2039 lines
340 KiB
XML
2039 lines
340 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c" ID-ISSN="1937-2809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839134" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1641953418090" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Upchurch, Paul, Mannion, Philip D., Xu, Xing & Barrett, Paul M." docDate="2021" docId="03E9F124554EFFAE17AD20D642D7AA68" docLanguage="en" docName="JVertebrPaleontol.41.4.1-31.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (e 1994414) 41 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" docTitle="Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFD0895C5542FFB8171C2576422EA938" masterDocTitle="Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1657310793207" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Upchurch, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-8823-4164</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">upchurch@ucl.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mannion, Philip D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-9361-6941</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">philipdmannion@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Xu, Xing</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China & CAS Center of Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barrett, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-0412-3000</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K. & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.barrett@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>e 1994414</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>41</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>31</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1937-2809</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5839134</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839123" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192000893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839123" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FA936D72-7675-47A7-945F-4FA1D52B0374" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E9F124554EFFAE17AD20D642D7AA68" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection box="[177,707,1440,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[177,707,1440,1488]" box="[177,707,1440,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[177,615,1440,1462]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[177,615,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">RHOMALEOPAKHUS TURPANENSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[628,707,1440,1461]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[177,707,1440,1488]" box="[311,596,1466,1488]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[320,422,1466,1488]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStart-4="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="13.[106,195,1698,1718]" captionStartId-1="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionStartId-2="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionStartId-3="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionStartId-4="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox-0="[241,652,161,1669]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetBox-2="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetBox-3="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetBox-4="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId-0="figure-778@13.[227,656,160,1674]" captionTargetId-1="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId-3="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetId-4="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." captionText-4="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839148" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5839148/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figs. 6–10</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[435,522,1466,1488]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[107,183,159,179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of the right humerus, ulna, and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: ALPW, Proximal end width on anterolateral process (ulna only); AMPW, Proximal end width on anteromedial process (ulna only); DWAP, anteroposterior width of distal end; DWPM, width across distal end taken perpendicular to maximum width; DWM, maximum width across distal end; PW, proximal end transverse width; PWAP, proximal end anteroposterior width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation box="[575,587,1466,1488]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">4</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[107,777,1546,1968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,338,1546,1568]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Nomenclatural Acts</emphasis>
|
||
—The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix ‘http://zoobank.org/.’ The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A42348FE-ECE6-4524-B536- 857AFFD22DB2. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: CLOCKSS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[107,777,1546,1968]" lastBlockId="12.[808,1478,160,768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,316,1920,1942]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Species Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[339,641,1920,1942]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[339,641,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed on the basis of three autapomorphies: (1) humeral deltopectoral crest terminates distally in a transversely narrow ridge that is separated from the main body of the crest by distinct lateral and medial grooves; (2) prominent (100 mm long) ridge, projecting posteromedially, on posterior surface of radial shaft, a short distance below the proximal end; and (3) radial distal articular surface markedly concave in central and medial portions. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,1112,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1112,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses one of the most robust ulnae of any known sauropod (maximum proximal end width to proximodistal length ratio is 0.50;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1157,1246,373,395]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1), and is currently the only known non-somphospondylan eusauropod with the long-axes of the proximal and distal surfaces of the radius twisted through ∼90° with respect to each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1478,160,768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3434810303" country="China" county="Shanshan County" location="Lower part of the Kalazha Formation" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uyghur" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,931,480,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[832,931,480,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—A right forelimb, IVPP V11121-1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1362,1472,480,502]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStart-4="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="13.[106,195,1698,1718]" captionStartId-1="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionStartId-2="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionStartId-3="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionStartId-4="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox-0="[241,652,161,1669]" captionTargetBox-1="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetBox-2="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetBox-3="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetBox-4="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId-0="figure-778@13.[227,656,160,1674]" captionTargetId-1="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId-3="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetId-4="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." captionText-4="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839148" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5839148/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figs. 6–10</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[808,899,506,528]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[107,183,159,179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of the right humerus, ulna, and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: ALPW, Proximal end width on anterolateral process (ulna only); AMPW, Proximal end width on anteromedial process (ulna only); DWAP, anteroposterior width of distal end; DWPM, width across distal end taken perpendicular to maximum width; DWM, maximum width across distal end; PW, proximal end transverse width; PWAP, proximal end anteroposterior width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation box="[960,972,506,528]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">4</tableCitation>
|
||
), consisting of the humerus, ulna, radius, one carpal, and virtually complete manus of a single individual.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1478,160,768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,947,560,581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1087,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleos</emphasis>
|
||
(ancient Greek, masculine) equals ‘robust’ (pertaining to the body), and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1225,1300,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">pakhus</emphasis>
|
||
(ancient Greek, masculine) equals ‘forearm.’ The species name refers to the Turpan Basin, China, where the holotype was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1478,160,768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,1058,666,688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Locality and Horizon</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9F124554EFFAE17AD20D642D7AA68:8E9F16E9554EFFB4132527ED47EBAB88" box="[1081,1477,666,688]" country="China" county="Shanshan County" name="Lower part of the Kalazha Formation" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uyghur">Lower part of the Kalazha Formation</location>
