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<document id="A87D5FD82BFB5CA09F4C2C56B290CBC0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172836" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9cd13401-5baa-42e9-8548-7b6769c53f11" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172836" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459764074924" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kok, Philippe J. R., Sambhu, Hemchandranauth, Roopsind, Indranee, Lenglet, Georges L. &amp; Bourne, Godfrey R." docDate="2006" docId="03C7687CA554FF98FEF382AEB0783097" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01238p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1238" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Colostethus kaiei Kok, Sambhu, Roopsind, Lenglet &amp; Bourne, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="FFFE1004A557FF8DFFFB8138B3243141" masterDocTitle="A new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with maternal care from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698216070852" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="6DE48705BA175172070701FE7E88FBDC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="7E236D6601CC945E7718BB4F603A9AAD">
<mods:title id="8FEC153C60AC09A887C6DB4A38ACFFE6">A new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with maternal care from Kaieteur National Park, Guyana</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6582AB71F481CC8EBEAE0484CB9FFDDF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9E8744D907756489617E93E91C01F341">
<mods:roleTerm id="2D87294472187FB9DFA38E0DEA779F0D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="44F420CBC170B6610619CA9D9CAD56F5">Kok, Philippe J. R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A8527849CA80B5929DE24DFE23977E52" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4FB87A0957E81167EACC0D396DD3E22D">
<mods:roleTerm id="350AE7F1C990E973BD98ECAE92C5ED2C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F3709CC9D1837C4971A9A6462A2C7C5B">Sambhu, Hemchandranauth</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9AFCDA6BF469C1363BB9680333467C15" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BB83F2EE17422199A452683585C65A8F">
<mods:roleTerm id="3315EB1B2F577575E60B60BD0620CBC9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BDA16CC61C7A79222CADDF0CBE0450E6">Roopsind, Indranee</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9CA9DFD2D11A0C375FD69AD489097329" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EF16C9012EB7AC2038BD91A03CCAA924">
<mods:roleTerm id="7A939DCF68B1C6EFE01D79C213146AC8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B8F714F9529FB55736833B49A3DD0F71">Lenglet, Georges L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F5AC9B7EBA8A64EF366B81ECEC0EAF17" type="personal">
<mods:role id="281CFE2DD2C1FE1894FB2727B57E6638">
<mods:roleTerm id="018B8804BA301B39E33B27F7338A0A36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="55F0CE11655A791FF72715DDCF31922A">Bourne, Godfrey R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A0A52184856E62B250EE7730ECA9366F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="E717291A8E117C5A863656D9EBBE8F6A" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="A4BA7331A5DBFDBB7A5557F6C38FCA4B">
<mods:title id="BCEAEA0A209EDA9B4FB2FE1E615F60D2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="A896F41F1DE8D6308BD47F2161959F50">
<mods:date id="36BDB2890973FE1CDCD15F91D12BAA6B">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="402C3FDC065994C84C164F726521A469" type="volume">
<mods:number id="A00609FBC14C04FC6FCE38CBFCAC07FD">1238</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="9BFD61C6C13112D95950360B52424CE4" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A84E239E10BD2091945E326F76B370C5">35</mods:start>
<mods:end id="1CD9EC2E071B078488234AE210F50D23">61</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="01FBA4EB08A7B8A5F034A20164533957">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="94F15439543D913FF1063E3ECE2095E5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.172836</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="84EF053754B51392809BB547C31F8498" type="GBIF-Dataset">9cd13401-5baa-42e9-8548-7b6769c53f11</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="333D4B8679877CC77951DC365445BF3B" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="71F45FA14CB68449B2247028E98D34E5" type="Zenodo-Dep">172836</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C7687CA554FF98FEF382AEB0783097" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631575" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119345509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631575" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7687CA554FF98FEF382AEB0783097" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7687CA554FF98FEF382AEB0783097" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A554FF8EFEF382AEB24A3292" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA554FF8EFEF382AEB11932F1" blockId="3.[264,573,918,979]" box="[264,573,918,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0996E06A554FF8EFEF382AEB11932F1" bold="true" box="[264,573,918,944]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFEF382AEB11932F1" bold="true" box="[264,573,918,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A554FF8EFEF382AEB2FC32F1" box="[264,472,918,944]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFEF382AEB2FC32F1" bold="true" box="[264,472,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A554FF8EFE2482AEB11932F1" box="[479,573,918,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA554FF8EFEF38281B24A3292" blockId="3.[264,573,918,979]" box="[264,366,953,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA554FF8EFEF38281B24A3292" box="[264,366,953,979]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="5.[264,367,1678,1702]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,367,1635,1659]" captionStartId-2="7.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionStartId-3="8.[264,367,1880,1904]" captionStartId-4="11.[264,367,1796,1820]" captionStartId-5="12.[264,367,1030,1054]" captionStartId-6="13.[264,367,854,878]" captionStartId-7="13.[264,367,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1316,993,1651]" captionTargetBox-1="[271,1315,910,1611]" captionTargetBox-2="[267,1319,707,1811]" captionTargetBox-3="[283,1308,1185,1866]" captionTargetBox-4="[438,1150,322,1779]" captionTargetBox-5="[281,1309,321,1009]" captionTargetBox-6="[267,1319,310,846]" captionTargetBox-7="[269,1316,1187,1834]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[269,1317,990,1651]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[271,1315,901,1611]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[267,1319,704,1814]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[283,1309,1185,1866]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[438,1155,320,1790]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[280,1312,318,1014]" captionTargetId-6="figure@13.[267,1319,307,848]" captionTargetId-7="figure@13.[269,1317,1187,1836]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionTargetPageId-6="13" captionTargetPageId-7="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Scanning electron micrograph of the dorsal surface of the tongue of Colostethus kaiei, new species (male paratype, IRSNB 1957) showing the position and orientation of the median lingual process (white arrow). The short, blunt tipped MLP is directed toward the anterior part of the tongue (on the right on the picture)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrograph of the median lingual process of Colostethus kaiei, new species (male paratype, IRSNB 1957). Note the granular surface of the MDL, which is surrounded by fungiform and filiform papillae." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Colostethus kaiei, new species (holotype), ventral view of hand (left) and foot (right). Not same scale: scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Colostethus kaiei, new species, holotype in life. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Colostethus kaiei, new species, two paratypes showing the variation of colouration and sexual dichromatism. Top and bottom left, IRSNB 1959, adult male (16.5 mm SVL). Middle and bottom right, IRSNB 1958, adult female (19.6 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Colostethus kaiei, new species, four paratypes from the type locality showing variation in colour and pattern. Top row: Adult males, left to right, IRSNB 1960 (18.9 mm SVL), IRSNB 1957 (18.4 mm SVL). Bottom row: Adult females, left to right, IRSNB 1954 (17.8 mm SVL), IRSNB 1953 (18.1 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Dorsolateral view of the tadpole of Colostethus kaiei, new species, in life (IRSNB 13767, stage 25, 10.5 mm TL). Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrograph of the oral disc of the tadpole of Colostethus kaiei, new species (IRSNB 13766, stage 27, 16.8 mm TL)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/172837/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/172838/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/172839/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/172840/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/172841/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/172842/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/172843/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/172844/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figs 1–8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A554FF89FEF38531B6013337" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA554FF8EFEF38531B24B3563" blockId="3.[264,1323,1033,1899]" box="[264,367,1033,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFEF38531B24B3563" box="[264,367,1033,1058]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA554FF8EFEC38509B60D35DA" blockId="3.[264,1323,1033,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFEC38509B295350A" bold="true" box="[312,433,1073,1099]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A554FF8EFEC38509B288350A" box="[312,428,1073,1099]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFE428509B12B350A" box="[441,527,1073,1099]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1938 (field no. PK1159), an adult male, collected by Philippe J. R. Kok, Hemchandranauth Sambhu and Indranee Roopsind,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFC288561B7973532" box="[979,1203,1113,1139]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2005-12-05">5 December 2005</date>
, Kaieteur National Park, along Tukeit trail,
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA554FF8EFD6A85B9B1CB35DA" box="[657,751,1153,1179]" name="Guyana" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5ABFADA554FF8EFD0085B9B0A135DA" box="[763,901,1153,1179]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" precision="15" value="5.185">5°11’06” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5ABFADA554FF8EFC6A85B9B70B35DA" box="[913,1071,1153,1179]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" precision="15" value="-59.480835">59°28’51” W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFB5685B9B7F435DB" box="[1197,1232,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D6812E3A554FF8EFB2385B9B60D35DA" box="[1240,1321,1153,1179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C96748FA554FF8EFB2385B9B60235DA" box="[1240,1318,1153,1179]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA554FF89FEC38591B6013337" blockId="3.[264,1323,1033,1899]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A554FF8EFEC38591B15B3582" bold="true" box="[312,639,1193,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A554FF8EFEC38591B2913582" box="[312,437,1193,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="9D6812E3A554FF8EFE3C8591B1563582" box="[455,626,1193,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
).
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFD718591B1C43582" box="[650,736,1193,1219]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1939 (female), collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFE9185E9B12E35AA" box="[362,522,1233,1259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-06-22">22 June 2004</date>
, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFBE685E9B75735AA" box="[1053,1139,1233,1259]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1940 (female),
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFEF385C1B27A3452" box="[264,350,1273,1299]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1941 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFC1285C1B7AE3452" box="[1001,1162,1273,1299]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-06-22">22 June 2004</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFD8F8419B1EE347A" box="[628,714,1313,1339]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1942 (juvenile) collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFE908471B1293422" box="[363,525,1353,1379]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-06-24">24 June 2004</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFBED8471B7483422" box="[1046,1132,1353,1379]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1943 (juvenile) collected by P. J. R. Kok and D. Arjoon, in mist forest along the Kaieteur gorge, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFE4684A1B13734F2" box="[445,531,1433,1459]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1944 (juvenile), collected by D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFBFC84A1B78E34F2" box="[1031,1194,1433,1459]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-06-28">28 June 2004</date>
, in Archer Simon backdam, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFD0B84F9B062349A" box="[752,838,1473,1499]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1945 (female), collected by D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFAE084F9B2593742" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-07-09">9 July 2004</date>
, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFC7584D1B0C03742" box="[910,996,1513,1539]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFC1784D1B7763742" box="[1004,1106,1513,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1946" valueMax="1947">1946–47</date>
(males), collected by P. Benjamin,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFE348729B14B376A" box="[463,623,1553,1579]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-07-15">15 July 2004</date>
, on Muri Muri trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFB6B8729B7C2376A" box="[1168,1254,1553,1579]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1948 (male), collected by D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFD848701B03D3712" box="[639,793,1593,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-07-19">19 July 2004</date>
, next to the rangers house, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFEB58759B280373A" box="[334,420,1633,1659]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1949 (female), collected by D. Arjoon,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFC788759B704373A" box="[899,1056,1633,1659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-07-25">25 July 2004</date>
, at the savannah edge, Kaieteur plateau, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFD0887B1B06D37E2" box="[755,841,1673,1699]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1950 (female), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, F. Marco and R. Williams,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFD108789B0F3378A" box="[747,983,1713,1739]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-11-20">20 November 2004</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFE4387E1B12A37B2" box="[440,526,1753,1779]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1951 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, F. Marco and R. Williams,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFE7A8639B142365A" box="[385,614,1793,1819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2004-11-21">21 November 2004</date>
, on the trail across from Menzies Landing, on the right bank of the Potaro River, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA554FF8EFCE18611B0543602" box="[794,880,1833,1859]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">IRSNB</collectionCode>
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFC828611B0FF3602" box="[889,987,1833,1859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="1952" valueMax="1954">1952­54</date>
(females), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu and F. Marco,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA554FF8EFD408669B0B2362A" box="[699,918,1873,1899]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" value="2005-12-04">4 December 2005</date>
, on the left edge of the Kaieteur gorge, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FD8D8024B1E83077" box="[630,716,284,310]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1955 (male), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, I. Roopsind and F. Marco,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FDBE807CB00D301F" box="[581,809,324,350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12-12">12 December 2005</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FEF38054B27A30C7" box="[264,350,364,390]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FE9C8054B2ED30C7" box="[359,457,364,390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="1956" valueMax="1957">1956­57</date>
(males),
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FDC38054B1AA30C7" box="[568,654,364,390]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1958 (female),
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FCB68054B08730C7" box="[845,931,364,390]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FC578054B72A30C7" box="[940,1038,364,390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="1959" valueMax="1960">1959­60</date>
(males), collected by P. J. R. Kok, H. Sambhu, I. Roopsind and F. Marco,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FC9080ACB76730EF" box="[875,1091,404,430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12-05">5 December 2005</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FDC48084B1B13097" box="[575,661,444,470]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FD5E8084B0233097" box="[677,775,444,470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="1961" valueMax="1962">1961­62</date>
(females), collected by H. Sambhu and I. Roopsind,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FE7780DCB14C30BF" box="[396,616,484,510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12-07">7 December 2005</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FB7780DCB7C630BF" box="[1164,1250,484,510]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1963 (male), collected by H. Sambhu and I. Roopsind,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FCA48334B7603367" box="[863,1092,524,550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12-10">10 December 2005</date>
, along Tukeit trail, Kaieteur National Park;
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA553FF89FDC9830CB1AC330F" box="[562,648,564,590]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1964 (male) collected by F. Marco and J. L. Talley,
<date id="FFD0FFAAA553FF89FAE7830CB2E13337" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12-06">6 December 2005</date>
, in disturbed forest adjacent to Menzies Landing, Kaieteur National Park.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A553FF88FEF38394B7C83257" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA553FF89FEF38394B2A13384" blockId="4.[264,1324,684,870]" box="[264,389,684,709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FEF38394B2A13384" box="[264,389,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA553FF89FEC383ECB0053227" blockId="4.[264,1324,684,870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">The new species is named in honour of Kaie, a great Chieftain of the Patamona tribe, from whom Kaieteur Falls was named. According to the legend, Kaie, in order to save his people from being destroyed by a warrior tribe, the Caribs, sacrificed himself to the Great Spirit Makonaima by canoeing over the Falls.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA553FF89FEF382A4B14E32F4" blockId="4.[264,1324,924,1905]" box="[264,618,924,949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FEF382A4B14E32F4" box="[264,618,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Adult definition and diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA553FF89FEC38287B7F53428" blockId="4.[264,1324,924,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
