572DB141FAD718BAFAB5" author="Higgins R. P." box="[521,713,1288,1315]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="340 - 354" refId="ref55967" refString="Higgins R. P. 1977 b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225864" type="journal article" year="1977">Higgins (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
furthermore reports the present of “bracket-shaped muscle scars” in ventrolateral positions of segment 7. This suggests that female papillae also could be present on this segment. We cannot confirm their presence, but this is most likely due to the age and condition of the
<typeStatus id="54D59DC4FF9E572DB24EFAAD1B4AFA1A" box="[262,313,1394,1420]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
specimens. Hence, based on own observations and information provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF5E97FF9E572DB7FEFAAD1F05FA1B" author="Higgins R. P." box="[1206,1398,1394,1421]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="340 - 354" refId="ref55967" refString="Higgins R. P. 1977 b. Two new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha) from South Carolina. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 96: 340 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3225864" type="journal article" year="1977">Higgins (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
we find it likely that female papillae are present in ventrolateral positions of segment 7 and ventromedial positions of segment 8. Laterodorsal tubes on segment 10 are quite long and slender (
<figureCitation id="13553FE3FF9E572DB78AFA671F65FA44" box="[1218,1302,1464,1490]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,314,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[189,1398,313,1736]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 8. Comparative light micrographs showing selected details of E. pacificus Schmidt, 1974. A. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53335). D–G. Paratype (USNM-53336). B, E, H. E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53337). C, F, I. E. sublicarum Higgins, 1977. Paratype, ♀ (USNM-54399). A–C. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view, showing presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8. D–F. Segments 6 to 8, ventral view, position and appearance of sexually dimorphic female papillae. G–I. Segments 10 to 11, with midlateral tubes on segment 10, and lateral terminal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418997/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
). Tergal extensions of segment 11 are well-spaced and pointed (
<figureCitation id="13553FE3FF9E572DB02FFA0419CEFA63" box="[871,957,1499,1525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[189,232,1784,1810]" captionTargetBox="[190,1395,314,1733]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[189,1398,313,1736]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 8. Comparative light micrographs showing selected details of E. pacificus Schmidt, 1974. A. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53335). D–G. Paratype (USNM-53336). B, E, H. E. kozloffi Higgins, 1977. Holotype, ♀ (USNM-53337). C, F, I. E. sublicarum Higgins, 1977. Paratype, ♀ (USNM-54399). A–C. Segments 8 to 9, dorsal view, showing presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8. D–F. Segments 6 to 8, ventral view, position and appearance of sexually dimorphic female papillae. G–I. Segments 10 to 11, with midlateral tubes on segment 10, and lateral terminal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418997/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
). Lateral terminal spines are regular acicular, and gradually tapered towards tips.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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