|
||
(Upper Jurassic: upper Kimmeridgian–Tithonian) of
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9F124554EFFAE17AD20D642D7AA68:8E9F16E9554EFFB4126D27C347ECABF3" box="[1393,1474,693,715]" country="China" county="Shanshan County" name="Qiketai" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uyghur">Qiketai</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[808,993,720,742]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Shanshan County</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Turpan Basin,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1158,1335,720,742]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Xinjiang Uyghur</collectingRegion>
|
||
Autonomous Region,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[897,960,746,768]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[973,1094,746,768]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deng, S. & S. Wang & Z. Yang & Y. Lu & X. Li & Q. Hu & C. An & D. Xi & X. Wan" box="[1106,1282,746,768]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Geoscientia Sinica" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="559 - 574" part="36" refId="ref32135" refString="Deng, S., S. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Lu, X. Li, Q. Hu, C. An, D. Xi, and X. Wan. 2015. Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Acta Geoscientia Sinica 36: 559 - 574." title="Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang" type="journal article" year="2015">Deng et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fang, Y. & C. Wu & Y. Wang & L. Wang & Z. Guo & H. Hu" box="[1294,1462,746,768]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Asian Earth Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="294 - 308" part="129" refId="ref32359" refString="Fang, Y., C. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Guo, and H. Hu. 2016. Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 129: 294 - 308." title="Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications" type="journal article" year="2016">Fang et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1479,813,1968]" box="[808,1121,813,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[808,1121,813,835]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[808,1121,813,835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Description and Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1479,813,1968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,954,853,874]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Humerus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[930,954,855,874]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">—</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The right humerus is nearly complete, apart from a portion of the proximomedial expansion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[1269,1395,880,902]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a small part of the proximolateral corner (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1249,1317,906,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[106,195,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[241,652,161,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-778@13.[227,656,160,1674]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839148/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1333,1365,906,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1380,1413,906,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior surface of this element could not be examined fully due to its large size and storage within a protective cradle. It is a relatively robust element, with an estimated Humeral Robusticity Index (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[992,1281,1013,1035]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="125 - 160" part="1" refId="ref37673" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch, 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a " Gondwanan " distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 125 - 160." title="A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a " Gondwanan " distribution" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1116,1222,1013,1035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of 0.35, similar to those of other heavily built taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1220,1472,1040,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1220,1472,1040,1062]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,937,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,937,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dicraeosaurids, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[1159,1358,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1358,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1371,1477,1066,1088]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table 2). Proximally, the humerus expands laterally relative to the shaft, giving it an hourglass-shaped outline in anterior view; this is the plesiomorphic sauropod condition, contrasting with the more asymmetrical humeri of most titanosauriforms and turiasaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Mateus & R. B. J. Benson" box="[1078,1310,1200,1222]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & M. Kundrat & T. R. Tischler & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & J. A. Elliott & D. A. Elliott" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anterior surface of the humerus is too damaged proximally to determine whether a tuberosity for the attachment of the M. coracobrachialis was present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[808,1479,813,1968]" lastBlockId="13.[808,1478,160,1968]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The deltopectoral crest of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1103,1281,1306,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1103,1281,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more prominent than those of most sauropods and is similar to those in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Royo-Torres et al., 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Royo-Torres" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1358,1478,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres, R. & A. Cobos & L. Alcala" box="[815,1060,1360,1382]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1925 - 1927" part="314" refId="ref36092" refString="Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos, and L. Alcala. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925 - 1927." title="A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade" type="journal article" year="2006">Royo-Torres et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and brachiosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The crest lies entirely on the anterolateral margin of the humeral shaft: it does not expand or project medially across the anterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[987,1064,1440,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
), unlike those in many titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[815,951,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[966,1185,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It terminates at ∼44% of humerus length from the proximal end: by comparison, values among other sauropods range between 35–50% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1373,1478,1520,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table 2). In this respect,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1196,1374,1546,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1196,1374,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost identical to several other CMTs: for example, these values are 44% in
|
||
<emphasis box="[905,1014,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1323,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1081,1203,1600,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and 43% in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ren et al., 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Ren" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[808,1154,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Huangshanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,969,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Huangshanlong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[983,1143,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In anterior view, the anterolateral margin of the deltopectoral crest has a sigmoid profile and is relatively narrow throughout its length. One unusual feature of the deltopectoral crest is that its distal terminus forms a narrow ridge that is offset medially and laterally from the rest of the crest surface by deep, dorsoventrally oriented grooves or breaks-in-slope: this is provisionally regarded as autapomorphic.