A small species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FDDB8287B18E3299" box="[544,682,959,984]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FDDB8287B18E3299" box="[544,682,959,984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Colostethus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(males to
<quantity id="4C96748FA553FF89FCD78287B0B23298" box="[812,918,959,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="18.9">18.9 mm</quantity>
SVL, females to
<quantity id="4C96748FA553FF89FB958287B7FD3298" box="[1134,1241,959,985]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="19.8">19.8 mm</quantity>
SVL); body robust; Finger I and II equal in length when fingers appressed; Finger IV length reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers appressed; distal tubercle on Finger IV; all fingers slightly swollen in adult males; moderate webbing between Toes I–IV; lateral fringes on fingers present; throat in adult males light greyish pink with discrete dark spotting to extensive stippling extending to chest and venter (however, the throat is never totally grey nor solid black), throat in females immaculate yellow; belly in males whitish with minute dark stippling, belly in females orangish yellow, free of melanophores; dorsolateral stripe present, sometimes barely visible; oblique lateral stripe absent; ventrolateral stripe absent; median lingual process present; cloacal tubercles absent; black arm­band absent in males; testis white (unpigmented) in adult males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA553FF88FEC3844FB7C83257" blockId="4.[264,1324,924,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,790]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
When compared to congeners from the
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA553FF89FCDE844FB05E34D0" box="[805,890,1399,1425]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Guiana</collectingCountry>
Shield region,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FBC0844FB62F34D1" box="[1083,1291,1399,1424]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FBC0844FB62F34D1" box="[1083,1291,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FDBC84A7B1FF34F9" box="[583,731,1439,1464]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FDBC84A7B1FF34F9" box="[583,731,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. brunneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FD0984A7B03A34F9" box="[754,798,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FCD184A7B09634F8" author="Cope" box="[810,946,1439,1465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Cope, E. D. (1887) Synopsis of the Batrachia and Reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith, in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 24, 44 - 60." type="journal article" year="1887">Cope 1887</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC3784A7B7C534F8" authority="Jimenez" authorityName="Jimenez" box="[972,1249,1439,1465]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC3784A7B75134F9" box="[972,1141,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. fuliginosus</emphasis>
Jiménez
</taxonomicName>
de la Espada, 1871,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FE4F84FFB19D34A0" authority="Morales" authorityName="Morales" box="[436,697,1479,1505]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumtuosus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FE4F84FFB16B34A1" box="[436,591,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. sumtuosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FDAD84FFB19D34A0" author="Morales" box="[598,697,1479,1505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Morales, V. R. (&quot; 2000 &quot;) [2002] Sistematica y Biogeografia del grupo trilineatus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae, Colostethus), con descripcion de once especies nuevas Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 13, 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="2000">Morales</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “2000” [2002], and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC5684FFB2673748" authority="Myers &amp; Donnelly, 2001" authorityName="Myers &amp; Donnelly" authorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC5684FFB76734A1" box="[941,1091,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. undulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FBB284FFB2673748" author="Myers" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Myers, C. W. &amp; Donnelly, M. A. (2001) Herpetofauna of the Yutaje-Corocoro massif, Venezuela: second report from the Robert G. Goelet American Museum ' Terramar expedition to the northwestern tepuis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 261, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">Myers &amp; Donnelly, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a median lingual process (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC3884D7B7763749" box="[963,1106,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC3884D7B7763749" box="[963,1106,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. brunneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FB9B84D7B6263749" box="[1120,1282,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FB9B84D7B6263749" box="[1120,1282,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. fuliginosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FAEB84D7B2A63771" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumtuosus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FAEB84D7B2A63771" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. sumtuosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FE3D872FB1793771" box="[454,605,1559,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FE3D872FB1793771" box="[454,605,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FD8C872FB0603771" box="[631,836,1559,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FD8C872FB0603771" box="[631,836,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC1F872FB6023770" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[996,1318,1559,1585]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ayarzaguenai">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC1F872FB7833771" box="[996,1191,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. ayarzaguenai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FB4B872FB6023770" author="La" box="[1200,1318,1559,1585]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FE968707B28B3718" author="La" box="[365,431,1599,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
],
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FE3E8707B1DD3718" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[453,761,1599,1625]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanayensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FE3E8707B15E3719" box="[453,634,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. guanayensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FD788707B1DD3718" author="La" box="[643,761,1599,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FC978707B0893718" author="La" box="[876,941,1599,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
],
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC388707B7ED3718" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[963,1225,1599,1625]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parimae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC388707B76C3719" box="[963,1096,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. parimae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FBA98707B7ED3718" author="La" box="[1106,1225,1599,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FEF4875FB27437C0" author="La" box="[271,336,1639,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
],
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FE89875FB0BA37C0" authority="Meinhardt &amp; Parmelee, 1996" authorityName="Meinhardt &amp; Parmelee" authorityYear="1996" box="[370,926,1639,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkerae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FE89875FB12F37C1" box="[370,523,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. parkerae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FDE4875FB0BA37C0" author="Meinhardt" box="[543,926,1639,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Meinhardt, D. J. &amp; Parmelee, J. R. (1996) A new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Venezuela. Herpetologica, 52, 70 - 77." type="journal article" year="1996">Meinhardt &amp; Parmelee, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC4C875FB7D237C0" authority="Rivero, 1961" authorityName="Rivero" authorityYear="1961" box="[951,1270,1639,1665]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shrevei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC4C875FB71E37C1" box="[951,1082,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. shrevei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FBB5875FB7D237C0" author="Rivero" box="[1102,1270,1639,1665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 267." type="journal article" year="1961">Rivero, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FAEB875FB1C237E8" authority="Myers &amp; Donnelly 1997" authorityName="Myers &amp; Donnelly" authorityYear="1997" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamacuarensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FAEB875FB29637E9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. tamacuarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FE4787B7B1C237E8" author="Myers" box="[444,742,1679,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Myers, C. W. &amp; Donnelly, M. A. (1997) A tepui herpetofauna on a granitic mountain (Tamacuari) in the borderland between Venezuela and Brazil. Report of the Phipps-Tapirapeco Expedition. American Museum Novitates, 3213, 1 - 71." type="journal article" year="1997">Myers &amp; Donnelly 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FCD287B7B76D37E8" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[809,1097,1679,1705]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tepuyensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FCD287B7B0EC37E9" box="[809,968,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. tepuyensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FC2987B7B76D37E8" author="La" box="[978,1097,1679,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FB4787B7B7D837E8" author="La" box="[1212,1276,1679,1705]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
] by adult size (adult SVL &lt;
<quantity id="4C96748FA553FF89FDC5878FB1B23790" box="[574,662,1719,1745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FD3C878FB00C3791" box="[711,808,1719,1744]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FD3C878FB00C3791" box="[711,808,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus&gt;
<quantity id="4C96748FA553FF89FC51878FB7273790" box="[938,1027,1719,1745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FBCF878FB7DF3791" box="[1076,1275,1719,1744]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ayarzaguenai">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FBCF878FB7DF3791" box="[1076,1275,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. ayarzaguenai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FAEB878FB2BD37B9" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guanayensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FAEB878FB2BD37B9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. guanayensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FE5187E7B11537B9" box="[426,561,1759,1784]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parimae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FE5187E7B11537B9" box="[426,561,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. parimae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, C.
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FD9C87E7B07737B9" box="[615,851,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FD9C87E7B1F537B9" box="[615,721,1759,1784]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkerae">parkerae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FD2087E7B07737B9" box="[731,851,1759,1784]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shrevei">C. shrevei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC9E87E7B71037B9" box="[869,1076,1759,1784]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamacuarensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC9E87E7B71037B9" box="[869,1076,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. tamacuarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FB8187E7B63D37B9" box="[1146,1305,1759,1784]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tepuyensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FB8187E7B63D37B9" box="[1146,1305,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. tepuyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FEB1863FB1B83660" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[330,668,1799,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murisipanensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FEB1863FB13A3661" box="[330,542,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. murisipanensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FDDC863FB1B83660" author="La" box="[551,668,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FCF5863FB06B3660" author="La" box="[782,847,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
],
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FC9F863FB74F3660" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[868,1131,1799,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praderoi">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FC9F863FB0C93661" box="[868,1005,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. praderoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FC0D863FB74F3660" author="La" box="[1014,1131,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FB27863FB6393660" author="La" box="[1244,1309,1799,1825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
],
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FEF38617B1283608" authority="La Marca" authorityName="La Marca" box="[264,524,1839,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FEF38617B2AF3609" box="[264,395,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. roraima</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FE6E8617B1283608" author="La" box="[405,524,1839,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="La Marca, E. (&quot; 1996 &quot;) [1997] Ranas del genero Colostethus (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) de la Guyana Venezolana con la descripcion de siete especies nueva. Publicaciones de la Asociacion de Amigos de Donana, 9, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1996">La Marca</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, “1996” [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FD848617B1E43608" author="La" box="[639,704,1839,1865]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Kaplan, M. (1997) A new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the Dendrobatidae. Journal of Herpetology, 31, 369 - 375." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
], and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FCF08617B2673630" authority="Barrio-Amoros, Fuentes &amp; Rivas, 2004" authorityName="Barrio-Amoros, Fuentes &amp; Rivas" authorityYear="2004" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wothuja">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FCF08617B0A93609" box="[779,909,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. wothuja</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA553FF89FC6C8617B2673630" author="Barrio-Amoros" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Fuentes, O. &amp; Rivas, G. (2004) Two new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Venezuelan Guayana. Salamandra, 40, 183 - 200." type="journal article" year="2004">
Barrio­Amorós, Fuentes &amp; Rivas,
<quantity id="4C96748FA553FF89FEF3866FB2673630" box="[264,323,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.090159999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="2004.0">2004</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having dorsolateral stripes (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FCD2866FB0DA3631" box="[809,1022,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murisipanensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FCD2866FB0DA3631" box="[809,1022,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. murisipanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FBF5866FB7B33631" box="[1038,1175,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praderoi">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FBF5866FB7B33631" box="[1038,1175,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. praderoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A553FF89FB53866FB60E3631" box="[1192,1322,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roraima">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A553FF89FB53866FB60E3631" box="[1192,1322,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">C. roraima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FEBA8024B2EC3074" box="[321,456,284,309]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wothuja">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FEBA8024B2EC3074" box="[321,456,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. wothuja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FDD48024B7B03077" authority="Rivero, Langone &amp; Prigioni, 1986" authorityName="Rivero, Langone &amp; Prigioni" authorityYear="1986" box="[559,1172,284,310]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanmartini">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FDD48024B1FC3074" box="[559,728,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. sanmartini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FD1D8024B7B03077" author="Rivero" box="[742,1172,284,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" refString="Rivero, J. A., Langone, J. A. &amp; Prigioni, C. M. (1986) Anfibios colectados por la expedicion del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Montevideo al Rio Caura, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela; con la descripcion de una nueva especie de Colostethus (Dendrobatidae). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 11, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1986">
Rivero, Langone &amp; Prigioni,
<quantity id="4C96748FA552FF88FBA28024B7B03077" box="[1113,1172,284,310]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.04444" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="in" value="1986.0">1986</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having a smooth dorsum (granular in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FD8D807CB03B301C" box="[630,799,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanmartini">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FD8D807CB03B301C" box="[630,799,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. sanmartini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I shorter than II in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FD278054B0A630C4" box="[732,898,364,389]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanmartini">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FD278054B0A630C4" box="[732,898,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. sanmartini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in having fringes on fingers (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FE7C80ACB11730EC" box="[391,563,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanmartini">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FE7C80ACB11730EC" box="[391,563,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. sanmartini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FD6A80ACB73D30EF" authority="Barrio-Amoros, 2006" authorityName="Barrio-Amoros" authorityYear="2006" box="[657,1049,404,430]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breweri">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FD6A80ACB03430EC" box="[657,784,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. breweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FCE180ACB73D30EF" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[794,1049,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2006) A new dendrobatid frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethus) from Aprada tepui, southern Venezuela. Zootaxa, 1110, 59 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">Barrio­Amorós, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FBAC80ACB7E830EC" box="[1111,1228,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triunfo">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FBAC80ACB7E830EC" box="[1111,1228,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. triunfo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Barrio­ Amorós,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FE8D8084B1A23097" author="Fuentes" box="[374,646,444,470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Fuentes, O. &amp; Rivas, G. (2004) Two new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Venezuelan Guayana. Salamandra, 40, 183 - 200." type="journal article" year="2004">
Fuentes &amp; Rivas,
<quantity id="4C96748FA552FF88FDB08084B1A23097" box="[587,646,444,470]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.090159999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="in" value="2004.0">2004</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in having fringes on fingers (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FBA38084B7F13094" box="[1112,1237,444,469]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breweri">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FBA38084B7F13094" box="[1112,1237,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. breweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FAEB8084B27330BC" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triunfo">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FAEB8084B27330BC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. triunfo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FE4880DCB03730BF" authority="Lescure, 1975" authorityName="Lescure" authorityYear="1975" box="[435,787,484,510]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="degranvillei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FE4880DCB14030BC" box="[435,612,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. degranvillei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FD9780DCB03730BF" author="Lescure" box="[620,787,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Lescure, J. (1975) Contribution a l'etude des Amphibiens de Guyane francaise - III. Une nouvelle espece de Colosthetus [sic] (Dendrobatidae): Colosthetus [sic] degranvillei. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3 e Serie, Zoologie, 203, 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1975">
Lescure,
<quantity id="4C96748FA552FF88FD2380DCB03730BF" box="[728,787,484,510]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0165" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="in" value="1975.0">1975</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having a light venter (venter dark stippled with white in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FE488334B1413364" box="[435,613,524,549]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="degranvillei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FE488334B1413364" box="[435,613,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. degranvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FD3F8334B0C33367" authority="Noble, 1923" authorityName="Noble" authorityYear="1923" box="[708,999,524,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FD3F8334B0113364" box="[708,821,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. beebei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FCB38334B0FB3367" author="Noble" box="[840,991,524,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" refString="Noble, G. K. (1923) New batrachians from the Tropical Research Station British Guiana. Zoologica 3, 288 - 305." type="journal article" year="1923">Noble, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in having Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I shorter than II in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FC20830CB768330C" box="[987,1100,564,589]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FC20830CB768330C" box="[987,1100,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), light pink throat stippled with melanophores in males (immaculate yellow in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FC198364B7773334" box="[994,1107,604,629]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FC198364B7773334" box="[994,1107,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in having a smooth dorsum (granular in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FDAE83BCB1E033DC" box="[597,708,644,669]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FDAE83BCB1E033DC" box="[597,708,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FCB483BCB75D33DF" authority="Boistel" authorityName="Boistel" box="[847,1145,644,670]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baeobatrachus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FCB483BCB73B33DC" box="[847,1055,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. baeobatrachus</emphasis>
Boistel
</taxonomicName>
&amp; de
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FB3983BCB2673387" author="Massary" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" refString="Boistel, R. &amp; de Massary, J-C. (1999) Les amphibiens veneneux de la famille des dendrobatides. Le Courrier de la Nature, 176, 34 - 39." type="journal article" year="1999">Massary, 1999</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FE7A8394B19D3387" authority="Martins, 1989" authorityName="Martins" authorityYear="1989" box="[385,697,684,710]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FE7A8394B1233384" box="[385,519,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. stepheni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA552FF88FDEA8394B19D3387" author="Martins" box="[529,697,684,710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Martins, M. (1989) Nova especie de Colostethus da Amazonia central (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 49, 1009 - 1012." type="journal article" year="1989">
Martins,
<quantity id="4C96748FA552FF88FD858394B19D3387" box="[638,697,684,710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05206" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" unit="in" value="1989.0">1989</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having Finger III not distinctly swollen in males (distinctly swollen in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FDE983ECB1C133AC" box="[530,741,724,749]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baeobatrachus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FDE983ECB1C133AC" box="[530,741,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. baeobatrachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FCDD83ECB08933AC" box="[806,941,724,749]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FCDD83ECB08933AC" box="[806,941,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. stepheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and Fingers I and II equal in length when appressed (Finger I longer than II in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FCB583C4B73B3254" box="[846,1055,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baeobatrachus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FCB583C4B73B3254" box="[846,1055,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. baeobatrachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FBAC83C4B7FF3254" box="[1111,1243,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FBAC83C4B7FF3254" box="[1111,1243,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">C. stepheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A552FF84FEF38274B0D23540" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA552FF88FEF38274B1883224" blockId="5.[264,1322,844,950]" box="[264,684,844,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FEF38274B1883224" box="[264,684,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
Measurements (mm) of the
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A552FF88FDBC8274B1883224" box="[583,684,844,869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA552FF88FEC3824CB05C32F7" blockId="5.[264,1322,844,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">SVL 16.5, HL 5.5, HW 5.4, SL 2.9, EN 1.7, IN 2.3, EL 2.4, IO 2.3, TYM 1.0, FAL 3.8, HAND 4.6, WFD 0.7, TL 8.8, FL 7.3, WTD 0.7.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A552FF88FEF387B6B188364C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[269,1316,993,1651]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA552FF88FEF387B6B188364C" blockId="5.[264,1323,1678,1805]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FEF387B6B2A737E7" bold="true" box="[264,387,1678,1702]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Scanning electron micrograph of the dorsal surface of the tongue of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A552FF88FB9087B7B60037E7" box="[1131,1316,1679,1702]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A552FF88FB9087B7B60037E7" box="[1131,1316,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A552FF88FEF38789B2A83789" box="[264,396,1713,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(male paratype, IRSNB 1957) showing the position and orientation of the median lingual process (white arrow). The short, blunt tipped MLP is directed toward the anterior part of the tongue (on the right on the picture).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8BFEF38024B16C3074" blockId="6.[264,1324,284,870]" box="[264,584,284,309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A551FF8BFEF38024B16C3074" box="[264,584,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A551FF8BFE188024B16C3074" box="[483,584,284,309]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8BFEC3807CB71D33DF" blockId="6.[264,1324,284,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
An adult male
<quantity id="4C96748FA551FF8BFE1D807CB16A301F" box="[486,590,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="16.5">16.5 mm</quantity>
SVL; body robust; head slightly longer than wide, head width 98.2% length; head length 33.3% SVL; snout broadly rounded to nearly truncate in dorsal view, acutely rounded in lateral view, extending past lower jaw, snout 52.7% head length. Nares located laterally, opening posterolaterally; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region feebly concave (nearly flat); internarial distance 42.6% head width; eye­naris distance 30.9% head length, 70.8% eye length. Tympanum nearly round, directed posterolaterally, 41.7% of eye length; separated from eye by a distance equal to 30% of tympanum diameter; supratympanic fold absent; tympanic annulus visible; posterodorsal aspect of tympanum barely visible; anteroventral margin of tympanum distinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8BFEC38394B72D327F" blockId="6.[264,1324,284,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
Tongue attached anteriorly, longer than wide, broadly rounded posteriorly, median lingual process present (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA551FF8BFDD883ECB1A933AF" box="[547,653,724,750]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="5.[264,367,1678,1702]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,367,1635,1659]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1316,993,1651]" captionTargetBox-1="[271,1315,910,1611]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[269,1317,990,1651]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[271,1315,901,1611]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Scanning electron micrograph of the dorsal surface of the tongue of Colostethus kaiei, new species (male paratype, IRSNB 1957) showing the position and orientation of the median lingual process (white arrow). The short, blunt tipped MLP is directed toward the anterior part of the tongue (on the right on the picture)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrograph of the median lingual process of Colostethus kaiei, new species (male paratype, IRSNB 1957). Note the granular surface of the MDL, which is surrounded by fungiform and filiform papillae." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/172837/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/172838/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
). Choanae circular, lateral. Vocal slits long, lateral. Small teeth present on maxillary and premaxillary, prevomerine teeth absent. Cloacal tubercles absent; vent at level of upper thighs; a small anal flap above vent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8BFEF38274B1BF3227" blockId="6.[264,1324,284,870]" box="[264,667,844,870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Skin on dorsum and belly smooth.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A551FF8BFEF3875BB15A3781" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172838/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[271,1315,910,1611]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8BFEF3875BB15A3781" blockId="6.[264,1323,1635,1728]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A551FF8BFEF3875BB2A7373A" bold="true" box="[264,387,1635,1659]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Scanning electron micrograph of the median lingual process of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A551FF8BFBC3875BB7D5373B" box="[1080,1265,1635,1658]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A551FF8BFBC3875BB7D5373B" box="[1080,1265,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A551FF8BFB05875BB27137DC" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(male paratype, IRSNB 1957). Note the granular surface of the MDL, which is surrounded by fungiform and filiform papillae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA551FF8AFEC387C1B03D33DD" blockId="6.[264,1323,1785,1890]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1324,284,668]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
Forelimb slender, skin smooth; metacarpal ridge absent; hand length 27.9% SVL; Finger I and Finger II equal in length when fingers appressed; rudimentary webbing between Fingers II and III, lateral fringes present on pre­ and postaxial edges of all fingers; Finger III not swollen but all fingers slightly swollen when compared with those of females; Finger IV reaching distal subarticular tubercle on Finger III when fingers appressed; terminal discs expanded, wider than long, about 1.5X width of digit; width of disc on Finger III 0.70; discs with distinct dorsal scutes. Relative lengths of appressed fingers III&gt; IV&gt; II = I; palmar tubercle large, ovoid,
<quantity id="4C96748FA550FF8AFC738083B0FE3094" box="[904,986,443,469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.159" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="0.85">0.85 in</quantity>
diameter, 15.5% HL; thenar tubercle small, elliptic, half the size of palmar tubercle, well separated from palmar tubercle. One subarticular tubercle present on Fingers I and II; two subarticular tubercles on Finger III and IV; basal subarticular tubercles on Fingers I, II, and III largest, subequal, basal and distal subarticular tubercle on Finger IV smaller, subequal; distal tubercle on Finger III very small, inconspicuous (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA550FF8AFD3A83BAB02C33DD" box="[705,776,642,668]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,707,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[267,1319,704,1814]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Colostethus kaiei, new species (holotype), ventral view of hand (left) and foot (right). Not same scale: scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172839/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A550FF8AFEF38623B09D3614" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172839/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[267,1319,707,1811]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA550FF8AFEF38623B09D3614" blockId="7.[264,1323,1819,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A550FF8AFEF38623B2A03672" bold="true" box="[264,388,1819,1843]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A550FF8AFE698623B16F3673" box="[402,587,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A550FF8AFE698623B16F3673" box="[402,587,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A550FF8AFDA28623B1FE3673" box="[601,730,1819,1842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(holotype), ventral view of hand (left) and foot (right). Not same scale: scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55FFF85FEC38024B73A3257" blockId="8.[264,1324,284,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Hindlimb robust, skin granular; tibia length 53.3% SVL; heels touching each other but not overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to sagittal plane of body; foot length 44.2% SVL; relative length of appressed toes IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I; Toe I very short, reaching the base of subarticular tubercle on Toe II when toes appressed; discs on toes larger than width of toes; disc on Toe I only slightly larger than width of digit. Size of disc on Toe IV 0.70. Feet moderately webbed, webbing present between toes I–IV, webbing with melanophores; lateral fringes present on all toes but very weak on the postaxial edge of Toe IV. Toe webbing formula
<date id="FFD0FFAAA55FFF85FD6D830DB1F6330E" box="[662,722,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FD6D830DB186330E" bold="true" box="[662,674,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">I</emphasis>
1­2
</date>
­
<date id="FFD0FFAAA55FFF85FD26830DB023330E" box="[733,775,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FD26830DB1D7330E" bold="true" box="[733,755,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">II</emphasis>
1
</date>
½­3+
<date id="FFD0FFAAA55FFF85FCB6830DB0AC330E" box="[845,904,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FCB6830DB04B330E" bold="true" box="[845,879,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">III</emphasis>
2
</date>
¾ ­3+
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FC28830DB0D4330E" bold="true" box="[979,1008,565,591]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">IV</emphasis>
. One to three subarticular tubercles on toes as follows: one on toes I and II, two on toes III and V, and three on toe IV (distal tubercle poorly defined). Inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical,
<quantity id="4C96748FA55FFF85FBCD83BCB7AF33DF" box="[1078,1163,644,670]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1336" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="in" value="0.84">0.84 in</quantity>
length, outer metatarsal tubercle round, very protuberant,
<quantity id="4C96748FA55FFF85FCDB8394B0503387" box="[800,884,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" unit="in" value="0.4">0.40 in</quantity>
diameter, entirely pigmented. Tarsal keel well defined, tubercle­like and strongly curved at proximal end, extending distally to the fringe on preaxial edge of Toe I. Metatarsal fold strong (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55FFF85FC3C83C4B72A3257" box="[967,1038,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,707,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[267,1319,704,1814]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Colostethus kaiei, new species (holotype), ventral view of hand (left) and foot (right). Not same scale: scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172839/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55FFF85FEF3827CB115321C" blockId="8.[264,1325,836,1140]" box="[264,561,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FEF3827CB115321C" box="[264,561,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Colour of
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55FFF85FE7B827CB2C1321C" box="[384,485,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in life
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55FFF85FEC38253B0AD3535" blockId="8.[264,1325,836,1140]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
Dorsal ground colour medium brown. A wide black band extending from tip of snout laterally around the body and above the vent, containing most of the tympanum and tapering posteriorly from axilla; a thin, white, partly broken dorsolateral stripe above this band, extending from posterior edge of orbit to vent. Upper lip bar dirty white with a few white and light blue dots. Flank same colour as upper lip.