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,986,1813,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,986,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks prominent ridges or bulges on the posterolateral surface of the shaft, at the level of the deltopectoral crest. Such projections occur in many titanosaurs, including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1922" box="[808,941,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Alamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,941,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Alamosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[961,1155,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,1155,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1174,1288,1894,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Patagotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1174,1288,1894,1915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Patagotitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte & Powell" authorityYear="1980" box="[1358,1472,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Saltasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1358,1472,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Saltasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and have been interpreted as the insertion sites of a number of muscles, including the M. latissimus dorsi, M. scapulohumeralis anterior, and M. deltoideus clavicularis, although these interpretations are debated (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M." box="[375,629,1918,1940]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="5 - 63" part="37" refId="ref31238" refString="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 5 - 63." title="A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Otero, A." box="[646,770,1918,1940]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="399 - 426" part="55" refId="ref35183" refString="Otero, A. 2010. The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55: 399 - 426." title="The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2010">Otero, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Otero, A." box="[106,153,1945,1967]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="e 0198988" part="13" refId="ref35214" refString="Otero, A. 2018. Forelimb musculature and osteological correlates in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia). PLoS ONE 13: e 0198988." title="Forelimb musculature and osteological correlates in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[171,405,1945,1967]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[171,273,1945,1967]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[422,624,1945,1967]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Otero, A. & J. L. Carballido & A. Perez Moreno" box="[641,855,160,1967]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35240" refString="Otero, A., J. L. Carballido and A. Perez Moreno. 2020. The appendicular osteology of Patagotitan mayorum (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2020. 1793158." title="The appendicular osteology of Patagotitan mayorum (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="book" year="2020">Otero et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Voegele, K. K. & P. V. Ullmann & M. C. Lamanna & K. J. Lacovara" box="[867,1065,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anatomy" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="133 - 154" part="237" refId="ref37382" refString="Voegele, K. K., P. V. Ullmann, M. C. Lamanna, and K. J. Lacovara. 2020. Appendicular myological reconstruction of the forelimb of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani. Journal of Anatomy 237: 133 - 154." title="Appendicular myological reconstruction of the forelimb of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani" type="journal article" year="2020">Voegele et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1115,1292,160,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1115,1292,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as in most sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[870,1004,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[1017,1229,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[1242,1462,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1242,1344,186,208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the humeral shaft is wider transversely than anteroposteriorly, producing an elliptical horizontal cross-section at midlength. The transverse width of the shaft at midlength to proximodistal length ratio is estimated at 0.17–0.18. There is a small amount of torsion in the shaft, such that the long-axes of the proximal and distal end surfaces are slightly rotated relative to each other, but
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,986,373,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,986,373,395]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the marked torsion (c. 40°) seen in many diplodocids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Mateus & R. B. J. Benson" box="[949,1196,400,422]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some CMTs (e.g., at least 30° in
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,1120,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[1138,1342,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and 25° in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,969,453,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Huangshanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,969,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Huangshanlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" box="[983,1177,453,475]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1241,1350,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" box="[887,1093,480,502]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded such humeral torsion as a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young and Chao" authorityYear="1972" box="[1001,1197,506,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mamenchisauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there is clearly some variation among CMTs and homoplasy within Sauropoda, especially given that a strong degree of torsion of the humeral shaft is the plesiomorphic sauropodomorph condition that is lost in early sauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[1060,1176,613,635]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & A. M. Yates & J. N. Choiniere & F. Abdala" box="[1189,1391,613,635]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="151 - 205" part="171" refId="ref34798" refString="McPhee, B. W., A. M. Yates, J. N. Choiniere, and F. Abdala, 2014. The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 151 - 205." title="The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2014">McPhee et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[808,1478,160,1968]" lastBlockId="14.[107,777,1597,1966]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The distal end of the humerus is relatively wide transversely compared with the width of the shaft at midlength, largely because it projects a considerable distance medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1382,1462,693,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ratio of distal end transverse width to humerus proximodistal length is 0.38, which is equaled or exceeded only by
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,939,773,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,939,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a few titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & M. Kundrat & T. R. Tischler & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & J. A. Elliott & D. A. Elliott" box="[1193,1405,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1). Distally, the anterior surface of the humerus is flat, apart from the relatively large lateral and medial anterodistal processes (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[1224,1468,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1224,1328,853,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,893,880,902]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the relative size of these anterodistal processes is difficult to quantify, they are very reduced or absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,995,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Chubutisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[1205,1358,933,955]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and are particularly large in several CMTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Remes, K." bookContentInfo="355 pp." box="[1222,1364,960,982]" journalOrPublisher="Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35890" refString="Remes, K. 2008. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function. Ph. D. Dissertation. Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich. 355 pp." title="Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function" type="book" year="2008">Remes, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,968,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[992,1134,986,1008]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Huang et al., 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Huang" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Huangshanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1216,1380,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Huangshanlong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Enlarged (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" box="[1070,1275,1013,1035]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and/or anteriorly directed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[913,1095,1040,1062]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) anterodistal processes have been regarded as a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young and Chao" authorityYear="1972" box="[1166,1368,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mamenchisauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: however, reduction and loss of these processes appears to be the derived state (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[871,1013,1120,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and increased process size requires quantification and more comparative work before it can provide support for mamenchisaurid affinities. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1249,1429,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1249,1429,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the distal articular surface is rugose and does not expand up onto the anterior face of the shaft, unlike the humeri of some titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & M. T. Carrano" box="[876,1154,1253,1275]" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="252 - 267" part="25" refId="ref37594" refString="Wilson, J. A., and M. T. Carrano. 1999. Titanosaurs and the origin of ' wide-gauge' trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion. Paleobiology 25: 252 - 267." title="Titanosaurs and the origin of ' wide-gauge' trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion" type="journal article" year="1999">Wilson and Carrano, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1169,1303,1253,1275]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ulnar and radial condyles are not strongly divided from each other, and the former is somewhat larger than the latter.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Remes, K." bookContentInfo="355 pp." box="[1328,1477,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35890" refString="Remes, K. 2008. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function. Ph. D. Dissertation. Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich. 355 pp." title="Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function" type="book" year="2008">Remes (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that mamenchisaurids possess a unique distal humeral configuration. In