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA55FFF85FC468532B0D23565" box="[957,1014,1034,1060]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Chin</collectingCountry>
same colour as upper lip; throat and chest medium pink, belly cream stippled with melanophores; underside of thigh and shank creamy yellow. Iris metallic reddish bronze.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55FFF85FEF38660B799362E" box="[264,1213,1880,1904]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172840/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[283,1308,1185,1866]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55FFF85FEF38660B799362E" blockId="8.[264,1213,1880,1904]" box="[264,1213,1880,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FEF38660B2A73631" bold="true" box="[264,387,1880,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55FFF85FE6A8660B16E362E" box="[401,586,1880,1903]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55FFF85FE6A8660B16E362E" box="[401,586,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A55FFF85FDAC8660B1FE362E" box="[599,730,1880,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype in life. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEC38024B1553097" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
Upper arm and forearm orange, posterior edge of the latter with a black longitudinal stripe tapering from wrist to elbow. Dark spot on upper surface of wrist. Dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank and tarsus same colour as dorsum, with ill­defined black crossbars, more crossbars on tarsus. Pale paracloacal mark. Toes and digits with small light blue dots. Palms and soles black (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55EFF84FDE18084B1473097" box="[538,611,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox="[283,1308,1185,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[283,1309,1185,1866]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Colostethus kaiei, new species, holotype in life. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172840/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEF38334B1BF3364" blockId="9.[264,1322,524,670]" box="[264,667,524,549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55EFF84FEF38334B1BF3364" box="[264,667,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
Colour of
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55EFF84FE7B8334B2C13364" box="[384,485,524,549]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in preservative
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEC3830CB77433DF" blockId="9.[264,1322,524,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">After two months in preservative, the dorsal ground colour became greyish brown; flanks and upper lips became pale grey; the orange and yellow colouration disappeared and ventral surfaces are white; all black bands and spots remain visible.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEF383F7B1BF33A9" blockId="9.[264,1323,719,1025]" box="[264,667,719,744]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55EFF84FEF383F7B1BF33A9" box="[264,667,719,744]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Male secondary sexual characters</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEC383CFB0D23540" blockId="9.[264,1323,719,1025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
Males are slightly smaller than females (maximum SVL in males
<quantity id="4C96748FA55EFF84FBC783CFB78C3250" box="[1084,1192,759,785]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="18.9">18.9 mm</quantity>
; maximum SVL in females
<quantity id="4C96748FA55EFF84FE2B8227B1643278" box="[464,576,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="19.8">19.8 mm</quantity>
), with a cream belly (orangish yellow in females) and a light pink throat stippled with melanophores (throat immaculate orangish yellow in females). Under surface of arms and legs and posterior venter are creamy yellow in males, orange in females. Upper surface of hand is yellow in females, grey in males. In males, throat spotting varies from a few scattered tiny dots to extensive stippling extending to chest and venter, but the throat is never deep grey nor solid black (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55EFF84FC6482DFB0C33540" box="[927,999,999,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1796,1820]" captionTargetBox="[438,1150,322,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[438,1155,320,1790]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Colostethus kaiei, new species, two paratypes showing the variation of colouration and sexual dichromatism. Top and bottom left, IRSNB 1959, adult male (16.5 mm SVL). Middle and bottom right, IRSNB 1958, adult female (19.6 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172841/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A55EFF9DFEF3850FB2833514" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEF3850FB1A13511" blockId="9.[264,1325,1079,1585]" box="[264,645,1079,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55EFF84FEF3850FB1A13511" box="[264,645,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
Variation among
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55EFF84FE28850FB1203511" box="[467,516,1079,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
specimens
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55EFF84FEC38567B1943770" blockId="9.[264,1325,1079,1585]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
Measurements (range, mean, and standard deviation) of the
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55EFF84FC0D8567B70D3538" box="[1014,1065,1119,1145]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
series are provided in
<tableCitation id="C6ECECD1A55EFF84FEF385BFB24435E0" box="[264,352,1159,1185]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="10.[264,352,290,314]" captionTargetBox="[287,1294,397,1103]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements in millimetres of type specimens of Colostethus kaiei. Abbreviations are defined in the text. Mean ± SD are followed by the range in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1189E2A55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" tableUuid="DF1189E2A55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Intraspecific variation is high and adult dorsal colouration varies from medium to reddish brown. Some specimens have small darker blotches on dorsum. Flanks can be yellow or grey. Light blue or white dots on flanks may be absent or present. The dorsolateral stripe is sometimes broken and/or very narrow, but always originates from posterior corner of eye. The width of the lateral black band is also variable; in some individuals it is twice the width found in other specimens. Additionally, overall colouration may vary with light intensity and time of day. The black crossbars on thigh, shank and tarsus may be nearly absent or broken into blotches in some individuals. The iris can be completely red (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55EFF84FDE384FFB17B34A0" box="[536,607,1479,1505]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1030,1054]" captionTargetBox="[281,1309,321,1009]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[280,1312,318,1014]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Colostethus kaiei, new species, four paratypes from the type locality showing variation in colour and pattern. Top row: Adult males, left to right, IRSNB 1960 (18.9 mm SVL), IRSNB 1957 (18.4 mm SVL). Bottom row: Adult females, left to right, IRSNB 1954 (17.8 mm SVL), IRSNB 1953 (18.1 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172842/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). In preservative, the dorsal colouration varies from brown to grey, apparently depending on the time spent in preservative. Other changes are similar than those observed in the
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55EFF84FDBA872FB18F3770" box="[577,683,1559,1585]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A" ID-Table-UUID="DF1189E2A55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1189E2A55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[287,1294,397,1103]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55DFF87FEF3801AB729301A" blockId="10.[264,1323,290,347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEF3801AB25F307B" bold="true" box="[264,379,290,314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements in millimetres of type specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FC5D801AB77B3078" box="[934,1119,290,313]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FC5D801AB77B3078" box="[934,1119,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations are defined in the text. Mean ± SD are followed by the range in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55DFF87FEE480B5B7DF350E" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<table id="F96E2BCAA55D0072FEE480B5B62A350E" box="[287,1294,397,1103]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE480B5B62A30E4" box="[287,1294,397,421]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE480B5B2B030E4" box="[287,404,397,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEE480B5B2B030E4" bold="true" box="[287,404,397,421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Character</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FE4680B5B19130E4" box="[445,693,397,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FE1680B5B1A230E4" bold="true" box="[493,646,397,421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Males (N=13)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E80B5B0F930E4" box="[741,989,397,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FCF280B5B09E30E4" bold="true" box="[777,954,397,421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Females (N=11)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FBE380B5B62A30E4" box="[1048,1294,397,421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FBC080B5B7C830E4" bold="true" box="[1083,1260,397,421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Juveniles (N=3)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE48083B62A3093" box="[287,1294,443,466]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE48083B2B03093" box="[287,404,443,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">SVL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE468083B1913093" box="[445,693,443,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">17.4 ± 1.14 (16.3­18.9)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E8083B0F93093" box="[741,989,443,466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">18.9 ± 0.65 (17.8­19.8)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE38083B62A3093" box="[1048,1294,443,466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">11.4 ± 0.47 (10.7­11.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE480D0B62A30BE" box="[287,1294,488,511]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE480D0B2B030BE" box="[287,404,488,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">HL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4680D0B19130BE" box="[445,693,488,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4.8 ± 0.65 (3.7­5.5)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E80D0B0F930BE" box="[741,989,488,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">5.4 ± 0.63 (3.9­6.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE380D0B62A30BE" box="[1048,1294,488,511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.7 ± 0.26 (2.3­2.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE4832DB62A336D" box="[287,1294,533,556]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE4832DB2B0336D" box="[287,404,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">HW</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE46832DB191336D" box="[445,693,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">6 ± 0.48 (5.3­6.9)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E832DB0F9336D" box="[741,989,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">6.6 ± 0.39 (5.9­7.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE3832DB62A336D" box="[1048,1294,533,556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4.2 ± 0.15 (4.2­4.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE4837BB62A331B" box="[287,1294,579,602]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE4837BB2B0331B" box="[287,404,579,602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">SL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE46837BB191331B" box="[445,693,579,602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.6 ± 0.57 (1.7­3.4)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E837BB0F9331B" box="[741,989,579,602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.8 ± 0.42 (2.1­3.5)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE3837BB62A331B" box="[1048,1294,579,602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.5 ± 0.14 (1.3­1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE48349B62A33C9" box="[287,1294,625,648]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE48349B2B033C9" box="[287,404,625,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">EN</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE468349B19133C9" box="[445,693,625,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.6 ± 0.14 (1.3­1.8)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E8349B0F933C9" box="[741,989,625,648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.8 ± 0.21 (1.4­2.1)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE38349B62A33C9" box="[1048,1294,625,648]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1 ± 0.12 (0.9­1.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE483A6B62A33F4" box="[287,1294,670,693]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE483A6B2B033F4" box="[287,404,670,693]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">IN</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4683A6B19133F4" box="[445,693,670,693]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.4 ± 0.15 (2.1­2.6)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E83A6B0F933F4" box="[741,989,670,693]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.6 ± 0.22 (2.1­2.9)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE383A6B62A33F4" box="[1048,1294,670,693]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.6 ± 0.25 (1.3­1.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE483F4B62A33A2" box="[287,1294,716,739]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE483F4B2B033A2" box="[287,404,716,739]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">EL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4683F4B19133A2" box="[445,693,716,739]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2 ± 0.18 (1.6­2.4)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E83F4B0F933A2" box="[741,989,716,739]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.2 ± 0.26 (1.7­2.5)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE383F4B62A33A2" box="[1048,1294,716,739]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.4 ± 0.17 (1.2­1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE483C1B62A3251" box="[287,1294,761,784]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE483C1B2B03251" box="[287,404,761,784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">IO</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4683C1B1913251" box="[445,693,761,784]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.2 ± 0.23 (1.9­2.8)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E83C1B0F93251" box="[741,989,761,784]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.5 ± 0.28 (1.9­3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE383C1B62A3251" box="[1048,1294,761,784]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.4 ± 0.19 (1.3­1.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE4821EB62A327C" box="[287,1294,806,829]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE4821EB2B0327C" box="[287,404,806,829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">TYM</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE46821EB191327C" box="[445,693,806,829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1 ± 0.18 (0.7­1.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E821EB0F9327C" box="[741,989,806,829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">1.1 ± 0.11 (1.1­1.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE3821EB62A327C" box="[1048,1294,806,829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.6 ± 0.09 (0.5­0.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE4826CB62A322A" box="[287,1294,852,875]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE4826CB2B0322A" box="[287,404,852,875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FAL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE46826CB191322A" box="[445,693,852,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">3.8 ± 0.32 (2.9­4.1)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E826CB0F9322A" box="[741,989,852,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4 ± 0.26 (3.3­4.4)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE3826CB62A322A" box="[1048,1294,852,875]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.3 ± 0.24 (2­2.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE482BAB62A32D8" box="[287,1294,898,921]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE482BAB2B032D8" box="[287,404,898,921]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">HAND</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4682BAB19132D8" box="[445,693,898,921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4 ± 0.50 (2.6­4.6)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E82BAB0F932D8" box="[741,989,898,921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4.3 ± 0.30 (3.7­4.9)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE382BAB62A32D8" box="[1048,1294,898,921]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">2.4 ± 0.29 (2­2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE48297B62A3287" box="[287,1294,943,966]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE48297B2B03287" box="[287,404,943,966]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">WFD</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE468297B1913287" box="[445,693,943,966]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.6 ± 0.10 (0.4­0.7)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E8297B0F93287" box="[741,989,943,966]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.7 ± 0.08 (0.5­0.7)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE38297B62A3287" box="[1048,1294,943,966]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.4 ± 0.05 (0.3­0.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE482E4B62A32B2" box="[287,1294,988,1011]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE482E4B2B032B2" box="[287,404,988,1011]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">TL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE4682E4B19132B2" box="[445,693,988,1011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">8.6 ± 0.51 (7.2­9.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E82E4B0F932B2" box="[741,989,988,1011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">8.8 ± 0.43 (8.4­9.4)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE382E4B62A32B2" box="[1048,1294,988,1011]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">5.4 ± 0.20 (5.2­5.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE48532B62A3560" box="[287,1294,1034,1057]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE48532B2B03560" box="[287,404,1034,1057]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">FL</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE468532B1913560" box="[445,693,1034,1057]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">7.3 ± 0.68 (5.7­8.3)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E8532B0F93560" box="[741,989,1034,1057]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">7.7 ± 0.55 (6.7­8.5)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE38532B62A3560" box="[1048,1294,1034,1057]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">4.3 ± 0.46 (3.7­4.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A55D0072FEE48500B62A350E" box="[287,1294,1080,1103]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<th id="768FB254A55D0072FEE48500B2B0350E" box="[287,404,1080,1103]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">WTD</th>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FE468500B191350E" box="[445,693,1080,1103]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.6 ± 0.11 (0.4­0.7)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FD1E8500B0F9350E" box="[741,989,1080,1103]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.7 ± 0.10 (0.5­0.8)</td>