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1224,1360,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1234,1471,1360,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1234,1358,1360,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[854,1109,1386,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,1109,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lateral condyle (which
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Remes, K." bookContentInfo="355 pp." journalOrPublisher="Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35890" refString="Remes, K. 2008. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function. Ph. D. Dissertation. Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich. 355 pp." title="Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function" type="book" year="2008">Remes [2008]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
termed the ‘radial’ condyle, but which has become the ulnar condyle in sauropods because of the rotation of the antebrachium [
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonnan, M. F." box="[921,1068,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="595 - 613" part="23" refId="ref31200" refString="Bonnan, M. F. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 595 - 613." title="The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]), is larger than the radial one. Moreover, the ulnar and radial condylar surfaces have long axes that are at ∼90° to each other in distal end view, with the former directed anterolaterally. This results in the lateral part of the distal end having a distinct subtriangular profile, formed by fairly straight anterolateral and posterolateral margins that meet each other at an acute angle (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="He, X. - L. & K. Li & K. - J. Cai" bookContentInfo="143 pp." box="[1232,1385,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref33150" refString="He, X. - L., K. Li, and K. - J. Cai. 1988. The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu. 143 pp. [In Chinese, English summary]" title="The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis" type="book" year="1988">He et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 44B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[808,1041,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 35F;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[1142,1276,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 38C, 39C). In many other sauropods, this lateral portion is more semicircular or subquadrate in distal view (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[1182,1413,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1182,1286,1706,1728]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 4; N.B.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[868,972,1733,1755]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al.’s fig. 4A shows the distal end profile of the right humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1021,1273,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1021,1273,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
incorrectly labelled as the left).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[951,1132,1786,1808]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1132,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses the same distal end profile seen in other CMTs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1131,1210,1813,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
): however, several non-CMTs also possess this state and, in any case, it is potentially the plesiomorphic eusauropod condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[926,1106,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,1106,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lateral third of the flat distal end surface is quite strongly beveled (∼30° relative to the plane lying perpendicular to the proximodistal long-axis of the humerus) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[230,314,1597,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-300@14.[147,1438,160,1389]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
): as a result, it faces laterodistally. This feature, however, does not seem to have a clear phylogenetic significance; it occurs sporadically in distantly related taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Anhuilong, Haestasaurus" authorityName="Anhuilong, Haestasaurus" box="[107,592,1677,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,257,1677,1699]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[301,412,1677,1699]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,592,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Haestasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[637,770,1678,1699]" class="Reptilia" family="Rebbachisauridae" genus="Limaysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,770,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Limaysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,370,1704,1726]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,370,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte & Powell" authorityYear="1980" box="[446,563,1704,1726]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Saltasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[446,563,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Saltasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[171,404,1730,1752]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[171,275,1730,1752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[421,594,1730,1752]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The supracondylar (= olecranon or cuboid) fossa, and the medial and lateral ridges that bound it on the distal part of the posterior surface of the shaft, are partially obscured by the packing material upon which the humerus rests (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[678,760,1837,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" captionTargetBox="[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetId="figure-1002@15.[131,751,160,1088]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, this fossa is not deep, unlike those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[655,776,1864,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[655,776,1864,1886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several somphospondylans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[456,705,1890,1912]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[456,562,1890,1912]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cerda, I. A. & G. A. Casal & R. D. Martinez & L. M. Ibiricu" box="[695,705,1890,1912]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="150369" part="2" refId="ref31737" refString="Cerda, I. A., G. A. Casal, R. D. Martinez, and L. M. Ibiricu. 2015. Histological evidence for a supraspinous ligament in sauropod dinosaurs. Royal Society Open Science 2: 150369. doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 150369" title="Histological evidence for a supraspinous ligament in sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2015">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[107,251,1917,1939]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the associated ridges are broadly rounded transversely rather than acute.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839148/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" startId="13.[106,195,1698,1718]" targetBox="[241,652,161,1669]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[106,776,1698,1791]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">
|
||
FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[500,776,1698,1718]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,776,1698,1718]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="13">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[106,249,1723,1743]" pageId="13" pageNumber="13" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839150/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" startId="14.[107,196,1414,1434]" targetBox="[147,1438,160,1389]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[107,1478,1414,1506]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
FIGURE 7. Right humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[395,667,1414,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[395,667,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[673,813,1414,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1085,1103,1414,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1250,1264,1414,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,205,1438,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">dpc</emphasis>
|
||
, deltopectoral crest;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[396,441,1438,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">l.adp</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral anterodistal process;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[708,765,1438,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">m.adp</emphasis>
|
||
, medial anterodistal process;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1035,1060,1438,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">mt</emphasis>
|
||
, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[808,1478,1597,1966]" lastBlockId="15.[808,1479,160,1968]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,884,1597,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Ulna</emphasis>
|
||
—The ulna is complete apart from a small amount of material missing from the proximal end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1262,1332,1624,1646]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[106,195,1698,1718]" captionTargetBox="[241,652,161,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-778@13.[227,656,160,1674]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839148/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1349,1408,1624,1646]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">9A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is extremely robust, with one of the highest proximal end maximum width to proximodistal length ratios (0.50) of any sauropod, although
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[975,1174,1704,1726]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,1174,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a ratio of 0.51 (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1385,1478,1704,1726]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1). The expanded proximal end is triradiate because of the presence of well-developed anterolateral, anteromedial, and posteromedial processes. As in other sauropods, the anterolateral and anteromedial processes define a deep concavity that receives the proximal end of the radius (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[815,1077,1864,1886]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In proximal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1295,1370,1864,1886]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
|
||
), the ulna of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[841,1022,1890,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[841,1022,1890,1912]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="14">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a ‘V’-shaped profile, rather than the ‘T’-shape seen in several somphospondylans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="14" pageNumber="14" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1301,1407,1917,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The angle between the anteromedial and anterolateral processes is ∼70°, which is the derived state (i.e., less than 80°) that occurs in most sauropods (including
|
||
<emphasis box="[611,770,1332,1354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[106,360,1359,1381]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,360,1359,1381]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,568,1359,1381]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
), except some nonneosauropods, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[369,501,1386,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,501,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,770,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[523,647,1386,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,216,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[237,401,1412,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Huangshanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,401,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Huangshanlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[421,541,1412,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Bellusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[421,541,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Bellusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[614,734,1412,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,734,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as several titanosaurs, in which this angle is greater than 80° and often approaches 90° (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" box="[457,668,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Mateus & R. B. J. Benson" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & M. Kundrat & T. R. Tischler & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & J. A. Elliott & D. A. Elliott" box="[245,449,1492,1514]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[462,627,1492,1514]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[215,395,1519,1541]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[215,395,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anteromedial to anterolateral process length ratio (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[397,624,1545,1567]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[397,501,1545,1567]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is 1.72 (N.B., the measurements in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[335,413,1572,1594]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[107,183,159,179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of the right humerus, ulna, and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: ALPW, Proximal end width on anterolateral process (ulna only); AMPW, Proximal end width on anteromedial process (ulna only); DWAP, anteroposterior width of distal end; DWPM, width across distal end taken perpendicular to maximum width; DWM, maximum width across distal end; PW, proximal end transverse width; PWAP, proximal end anteroposterior width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
give a ratio of 1.25, but these are the maximum lengths of the processes, not their lengths measured to the intersection of process long-axes, as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[106,353,1652,1674]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[106,205,1652,1674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al. [2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 13A]). This ratio typically ranges between 1.6–1.8 in non-neosauropod eusauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raath" authorityYear="1972" box="[652,770,1679,1701]" class="Reptilia" family="Vulcanodontidae" genus="Vulcanodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,770,1679,1701]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Vulcanodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Ferganasaurus" authorityName="Ferganasaurus" box="[106,403,1706,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Cetiosauriscus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,243,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Cetiosauriscus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[262,403,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 1.0–1.3 in most diplodocoids and non-titanosauriform macronarians, and>1.5 in titanosauriforms (with values>1.6 in titanosaurs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[539,726,1759,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,726,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ≥2.0 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1990" box="[196,363,1786,1808]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Epachthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[196,363,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Epachthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,568,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Cedarosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[595,701,1786,1808]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table 2). The anteromedial process of the proximal end of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[155,336,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,336,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ulna has a strongly concave articular surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[209,329,1866,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), as also occurs in many titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[113,282,1892,1914]" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[113,221,1892,1914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[297,345,1892,1914]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), several non-neosauropod eusauropods such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[197,307,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Janenschia</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,506,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Haestasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonaparte, J. F. & W. - D., Heinrich & R. Wild" box="[524,770,1919,1941]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica, Abteilung A" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 76" part="256" refId="ref31135" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., W. - D., Heinrich, and R. Wild. 2000. Review of Janenschia Wild, with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Sauropoda. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 256: 25 - 76." title="Review of Janenschia Wild, with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2000">Bonaparte et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[106,340,1946,1968]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[106,210,1946,1968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[357,593,1946,1968]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in a more shallowly concave form in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1089,1249,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[1263,1396,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the olecranon process is relatively low in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,988,213,235]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,988,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this region is moderately projected, which is emphasized by the concave proximal surface of the anteromedial process. Similarly developed olecranon processes are seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[891,1147,293,315]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[891,1147,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[1162,1392,293,315]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 36),