<td id="768FB254A55D0072FBE38500B62A350E" box="[1048,1294,1080,1103]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">0.4 ± 0.05 (0.3­0.4)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55DFF87FEF38595B1AC3587" blockId="10.[264,1325,1197,1862]" box="[264,648,1197,1222]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEF38595B1AC3587" box="[264,648,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Tadpole definition and diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55DFF87FEC385ECB1973427" blockId="10.[264,1325,1197,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
A
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55DFF87FEA385ECB2B635AF" box="[344,402,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
4 tadpole (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA55DFF87FDDA85ECB19535AF" author="Orton" box="[545,689,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="60" refString="Orton, G. L. (1953) The systematics of vertebrate larvae. Systematic Zoology, 2, 63 - 75." type="journal article" year="1953">Orton 1953</bibRefCitation>
), exotrophic, benthic
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A55DFF87FC4785ECB0CA35AF" box="[956,1006,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA55DFF87FBFA85ECB60435AF" author="Altig" box="[1025,1312,1236,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="58" refString="Altig, R. &amp; Johnston, G. F. (1989) Guilds of anuran larvae: relationships among developmental modes, morphologies and habitats. Herpetological Monographs, 3, 81 - 109." type="journal article" year="1989">Altig &amp; Johnston 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Size small, up to
<quantity id="4C96748FA55DFF87FE2585C4B16E3457" box="[478,586,1276,1302]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="16.7">16.7 mm</quantity>
TL in stage 27. Tail length 59–64% TL, caudal musculature robust, terminating anterior to tail tip, oral disc emarginate,
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA55DFF87FC2A841CB732347F" box="[977,1046,1316,1342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">LTRF</collectionCode>
2(2)/3, body dark with minute pale dots, venter transparent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55DFF87FEC3844CB0493607" blockId="10.[264,1325,1197,1862]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">
In being exotrophic and in having keratinized and typical oral structures, the tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FEF384A5B24D34F7" box="[264,361,1437,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEF384A5B24D34F7" box="[264,361,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FCAF84A5B72E34F7" box="[852,1034,1437,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="degranvillei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FCAF84A5B72E34F7" box="[852,1034,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. degranvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FBB584A5B7FC34F7" box="[1102,1240,1437,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stepheni">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FBB584A5B7FC34F7" box="[1102,1240,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. stepheni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(these tadpoles are endotrophic and lack keratinized and typical oral structures [
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA55DFF87FB8584FCB601349F" author="Lescure" box="[1150,1317,1476,1502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refString="Lescure, J. (1984) Las larvas de dendrobatidae [sic]. Reunion Iberoamericana de Conservacion y Zoologia de Vertebrados. Actas II, 37 - 47." type="book chapter" year="1984">Lescure 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA55DFF87FEF384D4B2FC3747" author="Junca" box="[264,472,1516,1542]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refString="Junca, F. A., Altig, R. &amp; Gascon, C. (1994) Breeding biology of Colostethus stepheni, a dendrobatid frog with a nontransported nidicolous tadpole. Copeia, 1994, 747 - 750" type="journal article" year="1994">
Juncá
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEA884D5B2AB3747" box="[339,399,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
]). When compared to other congeneric tadpoles from the
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA55DFF87FB7884D4B7FC3747" box="[1155,1240,1516,1542]" name="Guyana" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Guiana</collectingCountry>
Shield region,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FE98872DB2E4376F" box="[355,448,1557,1582]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FE98872DB2E4376F" box="[355,448,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FDA5872DB1EA376F" box="[606,718,1557,1582]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FDA5872DB1EA376F" box="[606,718,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its dark colouration, smaller size and terrestrial habitat (
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FE928705B2F33717" box="[361,471,1597,1622]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FE928705B2F33717" box="[361,471,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tadpoles are yellow, larger and “arboreal”); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FBE78705B78C3717" box="[1052,1192,1597,1622]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkerae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FBE78705B78C3717" box="[1052,1192,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. parkerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in position of nares (naris­snout distance 1.3X eye­naris distance in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FC4D875DB730373F" box="[950,1044,1637,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FC4D875DB730373F" box="[950,1044,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 0.5X in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FB71875DB63D373F" box="[1162,1305,1637,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkerae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FB71875DB63D373F" box="[1162,1305,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. parkerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FEB187B5B13237E7" box="[330,534,1677,1702]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamacuarensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FEB187B5B13237E7" box="[330,534,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. tamacuarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the number and size of marginal papillae (papillae smaller and much more numerous in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FDCA878DB1DB378F" box="[561,767,1717,1742]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamacuarensis">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FDCA878DB1DB378F" box="[561,767,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. tamacuarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FCA1878DB0D5378F" box="[858,1009,1717,1742]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FCA1878DB0D5378F" box="[858,1009,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the height of tail (23% of total length in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FE2487E5B15337B7" box="[479,631,1757,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FE2487E5B15337B7" box="[479,631,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 17% in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FD1087E5B06E37B7" box="[747,842,1757,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FD1087E5B06E37B7" box="[747,842,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FC9E87E5B0DB37B7" box="[869,1023,1757,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FC9E87E5B0DB37B7" box="[869,1023,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs in having smaller jaw sheaths and a less robust caudal musculature; and from
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FBCF863DB792365F" box="[1076,1206,1797,1822]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wothuja">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FBCF863DB792365F" box="[1076,1206,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. wothuja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA55DFF87FB1E863CB60E365F" box="[1253,1322,1796,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">LTRF</collectionCode>
formula [2(2)/
<quantity id="4C96748FA55DFF87FE4B8614B2FF3607" box="[432,475,1836,1862]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FE188615B11A3607" box="[483,574,1837,1862]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FE188615B11A3607" box="[483,574,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2(2)/3(1) in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55DFF87FD278615B0783607" box="[732,860,1837,1862]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wothuja">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55DFF87FD278615B0783607" box="[732,860,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">C. wothuja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55CFF86FEF3863CB7823629" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172841/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[438,1150,322,1779]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55CFF86FEF3863CB7823629" blockId="11.[264,1323,1796,1896]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55CFF86FEF3863CB2A7365D" bold="true" box="[264,387,1796,1820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55CFF86FE6B863DB16B365D" box="[400,591,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55CFF86FE6B863DB16E365D" box="[400,586,1797,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">Colostethus kaiei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A55CFF86FDAE863DB1FC365D" box="[597,728,1797,1820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, two paratypes showing the variation of colouration and sexual dichromatism. Top and bottom left, IRSNB 1959, adult male (16.5 mm SVL). Middle and bottom right, IRSNB 1958, adult female (19.6 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55BFF81FEF3853EB0A635C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172842/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[281,1309,321,1009]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55BFF81FEF3853EB0A635C4" blockId="12.[264,1323,1030,1157]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55BFF81FEF3853EB2A7355F" bold="true" box="[264,387,1030,1054]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55BFF81FE6B853EB16B355C" box="[400,591,1030,1053]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55BFF81FE6B853EB16E355C" box="[400,586,1030,1053]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">Colostethus kaiei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A55BFF81FDAE853EB1F3355C" box="[597,727,1030,1053]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, four paratypes from the type locality showing variation in colour and pattern. Top row: Adult males, left to right, IRSNB 1960 (18.9 mm SVL), IRSNB 1957 (18.4 mm SVL). Bottom row: Adult females, left to right, IRSNB 1954 (17.8 mm SVL), IRSNB 1953 (18.1 mm SVL). Photographs by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55BFF81FEF3858CB2D4358C" blockId="12.[264,1325,1204,1905]" box="[264,496,1204,1229]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55BFF81FEF3858CB2D4358C" box="[264,496,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Tadpole description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55BFF81FEC385E4B1D8371A" blockId="12.[264,1325,1204,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
Twenty­four larvae were collected: five individuals in Stage 25, eight individuals in Stage 26 and 11 individuals in stage 27. Two stage­
<specimenCount id="9D6812E3A55BFF81FC97843BB0FC345C" box="[876,984,1283,1309]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="larva">25 larvae</specimenCount>
were reared to stage 26 and 27, and two stage­
<specimenCount id="9D6812E3A55BFF81FE268413B16C3404" box="[477,584,1323,1349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="larva">26 larvae</specimenCount>
were reared to stage 28 before preservation. The following is a description of
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA55BFF81FE4A846BB123342C" box="[433,519,1363,1389]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">IRSNB</collectionCode>
13767, a specimen collected in stage 25 and raised to stage 27: total length 16.7, body length 6.2, tail length 10.5 (63% total length), body width 4.1, body height 2.8 (68% body width), head width at level of eyes 3.8 (93% body width), tail muscle height at base of tail 1.5, tail muscle width at base of tail 1.3, maximum height of tail 2.9, dorsal fin equal in height to ventral fin, greatest fin height 0.9, eye­naris distance 0.6, naris­snout 0.8, internarial distance 9.5, interorbital distance 1.1, eye diameter 0.6, vent tube length 0.95, limb bud length 0.5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55BFF81FEC38751B2E237BB" blockId="12.[264,1325,1204,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Snout round in dorsal and lateral profiles, nares directed anterolaterally, eyes dorsal, directed anterolaterally. Spiracle sinistral, a short tube, directed dorsolaterally, its base located 30% of body length from snout and 14% of body height from venter. Vent tube distinct, dextral.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55BFF81FEC38630B2033630" blockId="12.[264,1325,1204,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
Tail musculature highest at body/tail junction, tapering posteriorly, terminating anterior to tail tip. Tail tip rounded. Upper fin originates at junction of body and tail (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55BFF81FB008608B23D3630" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[264,367,854,878]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,310,846]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[267,1319,307,848]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsolateral view of the tadpole of Colostethus kaiei, new species, in life (IRSNB 13767, stage 25, 10.5 mm TL). Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172843/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55AFF80FEF3826EB0A632D1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172843/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[267,1319,310,846]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55AFF80FEF3826EB0A632D1" blockId="13.[264,1322,854,912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55AFF80FEF3826EB2A3322F" bold="true" box="[264,391,854,878]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Dorsolateral view of the tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55AFF80FCDD826FB0C7322F" box="[806,995,855,878]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55AFF80FCDD826FB0C7322F" box="[806,995,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A55AFF80FC08826EB75D322C" box="[1011,1145,854,877]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in life (IRSNB 13767, stage 25, 10.5 mm TL). Photograph by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55AFF80FEC382F9B1C23538" blockId="13.[264,1322,961,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
Mouth ventral, oral disc emarginate, width about
<quantity id="4C96748FA55AFF80FC7482F9B0FD329A" box="[911,985,961,987]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
. Labial teeth short, strongly curved, each with at least 15 cusps.