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,968,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[985,1120,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 40),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1217,1354,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Haestasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1371,1477,320,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1054,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Janenschia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonaparte, J. F. & W. - D., Heinrich & R. Wild" box="[1069,1303,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica, Abteilung A" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="25 - 76" part="256" refId="ref31135" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., W. - D., Heinrich, and R. Wild. 2000. Review of Janenschia Wild, with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Sauropoda. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 256: 25 - 76." title="Review of Janenschia Wild, with the description of a new sauropod from the Tendaguru beds of Tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2000">Bonaparte et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and several titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[1164,1336,373,395]" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1164,1272,373,395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & M. T. Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="252 - 267" part="25" refId="ref37594" refString="Wilson, J. A., and M. T. Carrano. 1999. Titanosaurs and the origin of ' wide-gauge' trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion. Paleobiology 25: 252 - 267." title="Titanosaurs and the origin of ' wide-gauge' trackways: a biomechanical and systematic perspective on sauropod locomotion" type="journal article" year="1999">Wilson and Carrano, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[978,1229,400,422]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[978,1082,400,422]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1291,1471,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1291,1471,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posteromedially directed process of the proximal end creates a concavity on the posteromedial surface that does not fade out until approximately the midlength of the element, whereas the lateral surface is flat or slightly convex anteroposteriorly. In horizontal cross-section, the proximal portion of the ulna retains the triradiate configuration, but by midlength it is elliptical, with the long-axis of this ellipse oriented anteromedially. There is a prominent ridge for a ligamentous attachment to the radius, located on the anteromedial surface of the shaft at ∼100 mm above the distal end. The distal end of the ulna is expanded both anteroposteriorly and transversely relative to the shaft. In distal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[943,1019,720,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
|
||
), the margins of this surface are strongly convex laterally and posteriorly, but slightly concave anteromedially, resulting in a comma-shaped distal profile, as is typical for most non-titanosaurian sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[1227,1462,800,822]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1227,1333,800,822]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal articular surface is mildly convex anteroposteriorly and transversely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[808,1479,160,1968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,905,880,902]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Radius</emphasis>
|
||
—The radius is complete and is 63% of the length of the humerus. This is broadly similar to the condition in many other sauropods, which tend to have values ≥65% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M. & J. Kitching" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="1753 - 1758" part="270" refId="ref38207" refString="Yates, A. M., and J. Kitching. 2003. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 1753 - 1758." title="The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion" type="journal article" year="2003">Yates and Kitching, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[869,1086,960,982]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, this value is ∼66% in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ouyang and Ye, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[808,1343,986,1008]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1068,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[1088,1334,986,1008]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ranges from 65–76% in specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1233,1357,1013,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1233,1357,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Omeisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="He, X. - L. & K. Li & K. - J. Cai" bookContentInfo="143 pp." journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" refId="ref33150" refString="He, X. - L., K. Li, and K. - J. Cai. 1988. The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu. 143 pp. [In Chinese, English summary]" title="The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis" type="book" year="1988">He et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[869,1034,1040,1062]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By contrast, this ratio is reduced in titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[965,1201,1066,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many CMTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with particularly low values of 58% and 50% in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,972,1120,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Huangshanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,972,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Huangshanlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1042,1153,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Huang, J. - D. & H. - L. You & J. - T. Yang & X. - X. Ren" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="390 - 400" part="52" refId="ref33309" refString="Huang, J. - D., H. - L. You, J. - T. Yang, and X. - X. Ren. 2014. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52: 390 - 400." title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Huangshan, Anhui Province" type="journal article" year="2014">Huang et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[874,1053,1146,1168]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The radius of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1243,1424,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1243,1424,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a robust element with expanded proximal and distal ends relative to the shaft (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[945,1067,1200,1222]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1094,1196,1200,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9G–J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The maximum widths of the proximal and distal ends are subequal, the proximal end transverse width to radius proximodistal length ratio is 0.31, and the distal end is ∼1.3 times as wide as the shaft at its midlength (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[897,982,1306,1328]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[107,183,159,179]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of the right humerus, ulna, and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: ALPW, Proximal end width on anterolateral process (ulna only); AMPW, Proximal end width on anteromedial process (ulna only); DWAP, anteroposterior width of distal end; DWPM, width across distal end taken perpendicular to maximum width; DWM, maximum width across distal end; PW, proximal end transverse width; PWAP, proximal end anteroposterior width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). The proximal end surface is flat, with a central shallow concavity and a slightly convex portion around both its anterior and lateral margins. In proximal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,889,1386,1408]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9K</figureCitation>
|
||
), the radius has a ‘D’-shaped profile, comprising a straight posterior margin (that becomes mildly concave towards the medial corner), and strongly convex anterior and lateral margins. This proximal profile appears to be plesiomorphic for sauropods, contrasting with the derived subtriangular profile with pointed medial process seen in many titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1305,1409,1520,1542]" pageId="15" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 9), and the anteroposteriorly narrow morphology that characterizes some turiasaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mateus, O. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch" box="[1151,1345,1573,1595]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="618 - 634" part="34" refId="ref34703" refString="Mateus, O., P. D. Mannion, and P. Upchurch. 2014. Zby atlanticus, a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 618 - 634." title="Zby atlanticus, a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal" type="journal article" year="2014">Mateus et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839152" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839152/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" startId="15.[106,195,1113,1133]" targetBox="[131,751,160,1088]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[106,777,1113,1205]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