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA55AFF80FD5C82D1B1C83542" box="[679,748,1001,1027]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">LTRF</collectionCode>
2(2)/3. A­1 slightly longer than A­2, P­3 slightly subequal to P­2 and P­1. Papillae in a single row, a wide medial gap in upper labium. Papillae tapered, blunt­tipped. Jaw sheaths large, serrate; each side of upper sheath sigmoid, lower sheath V­shaped (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA55AFF80FD748567B1F13538" box="[655,725,1119,1145]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[264,367,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[269,1316,1187,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[269,1317,1187,1836]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrograph of the oral disc of the tadpole of Colostethus kaiei, new species (IRSNB 13766, stage 27, 16.8 mm TL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172844/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A55AFF80FEF3860AB0213631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172844/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[269,1316,1187,1834]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA55AFF80FEF3860AB0213631" blockId="13.[264,1322,1842,1904]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55AFF80FEF3860AB2A7360B" bold="true" box="[264,387,1842,1866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Scanning electron micrograph of the oral disc of the tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A55AFF80FBC3860AB7D43608" box="[1080,1264,1842,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A55AFF80FBC3860AB7D43608" box="[1080,1264,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A55AFF80FB05860AB2713631" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(IRSNB 13766, stage 27, 16.8 mm TL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA559FF83FEF38024B2553074" blockId="14.[264,1322,284,430]" box="[264,369,284,309]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FEF38024B2553074" box="[264,369,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Va r i a t i o n</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA559FF83FEC3807CB1FE30EF" blockId="14.[264,1322,284,430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
Variation of 15 meristic characters from tadpoles in stage 25–28 is given in
<tableCitation id="C6ECECD1A559FF83FB30807CB603301F" box="[1227,1319,324,350]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="14.[264,352,484,508]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,597,1895]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements in millimetres of characters of tadpoles of Colostethus kaiei. Abbreviations are defined in the text. Mean ± SD are followed by the range in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1189E2A559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="DF1189E2A559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F">Table 2</tableCitation>
. No remarkable differences are noted among larvae from our sample except that tooth row P­3 is usually shorter in larger tadpoles.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F" ID-Table-UUID="DF1189E2A559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1189E2A559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[270,1318,597,1895]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA559FF83FEF380DCB7F0335F" blockId="14.[264,1323,484,542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FEF380DCB2A330BD" bold="true" box="[264,391,484,508]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Measurements in millimetres of characters of tadpoles of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A559FF83FBA480DDB60030BD" box="[1119,1316,485,508]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FBA480DDB60030BD" box="[1119,1316,485,508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations are defined in the text. Mean ± SD are followed by the range in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA559FF83FEF5836DB63C3626" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<table id="F96E2BCAA5590072FEF5836DB6023626" box="[270,1318,597,1895]" gridcols="7" gridrows="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF5836DB60233F2" box="[270,1318,597,691]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF5836DB2A733F2" box="[270,387,597,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FEF5836DB2A7332C" bold="true" box="[270,387,597,621]" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Character</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FE75836DB13033F2" box="[398,532,597,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FE59836DB2D233D1" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 25 (n = 3)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FDE4836DB19533F2" box="[543,689,597,691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FDC3836DB1A933D1" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 26 (n = 4)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FD47836DB06B33F2" box="[700,847,597,691]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FD2D836DB01433D1" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 27 (n = 11)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FCA5836DB0C033F2" box="[862,996,597,691]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FC89836DB0E233F2" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 26 field­reared (n = 1)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FC08836DB7A233F2" box="[1011,1158,597,691]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FBF6836DB74633F2" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 27 field­reared (n = 2)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5590072FB68836DB60233F2" box="[1171,1318,597,691]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A559FF83FB56836DB62533F2" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">Stage 28 field­reared (n = 2)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF583F1B6023242" box="[270,1318,713,771]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF583F1B2A73242" box="[270,387,713,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">TL</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7583F1B1303242" box="[398,532,713,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">10.24 ± 0.66 (9.31­10.77)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE483F1B1953242" box="[543,689,713,771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">12.67 ± 1.16 (11.04­13.83)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4783F1B06B3242" box="[700,847,713,771]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">14.51 ± 0.62 (12.64­15.03)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA583F1B0C03242" box="[862,996,713,771]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">13.97</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0883F1B7A23242" box="[1011,1158,713,771]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">16.00 ± 0.70 (15.30­16.70)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6883F1B6023242" box="[1171,1318,713,771]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">15.90 ± 0.47 (15.43­16.36)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58221B6023212" box="[270,1318,793,851]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58221B2A73212" box="[270,387,793,851]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">BL</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758221B1303212" box="[398,532,793,851]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">9.82 ± 0.60 (3.33­4.66)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48221B1953212" box="[543,689,793,851]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">4.76 ± 0.50 (3.99­5.32)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478221B06B3212" box="[700,847,793,851]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">5.48 ± 0.20 (5.32­5.99)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58221B0C03212" box="[862,996,793,851]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">5.72</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088221B7A23212" box="[1011,1158,793,851]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">6.23 ± 0.03 (6.20­6.25)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688221B6023212" box="[1171,1318,793,851]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">6.06 ± 0.07 (5.99­6.12)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58251B60232E2" box="[270,1318,873,931]" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58251B2A732E2" box="[270,387,873,931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">TAL</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758251B13032E2" box="[398,532,873,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">6.42 ± 1.26 (4.65­7.44)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48251B19532E2" box="[543,689,873,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">7.91 ± 0.70 (7.05­8.78)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478251B06B32E2" box="[700,847,873,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">9.03 ± 0.60 (7.19­9.50)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58251B0C032E2" box="[862,996,873,931]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">8.25</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088251B7A232E2" box="[1011,1158,873,931]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">9.78 ± 0.73 (9.05­10.50)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688251B60232E2" box="[1171,1318,873,931]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">9.77 ± 0.34 (9.44­10.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58282B60232B2" box="[270,1318,954,1011]" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58282B2A732B2" box="[270,387,954,1011]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">BW</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758282B13032B2" box="[398,532,954,1011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.54 ± 0.56 (2.08­3.32)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48282B19532B2" box="[543,689,954,1011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.29 ± 0.35 (2.80­3.64)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478282B06B32B2" box="[700,847,954,1011]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.93 ± 0.13 (3.71­4.10)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58282B0C032B2" box="[862,996,954,1011]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">4.29</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088282B7A232B2" box="[1011,1158,954,1011]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">4.26 ± 0.16 (4.10­4.42)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688282B60232B2" box="[1171,1318,954,1011]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.95 ± 0.04 (3.90­3.99)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58532B6023505" box="[270,1318,1034,1092]" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58532B2A73505" box="[270,387,1034,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">BH</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758532B1303505" box="[398,532,1034,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.71 ± 0.26 (1.50­2.08)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48532B1953505" box="[543,689,1034,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.08 ± 0.62 (1.17­2.93)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478532B06B3505" box="[700,847,1034,1092]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.77 ± 0.24 (2.34­3.12)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58532B0C03505" box="[862,996,1034,1092]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.06</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088532B7A23505" box="[1011,1158,1034,1092]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.87 ± 0.06 (2.80­2.93)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688532B6023505" box="[1171,1318,1034,1092]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.49 ± 0.23 (3.25­3.72)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58563B60235D5" box="[270,1318,1115,1172]" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58563B2A735D5" box="[270,387,1115,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">HW</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758563B13035D5" box="[398,532,1115,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.36 ± 0.54 (1.95­3.12)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48563B19535D5" box="[543,689,1115,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.81 ± 0.39 (2.41­3.45)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478563B06B35D5" box="[700,847,1115,1172]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.37 ± 0.16 (3.19­3.58)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58563B0C035D5" box="[862,996,1115,1172]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.64</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088563B7A235D5" box="[1011,1158,1115,1172]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.66 ± 0.14 (3.51­3.80)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688563B60235D5" box="[1171,1318,1115,1172]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">3.75 ± 0.02 (3.72­3.77)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58593B60235A4" box="[270,1318,1195,1253]" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58593B2A735A4" box="[270,387,1195,1253]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">TMH</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758593B13035A4" box="[398,532,1195,1253]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.11 ± 0.09 (0.98­1.17)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48593B19535A4" box="[543,689,1195,1253]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.16 ± 0.18 (0.98­1.37)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478593B06B35A4" box="[700,847,1195,1253]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.44 ± 0.15 (1.24­1.69)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58593B0C035A4" box="[862,996,1195,1253]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.50</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088593B7A235A4" box="[1011,1158,1195,1253]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.53 ± 0.03 (1.50­1.56)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688593B60235A4" box="[1171,1318,1195,1253]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.74 ± 0.11 (1.63­1.86)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF585C3B6023474" box="[270,1318,1275,1333]" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF585C3B2A73474" box="[270,387,1275,1333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">TMW</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7585C3B1303474" box="[398,532,1275,1333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.87 ± 0.17 (0.72­1.11)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE485C3B1953474" box="[543,689,1275,1333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.13 ± 0.16 (0.98­1.37)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4785C3B06B3474" box="[700,847,1275,1333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.41 ± 0.13 (1.30­1.63)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA585C3B0C03474" box="[862,996,1275,1333]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.24</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0885C3B7A23474" box="[1011,1158,1275,1333]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.30 ± 0 (1.30)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6885C3B6023474" box="[1171,1318,1275,1333]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.52 ± 0.15 (1.37­1.67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58474B60234C4" box="[270,1318,1356,1413]" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58474B2A734C4" box="[270,387,1356,1413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">MTH</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758474B13034C4" box="[398,532,1356,1413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.60 ± 0.03 (1.56­1.63)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48474B19534C4" box="[543,689,1356,1413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.72 ± 0.27 (1.3­1.95)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478474B06B34C4" box="[700,847,1356,1413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.16 ± 0.12 (1.95­2.34)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58474B0C034C4" box="[862,996,1356,1413]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.15</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088474B7A234C4" box="[1011,1158,1356,1413]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.69 ± 0.22 (2.47­2.90)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688474B60234C4" box="[1171,1318,1356,1413]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">2.77 ± 0.69 (2.08­3.46)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF584A4B6023497" box="[270,1318,1436,1494]" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF584A4B2A73497" box="[270,387,1436,1494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">END</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7584A4B1303497" box="[398,532,1436,1494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.41 ± 0.06 (0.33­0.46)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE484A4B1953497" box="[543,689,1436,1494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.54 ± 0.08 (0.46­0.65)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4784A4B06B3497" box="[700,847,1436,1494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.58 ± 0.06 (0.52­0.72)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA584A4B0C03497" box="[862,996,1436,1494]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.65</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0884A4B7A23497" box="[1011,1158,1436,1494]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.66 ± 0.06 (0.60­0.72)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6884A4B6023497" box="[1171,1318,1436,1494]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.76 ± 0.09 (0.67­0.85)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF584D4B6023767" box="[270,1318,1516,1574]" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF584D4B2A73767" box="[270,387,1516,1574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">NSD</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7584D4B1303767" box="[398,532,1516,1574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.59 ± 0.05 (0.52­0.65)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE484D4B1953767" box="[543,689,1516,1574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.51 ± 0.12 (0.33­0.65)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4784D4B06B3767" box="[700,847,1516,1574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.73 ± 0.08 (0.59­0.85)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA584D4B0C03767" box="[862,996,1516,1574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.78</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0884D4B7A23767" box="[1011,1158,1516,1574]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.86 ± 0.06 (0.80­0.91)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6884D4B6023767" box="[1171,1318,1516,1574]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.50 ± 0.17 (0.33­0.67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58704B6023737" box="[270,1318,1596,1654]" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58704B2A73737" box="[270,387,1596,1654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">IND</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758704B1303737" box="[398,532,1596,1654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.74 ± 0.08 (0.65­0.82)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48704B1953737" box="[543,689,1596,1654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.85 ± 0.11 (0.78­1.04)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478704B06B3737" box="[700,847,1596,1654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.96 ± 0.13 (0.78­1.17)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58704B0C03737" box="[862,996,1596,1654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.85</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088704B7A23737" box="[1011,1158,1596,1654]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.61 ± 0.11 (0.50­0.72)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688704B6023737" box="[1171,1318,1596,1654]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.96 ± 0.02 (0.93­0.98)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF587B5B6023786" box="[270,1318,1677,1735]" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF587B5B2A73786" box="[270,387,1677,1735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">IOD</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7587B5B1303786" box="[398,532,1677,1735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.85 ± 0.05 (0.78­0.91)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE487B5B1953786" box="[543,689,1677,1735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.90 ± 0.10 (0.78­1.06)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4787B5B06B3786" box="[700,847,1677,1735]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.00 ± 0.04 (0.98­1.10)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA587B5B0C03786" box="[862,996,1677,1735]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.04</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0887B5B7A23786" box="[1011,1158,1677,1735]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.00 ± 0.09 (0.91­1.1)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6887B5B6023786" box="[1171,1318,1677,1735]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">1.09 ± 0.03 (1.06­1.11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF587E5B6023656" box="[270,1318,1757,1815]" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF587E5B2A73656" box="[270,387,1757,1815]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">ED</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE7587E5B1303656" box="[398,532,1757,1815]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.39 ± 0.05 (0.33­0.46)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE487E5B1953656" box="[543,689,1757,1815]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.41 ± 0.05 (0.33­0.46)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD4787E5B06B3656" box="[700,847,1757,1815]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.54 ± 0.03 (0.52­0.59)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA587E5B0C03656" box="[862,996,1757,1815]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.52</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC0887E5B7A23656" box="[1011,1158,1757,1815]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.56 ± 0.04 (0.52­0.60)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB6887E5B6023656" box="[1171,1318,1757,1815]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.56 ± 0.03 (0.53­0.59)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5590072FEF58615B6023626" box="[270,1318,1837,1895]" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">
<th id="768FB254A5590072FEF58615B2A73626" box="[270,387,1837,1895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">VTL</th>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FE758615B1303626" box="[398,532,1837,1895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.66 ± 0.16 (0.43­0.78)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FDE48615B1953626" box="[543,689,1837,1895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.56 ± 0.10 (0.46­0.65)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FD478615B06B3626" box="[700,847,1837,1895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.68 ± 0.09 (0.52­0.85)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FCA58615B0C03626" box="[862,996,1837,1895]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.78</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FC088615B7A23626" box="[1011,1158,1837,1895]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.84 ± 0.12 (0.72­0.95)</td>
<td id="768FB254A5590072FB688615B6023626" box="[1171,1318,1837,1895]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="49">0.99 ± 0.05 (0.93­1.04)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A558FF82FEF3875AB0D33667" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172845/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[563,984,339,1553]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA558FF82FEF3875AB0D33667" blockId="15.[264,1323,1634,1830]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A558FF82FEF3875AB2A3373B" bold="true" box="[264,391,1634,1658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Sonogram (top) and amplitude waveform (bottom) of advertisement calls of males
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A558FF82FEF387BDB2E737DD" box="[264,451,1669,1692]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A558FF82FEF387BDB2E737DD" box="[264,451,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kaieteur National Park Guyana.
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A558FF82FC9587BDB70D37DD" box="[878,1065,1669,1692]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A558FF82FC9587BDB70D37DD" box="[878,1065,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="50">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
advertisement calls are repetitive, unmodulated whistled short duration notes or syllables usually broadcast as paired notes (a; holotype IRSNB 1938) about 32 ms in duration, but sometimes as a mixture of paired and single notes (b; paratype IRSNB 1964). The waveform illustrates relative amplitude (sound volume) that is reflected in the height of the spikes above and below the 0 Pa axis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEF38024B2813074" blockId="16.[264,1325,284,590]" box="[264,421,284,309]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEF38024B2813074" box="[264,421,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Colour in life</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEC3807CB112330F" blockId="16.[264,1325,284,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Body and top of head dark brown (almost black) with minute light dots. Lateral head light purple (transparent but appearing purple due to blood vessels visible through the skin), with minute darker dots. Caudal musculature grey, heavily mottled with dark brown. Fins transparent, upper fin mottled with dark brown, lower fin free of melanophores. After two months in preservative the light purple disappears and the body colouration remains dark brown, or light brown in specimens left a few days exposed to the light. No other noticeable change occurs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEF383BCB28033DC" blockId="16.[264,1325,644,1030]" box="[264,420,644,669]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEF383BCB28033DC" box="[264,420,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Vocalizations</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEC38394B0483547" blockId="16.[264,1325,644,1030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
Quantitative measures of the somewhat cricket­like chirps of eight males including the
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A547FF9DFEF383ECB24A33AF" box="[264,366,724,750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
[
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA547FF9DFE8783ECB2F233AF" box="[380,470,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1938;
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA547FF9DFDDC83ECB14E33AF" box="[551,618,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[563,984,339,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[527,1060,326,1574]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sonogram (top) and amplitude waveform (bottom) of advertisement calls of males Colostethus kaiei from Kaieteur National Park Guyana. Colostethus kaiei advertisement calls are repetitive, unmodulated whistled short duration notes or syllables usually broadcast as paired notes (a; holotype IRSNB 1938) about 32 ms in duration, but sometimes as a mixture of paired and single notes (b; paratype IRSNB 1964). The waveform illustrates relative amplitude (sound volume) that is reflected in the height of the spikes above and below the 0 Pa axis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172845/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
(a)],
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A547FF9DFD5083ECB03433AF" box="[683,784,724,750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA547FF9DFCEC83ECB04A33AF" box="[791,878,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1959 and
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A547FF9DFC1383ECB76933AF" box="[1000,1101,724,750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED7F41AFA547FF9DFBA883ECB78E33AF" box="[1107,1194,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">IRSNB</collectionCode>
1964 [
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA547FF9DFB0183ECB2323257" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[563,984,339,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[527,1060,326,1574]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sonogram (top) and amplitude waveform (bottom) of advertisement calls of males Colostethus kaiei from Kaieteur National Park Guyana. Colostethus kaiei advertisement calls are repetitive, unmodulated whistled short duration notes or syllables usually broadcast as paired notes (a; holotype IRSNB 1938) about 32 ms in duration, but sometimes as a mixture of paired and single notes (b; paratype IRSNB 1964). The waveform illustrates relative amplitude (sound volume) that is reflected in the height of the spikes above and below the 0 Pa axis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172845/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
(b)] indicated low variation among individuals (mean ± 1SE) for fundamental frequency (4.85 ± 0.40 kHz), harmonic frequency I (9.77 ± 0.30 kHz), harmonic frequency II (14.68 ± 0.07 kHz), and harmonic frequency III (19.59 ± 0.05 kHz) ­ unfortunately the harmonic frequencies while obvious in the original Canary generated sonograms, are not evident in
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA547FF9DFEF382A4B26A32F7" box="[264,334,924,950]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[563,984,339,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[527,1060,326,1574]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sonogram (top) and amplitude waveform (bottom) of advertisement calls of males Colostethus kaiei from Kaieteur National Park Guyana. Colostethus kaiei advertisement calls are repetitive, unmodulated whistled short duration notes or syllables usually broadcast as paired notes (a; holotype IRSNB 1938) about 32 ms in duration, but sometimes as a mixture of paired and single notes (b; paratype IRSNB 1964). The waveform illustrates relative amplitude (sound volume) that is reflected in the height of the spikes above and below the 0 Pa axis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172845/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
a, b — note duration (31.69 ± 1.17 ms), intranote duration (106.92 ± 2.41 ms), and internote duration (923.15 ± 34.07 ms;
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA547FF9DFD2B82FCB030329F" box="[720,788,964,990]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[563,984,339,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[527,1060,326,1574]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sonogram (top) and amplitude waveform (bottom) of advertisement calls of males Colostethus kaiei from Kaieteur National Park Guyana. Colostethus kaiei advertisement calls are repetitive, unmodulated whistled short duration notes or syllables usually broadcast as paired notes (a; holotype IRSNB 1938) about 32 ms in duration, but sometimes as a mixture of paired and single notes (b; paratype IRSNB 1964). The waveform illustrates relative amplitude (sound volume) that is reflected in the height of the spikes above and below the 0 Pa axis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172845/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
a, b). The mean number of calls produced per 1­minute section was 74 and ranged from 49 to 101.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEF38504B2833514" blockId="16.[264,1323,1084,1470]" box="[264,423,1084,1109]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEF38504B2833514" box="[264,423,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Relationships</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A547FF99FEC3855CB62E301F" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEC3855CB7EE34FF" blockId="16.[264,1323,1084,1470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFEC3855CB129353C" box="[312,525,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEC3855CB129353C" box="[312,525,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares some phenotypic characters with most
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA547FF9DFB82855CB7EA353F" box="[1145,1230,1124,1150]" name="Guyana" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Guiana</collectingCountry>
Shield
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFEF385B4B2B635E4" box="[264,402,1164,1189]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEF385B4B2B635E4" box="[264,402,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Colostethus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like the median lingual process (MLP) (which is quite variable in size and shape among the species), toe webbing (extensive in some species) and robust body (
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFEE985E4B2B835B4" box="[274,412,1244,1269]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEE985E4B2B835B4" box="[274,412,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Colostethus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species without MLP have slender bodies). As pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA547FF9DFB8385E4B272345F" author="Barrio-Amoros" pageId="16" pageNumber="58" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2006) A new dendrobatid frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethus) from Aprada tepui, southern Venezuela. Zootaxa, 1110, 59 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">Barrio­Amorós (2006)</bibRefCitation>
we can assume that all the species having a MLP form a monophyletic group, but contrary to his assertions our recent discoveries show that not all of the species having a MLP share the oblique lateral stripe (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFCAF846CB091342C" box="[852,949,1364,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFCAF846CB091342C" box="[852,949,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but also in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFBA3846CB7CD342C" box="[1112,1257,1364,1389]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkerae">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFBA3846CB7CD342C" box="[1112,1257,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">C. parkerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after original description) and the absence of dorsolateral stripes (present at least in
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFB5E8444B62534D4" box="[1189,1281,1404,1429]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFB5E8444B62534D4" box="[1189,1281,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFAEB8444B27134FC" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFAEB8444B27134FC" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFE76849CB28C34FC" box="[397,424,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">C.</emphasis>
sp1 from Paramakatoi, the latter having a broad dorsolateral stripe).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9DFEF384CCB29F374C" blockId="16.[264,1323,1524,1870]" box="[264,443,1524,1549]" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEF384CCB29F374C" box="[264,443,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Natural history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA547FF9CFEC38724B1A830C7" blockId="16.[264,1323,1524,1870]" lastBlockId="17.[264,1322,284,390]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFEC38724B1273774" box="[312,515,1564,1589]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFEC38724B1273774" box="[312,515,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a diurnal, terrestrial, cryptically coloured species mostly found in primary forest where it can be locally abundant. A few specimens were collected in disturbed forest and one specimen was collected at the savannah edge. The species is not closely associated with bodies of water and all specimens were observed far from any stream or pond. Males are territorial and were observed calling from brown dead leaves accumulated at the base of spiny terrestrial bromeliads
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A547FF9DFC7487DCB79837BF" authority="Mez" authorityName="Mez" box="[911,1212,1764,1790]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A547FF9DFC7487DCB7A537BC" box="[911,1153,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Aechmea rubiginosa</emphasis>
Mez
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA547FF9DFB3787DCB60537BF" box="[1228,1313,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[264,367,1680,1704]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,446,1656]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[340,1248,446,1656]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Aechmea rubiginosa Mez (Bromeliaceae), one of the favourite calling sites of Colostethus kaiei, new species, along Tukeit trail. White arrow indicates typical location of a calling male. Photograph by I. Roopsind." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172846/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="51">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) but also from over and under dead leaves on the ground. Some males were observed calling from elevated sites such as boulders (up to
<quantity id="4C96748FA547FF9DFCA3860CB08B360F" box="[856,943,1844,1870]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="51" unit="cm" value="120.0">120 cm</quantity>
high). Calling activity is mainly restricted to the morning and after rains. We have so far been unable to observe courtship, and still do not know anything about the characteristics of ovipostion sites, but we observed complex maternal care.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A546FF9CFEF387A8B19B37B2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172846/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[340,1246,446,1656]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA546FF9CFEF387A8B19B37B2" blockId="17.[264,1323,1680,1779]" pageId="17" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A546FF9CFEF387A8B2B337E9" bold="true" box="[264,407,1680,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A546FF9CFE5787A8B05A37E6" authority="Mez" authorityName="Mez" box="[428,894,1680,1703]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="52" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubiginosa">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A546FF9CFE5787A8B1AB37E6" box="[428,655,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="52">Aechmea rubiginosa</emphasis>
Mez (Bromeliaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, one of the favourite calling sites of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A546FF9CFEF3878EB2E2378C" box="[264,454,1718,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A546FF9CFEF3878EB2E2378C" box="[264,454,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="52">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A546FF9CFE23878DB144378D" box="[472,608,1717,1740]" pageId="17" pageNumber="52" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, along Tukeit trail. White arrow indicates typical location of a calling male. Photograph by I. Roopsind.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA546FF9FFEC38613B762358D" blockId="17.[264,1323,1835,1901]" lastBlockId="18.[264,1325,284,1906]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="17" pageNumber="52">
Maternal behaviour was a serendipitous discovery ­ in order to detect the presence of amphibians and reptiles along Tukeit trail, a series of 10 pitfalls (plastic buckets of about
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFEF38024B2743077" box="[264,336,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="28.0">28 cm</quantity>
diameter at the top,
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFDBA8024B1AE3077" box="[577,650,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
deep) were installed beneath a thirty meters sheet­plastic drift fence along the trail (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA545FF9FFDA7807CB19C301F" box="[604,696,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[264,367,1529,1553]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,805,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[267,1319,805,1505]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. One of the ten pitfalls (plastic buckets of about 28 cm diameter at the top, 30 cm deep) installed beneath a thirty meters sheet­plastic drift fence along the Tukeit trail in which Colostethus kaiei larvae were found. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172847/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A545FF9FFC7C807CB77D301C" box="[903,1113,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A545FF9FFC7C807CB77D301C" box="[903,1113,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were commonly observed along the fence, apparently visiting the pitfalls on regular basis. Several specimens (both males and females) were collected along the fence during our daily inspections. Some others were collected into pitfalls from where they were able to escape easily by jumping. On