FIGURE 8. Right humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[400,672,1113,1133]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[400,672,1113,1133]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="15" pageNumber="15" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[425,443,1137,1156]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">A</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal end view (damaged);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[757,771,1137,1156]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">B</emphasis>
|
||
, distal end view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[283,415,1161,1180]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[436,481,1161,1180]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">l.adp</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral anterodistal process;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,163,1185,1204]" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">m.adp</emphasis>
|
||
, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[808,1479,160,1968]" lastBlockId="18.[107,777,1039,1968]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Approximately 100 mm below the mildly concave posteromedial margin of the proximal end, on the posterior surface, there is a prominent 100 mm long ridge that projects posteromedially. Titanosaurs, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1990" box="[1075,1240,1680,1702]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Epachthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1240,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Epachthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1270,1409,1681,1702]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Rapetosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1270,1409,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rapetosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte & Powell" authorityYear="1980" box="[808,924,1706,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Saltasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,924,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Saltasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, usually have a ridge on the posterior surface of the radius that extends along much of the element’ s length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Curry Rogers, K." editor="K. A. Curry Rogers & J. A. Wilson" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="50 - 103" refId="ref31906" refString="Curry Rogers, K. 2005. Titanosauria: a phylogenetic overview; pp. 50 - 103 in K. A. Curry Rogers and J. A. Wilson (eds.), The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Titanosauria: a phylogenetic overview" type="book" volumeTitle="The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology" year="2005">Curry Rogers, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Curry Rogers, K. A." box="[956,1004,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="1046 - 1086" part="29" refId="ref31956" refString="Curry Rogers, K. A. 2009. The postcranial osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 1046 - 1086." title="The postcranial osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[1018,1234,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[1303,1471,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al. (2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4C) described a ‘lateral ridge’ (‘lr’) on the proximal part of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,962,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
radius. However, the morphology and position of the short, prominent and posteromedially directed ridge seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[888,1069,1866,1888]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,1069,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="15">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be unique and is provisionally regarded as an autapomorphy. The radius is twisted along its length such that the long-axis of the proximal articular surface is set at about 90° to that of the distal end. As a result, the posterior surface of the shaft turns to face laterally as it approaches the distal end. Such torsion of the radius is rare among sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[114,340,1093,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it has also been observed in the somphospondylan
|
||
<emphasis box="[348,491,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Huabeisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & R. B. J. Benson & Q. Pang & Z. Cheng" box="[509,719,1119,1141]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="69375" part="8" refId="ref32064" refString="D' Emic, M. D., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, R. B. J. Benson, Q. Pang, and Z. Cheng. 2013. Osteology of Huabeisaurus allocotus (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. PLoS ONE 8: e 69375. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0069375" title="Osteology of Huabeisaurus allocotus (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2013">D’ Emic et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a few titanosaurs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1990" box="[361,527,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Epachthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[361,527,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Epachthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & M. Kundrat & T. R. Tischler & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & J. A. Elliott & D. A. Elliott" box="[559,770,1146,1168]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,251,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Malawisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,251,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Malawisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gomani, E. M." box="[284,434,1173,1195]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="27" part="8" publicationUrl="https://palaeoelectronica.org/2005_1/gomani27/issue1_05.htm" refId="ref32853" refString="Gomani, E. M. 2005. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa. Palaeontologia Electronica 8 (1): 27 A. https: // palaeoelectronica. org / 2005 _ 1 / gomani 27 / issue 1 _ 05. htm" title="Sauropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa" type="journal article" year="2005">Gomani, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[451,591,1174,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Rapetosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[451,591,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rapetosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Curry Rogers, K. A." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="1046 - 1086" part="29" refId="ref31956" refString="Curry Rogers, K. A. 2009. The postcranial osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 1046 - 1086." title="The postcranial osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2009">Curry Rogers, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At midlength, the cross-section through the shaft is elliptical in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[188,368,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[188,368,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the radius being wider transversely than anteroposteriorly. There is a prominent vertical ridge on the posterolateral surface, located at approximately onefifth of element length from the distal end. This matches the prominent ridge on the anteromedial surface of the shaft of the ulna, close to the distal end, suggesting that these two ridges marked the location of a strong interosseous ligament (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[604,710,1386,1408]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" startId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" targetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[106,1478,1786,1950]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[448,717,1786,1806]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,717,1786,1806]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[728,863,1786,1806]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1128,1168,1786,1805]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
A
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1146,1157,1788,1805]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">–</emphasis>
|
||
F
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, right ulna in anterior (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1382,1400,1786,1805]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,130,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[246,261,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
|
||
), posteromedial (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[426,444,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">D</emphasis>
|
||
), proximal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[558,573,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
|
||
), and distal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,707,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">F</emphasis>
|
||
) views.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[780,823,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
G