<date id="FFD0FFAAA545FF9FFDDE80DBB1E130BC" box="[549,709,483,509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" value="2005-07-12">12 July 2005</date>
at about 10:40 h, two of us (HS and IR) went to inspect the pitfalls. It had rained heavily the previous night and intermittently during that morning. The forest soil (white sand) was saturated, and as a result some pitfalls were half filled, the water entering the traps through the small holes made in the bottom of the buckets. At pitfall 2 (half filled with water) we observed a female
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A545FF9FFBD383BBB7D133DD" box="[1064,1269,643,668]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A545FF9FFBD383BBB7D133DD" box="[1064,1269,643,668]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that was not driven off by our presence (Fig. 12). The usual behaviour of these frogs in human presence is to quickly escape when disturbed. This behaviour led us to sit down and further observe the frog. During a 30 minutes observation period, the frog was observed jumping into and out of the bucket, and moving along the fence ­ but not travelling more than
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFAF6821AB2083225" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
from the bucket before returning and entering the bucket. After about 45 minutes the female suddenly moved to the rim of the bucket (
<emphasis id="B91A0578A545FF9FFC99824BB0A132CD" box="[866,901,883,908]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFC74824AB0FE32CD" box="[911,986,882,908]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
from the water), her cloaca facing the bottom of the bucket, and laid a single egg into the bucket. The female had her mouth slightly open during the laying process. The frog was immediately collected and six tadpoles in stage 25 were discovered and collected in the pitfall. Two of them were immediately preserved while the four others were kept in a small glass container to obtain later stages. The next day, we observed another female in pitfall 4, which still contained about
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFEA9855AB2A9353D" box="[338,397,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
water. This female was video taped for about 20 minutes hopping around the bottom of the bucket, exiting the bucket and returning, but she finally escaped without showing any particular behaviour. No tadpole was found in the bucket.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA545FF9EFEC385E2B1A133AC" blockId="18.[264,1325,284,1906]" lastBlockId="19.[264,1323,284,749]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">
Considerable time was devoted to finding natural tadpole deposition sites. We carefully checked small terrestrial bromeliads without any success, but we quickly found four additional tadpoles in stage
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFD738411B1E03402" box="[648,708,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.858" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="27.0">27 in</quantity>
a very small pool measuring
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<date id="FFD0FFAAA545FF9FFB8A8411B7803402" box="[1137,1188,1321,1347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" value="1943-10">
x
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFB7C8411B7803402" box="[1159,1188,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="43.0">43</quantity>
</date>
cm
<date id="FFD0FFAAA545FF9FFB238411B7D93402" box="[1240,1277,1321,1347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">
x
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFB158411B7D93402" box="[1262,1277,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="cm" value="6.0">6</quantity>
</date>
cm (maximum) deep, between roots at the base of a tree (
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA545FF9FFC868469B0F0342A" box="[893,980,1361,1387]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="20.[264,368,1845,1869]" captionTargetBox="[285,1305,1159,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[285,1307,1157,1836]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 13. Small pool (about 39 cm by 43 cm and 6 cm of maximum depth), between roots at the base of a tree in which tadpoles of Colostethus kaiei were found. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172848/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Two of these tadpoles were immediately preserved. Two other tadpoles in stage 27 were collected in another small pool adjacent to the first one, and these were immediately preserved. Two small egg masses from a still unidentified, presumably hylid frog, were also observed in the same pool. These two pools were full of dead leaves and detritus. Still investigating the surrounding forest, we found a large egg (about
<quantity id="4C96748FA545FF9FFCB38721B0A93772" box="[840,909,1561,1587]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
diameter), apparently unfertilized, in a third small pool between rocks. This egg that we attribute to
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A545FF9FFC008779B771371B" box="[1019,1109,1601,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A545FF9FFC008779B771371B" box="[1019,1109,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="53">C. kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected and brought back to the base camp to be deposited with the tadpoles in one of the small glass containers. On
<date id="FFD0FFAAA545FF9FFE3B87A8B1BD37EB" box="[448,665,1680,1706]" pageId="18" pageNumber="53" value="2005-12-09">9 December 2005</date>
, PJRK observed a tadpole vigorously pushing its head inside the egg, apparently feeding on it. Some other tadpoles were kept separately in another container without any egg provisioning but with a dead insect and some detritus found in the pitfall in which the tadpoles were collected. Cannibalism was not observed and all specimens kept in captivity survived. At the end of the field trip, after 8 days of captivity, we did not notice any significant difference in the size of these tadpoles compared to the tadpoles provisioned with egg. This suggests non­obligatory oophagy. The amount of available food found with tadpoles in the small pools also advocates this hypothesis. Direct examination of gut contents of two tadpoles indicate that larvae mainly feed on detritus. We speculate that the supplementary amount of protein brought by trophic eggs could speed up the development of tadpoles that must survive in small, hostile environment commonly visited by predators, and probably prone to desiccation. This egg provisioning could also help to avoid intraspecific cannibalism among tadpoles. It should be noted that unidentified crabs (family
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A544FF9EFCBF830BB715330C" box="[836,1073,563,589]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pseudothelphusidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudothelphusidae</taxonomicName>
?) were commonly encountered in the buckets filled with water, but also in small natural pools, and are probably preying on tadpoles as they do to the sympatric
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A544FF9EFC5F83BBB7A733DD" box="[932,1155,643,668]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFC5F83BBB7A733DD" box="[932,1155,643,668]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">Colostethus beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFFA49BA544FF9EFB6A83BBB2613384" author="Bourne" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" refString="Bourne, G. R., Collins, A. C., Holder, A. M. &amp; McCarthy, C. L. (2001) Vocal Communication and Reproductive Behavior of the Frog Colostethus beebei in Guyana. Journal of Herpetology, 35, 272 - 281." type="journal article" year="2001">
Bourne
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFB0B83BBB60F33DD" box="[1264,1323,643,668]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
, Kok
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFE6B8393B2EA3385" box="[400,462,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
2005). These crabs seem to be conspecific with the species feeding on adults and tadpoles of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A544FF9EFDEB83EBB15A33AD" box="[528,638,723,748]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beebei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFDEB83EBB15A33AD" box="[528,638,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">C. beebei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A544FF9EFEF384C1B0993717" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172847/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" targetBox="[267,1319,805,1505]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA544FF9EFEF384C1B0993717" blockId="19.[264,1322,1529,1622]" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFEF384C1B2B63750" bold="true" box="[264,402,1529,1553]" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
. One of the ten pitfalls (plastic buckets of about 28 cm diameter at the top, 30 cm deep) installed beneath a thirty meters sheet­plastic drift fence along the Tukeit trail in which
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A544FF9EFEF38707B2E53717" box="[264,449,1599,1622]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFEF38707B2E53717" box="[264,449,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were found. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA544FF9EFEC387B2B632365D" blockId="19.[264,1324,1674,1900]" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">
On
<date id="FFD0FFAAA544FF9EFE9887B2B16437E5" box="[355,576,1674,1700]" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" value="2005-12-11">11 December 2005</date>
around 13:00 h, on Tukeit trail approximately midway between the airstrip and Tukeit, we collected a male
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A544FF9EFCF5878AB0FE378A" box="[782,986,1714,1739]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A544FF9EFCF5878AB0FE378A" box="[782,986,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carrying a single tadpole on his back. Unfortunately, the tadpole was lost in one of the several small rocky pools in which the male jumped, but the frog was collected and sex was confirmed by dissection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA544FF9EFEC38612B7FC362D" blockId="19.[264,1324,1674,1900]" pageId="19" pageNumber="54">Up to 8 tadpoles were collected in a single pitfall but it is not known if all of them come from the same parents or if different males deposit tadpoles in the same pool.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA543FF99FEC38024B62E301F" blockId="20.[264,1323,284,350]" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
Further investigations are planned to better understand the reproductive ecology of this interesting little frog and will be the subject of future work (Kok
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FBCE807CB754301C" box="[1077,1136,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
in progress).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA543FF99FEF38535B14A3525" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<table id="F96E2BCAA5430072FEF38535B60F3525" box="[264,1323,1037,1124]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<tr id="355EDB28A5430072FEF38535B60F3564" box="[264,1323,1037,1061]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<th id="768FB254A5430072FEF38535B1D43564" box="[264,752,1037,1061]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FEF38535B2B53564" bold="true" box="[264,401,1037,1061]" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
. Paratype female of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A543FF99FD898536B1D43564" box="[626,752,1038,1061]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FD898536B1D43564" box="[626,752,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">Colostethus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5430072FD0C8535B09F3564" box="[759,955,1037,1061]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A543FF99FD038536B0083564" box="[760,812,1038,1061]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FD038536B0083564" box="[760,812,1038,1061]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A229B803A543FF99FCC18535B09E3565" box="[826,954,1037,1060]" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<th id="768FB254A5430072FC398535B60F3564" box="[962,1323,1037,1061]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">(IRSNB 1961, indicated by white</th>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5430072FEF38515B60F3505" box="[264,1323,1069,1092]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<th id="768FB254A5430072FEF38515B1D43505" box="[264,752,1069,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">arrow) along the fence. The pitfall in which</th>
<td id="768FB254A5430072FD0C8515B09F3505" box="[759,955,1069,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">she deposited one</td>
<td id="768FB254A5430072FC398515B60F3505" box="[962,1323,1069,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">unfertilized egg is visible on the</td>
</tr>
<tr id="355EDB28A5430072FEF38575B60F3525" box="[264,1323,1101,1124]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="768FB254A5430072FEF38575B1D43525" box="[264,752,1101,1124]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">right. Photograph by I. Roopsind.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1189E2A543FF99FEF3860DB7CD362D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172848/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[285,1305,1159,1836]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA543FF99FEF3860DB7CD362D" blockId="20.[264,1323,1845,1900]" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FEF3860DB2B5360C" bold="true" box="[264,401,1845,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
. Small pool (about 39 cm by 43 cm and 6 cm of maximum depth), between roots at the base of a tree in which tadpoles of
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A543FF99FD87866DB011362D" box="[636,821,1877,1900]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A543FF99FD87866DB011362D" box="[636,821,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="55">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found. Photograph by P. J. R. Kok.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3748AE1A542FF98FEF38024B0783097" pageId="21" pageNumber="56" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA542FF98FEF38024B2B33074" blockId="21.[264,1325,284,470]" box="[264,407,284,309]" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A542FF98FEF38024B2B33074" box="[264,407,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1D96AA542FF98FEC3807CB0783097" blockId="21.[264,1325,284,470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C6EA2E9A542FF98FEC3807CB123301C" box="[312,519,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaiei">
<emphasis id="B91A0578A542FF98FEC3807CB123301C" box="[312,519,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">Colostethus kaiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from Kaieteur National Park,
<collectingCountry id="F37999FAA542FF98FBC0807CB7BD301F" box="[1083,1177,324,350]" name="Guyana" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, where it is known to occur in primary and disturbed forest at elevations between 150 and
<quantity id="4C96748FA542FF98FB598054B7C930C7" box="[1186,1261,364,390]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="1355C5EFA542FF98FB068054B20C30EF" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="21.[264,367,1031,1055]" captionTargetBox="[566,1020,526,1007]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[566,1020,526,1007]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 14. Map showing the type locality of Colostethus kaiei, new species in northern South America (circle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172849/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). The species is locally abundant, especially along the Tukeit trail. Kok (2005) described the habitat
<typeStatus id="54D567C8A542FF98FDF98084B1643097" box="[514,576,444,470]" pageId="21" pageNumber="56">types</typeStatus>
at this locality in detail.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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