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,809,1812,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">–</emphasis>
|
||
L
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, right radius in anterior (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1054,1072,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">G</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1163,1181,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">H</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1296,1313,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">I)</emphasis>
|
||
, medial (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1399,1410,1810,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">J</emphasis>
|
||
), proximal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[162,179,1834,1853]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">K</emphasis>
|
||
), and distal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[304,318,1834,1853]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">L</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1073,1206,1834,1853]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1245,1834,1853]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">alp</emphasis>
|
||
, anterolateral process of proximal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[251,286,1858,1877]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">amf</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[628,668,1858,1877]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">amp</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial process of proximal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1061,1098,1858,1877]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">amr</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1472,1858,1877]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">bev</emphasis>
|
||
, beveled condyles of distal radius;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[414,447,1882,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">con</emphasis>
|
||
, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1157,1178,1882,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">dc</emphasis>
|
||
, distal condyles;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1334,1384,1882,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">exp.p</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior expansion of distal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[339,367,1906,1925]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ole</emphasis>
|
||
, olecranon process;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[557,583,1906,1925]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">plr</emphasis>
|
||
, posterolateral ridge of distal radius;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[933,971,1906,1925]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">pmr</emphasis>
|
||
, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1357,1422,1906,1925]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">post.pr</emphasis>
|
||
., posterior process of proximal ulna;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[407,449,1930,1949]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">rad.f</emphasis>
|
||
, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" startId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" targetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[106,1478,1790,1858]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[485,754,1790,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,754,1790,1810]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[766,902,1790,1810]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1171,1189,1790,1809]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1333,1347,1790,1809]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
|
||
, anterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,175,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[370,386,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal (dorsal) view; and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[660,675,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
|
||
, distal (ventral) view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[883,1015,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1027,1059,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1037,1048,1816,1833]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
|
||
2
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, phalanx number;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1233,1253,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">ca</emphasis>
|
||
, carpal;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1333,1365,1814,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
I
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1341,1352,1816,1833]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">–</emphasis>
|
||
V
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, digit/metacarpal number;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[254,300,1838,1857]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">McX</emphasis>
|
||
, metacarpal (number);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[522,585,1838,1857]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">PhX.Y</emphasis>
|
||
, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177725E946ADA9CF" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" startId="18.[107,183,159,179]" targetBox="[107,1478,283,383]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[107,1478,159,247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
TABLE 3. Measurements of the right humerus, ulna, and radius of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[745,1015,159,179]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[745,1015,159,179]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1026,1164,159,179]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1340,1472,159,178]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[107,172,181,200]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">ALPW</emphasis>
|
||
, Proximal end width on anterolateral process (ulna only);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,823,181,200]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">AMPW</emphasis>
|
||
, Proximal end width on anteromedial process (ulna only);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1472,181,200]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWAP</emphasis>
|
||
, anteroposterior width of distal end;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[446,519,204,223]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWPM</emphasis>
|
||
, width across distal end taken perpendicular to maximum width;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1135,1194,204,223]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWM</emphasis>
|
||
, maximum width across distal end;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[153,186,227,246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">PW</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal end transverse width;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[493,556,227,246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">PWAP</emphasis>
|
||
, proximal end anteroposterior width. All measurements in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table box="[107,1478,283,383]" gridcols="9" gridrows="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr box="[107,1478,283,303]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[107,194,283,303]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Element</th>
|
||
<th box="[291,357,283,303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Length</th>
|
||
<th box="[456,490,283,303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">PW</th>
|
||
<th box="[588,660,283,303]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">AMPW</th>
|
||
<th box="[759,825,283,303]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">ALPW</th>
|
||
<th box="[923,987,283,303]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">PWAP</th>
|
||
<th box="[1085,1143,283,303]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWM</th>
|
||
<th box="[1241,1312,283,303]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWPM</th>
|
||
<th box="[1411,1478,283,303]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">DWAP</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1478,317,337]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[107,194,317,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Humerus</th>
|
||
<td box="[291,357,317,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">1240</td>
|
||
<td box="[456,490,317,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">566</td>
|
||
<td box="[588,660,317,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[759,825,317,337]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[923,987,317,337]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1085,1143,317,337]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">474</td>
|
||
<td box="[1241,1312,317,337]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1411,1478,317,337]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1478,340,360]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[107,194,340,360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Ulna</th>
|
||
<td box="[291,357,340,360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">785</td>
|
||
<td box="[456,490,340,360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[588,660,340,360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">393</td>
|
||
<td box="[759,825,340,360]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">314</td>
|
||
<td box="[923,987,340,360]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">—</td>
|
||
<td box="[1085,1143,340,360]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">245</td>
|
||
<td box="[1241,1312,340,360]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">168</td>
|
||
<td box="[1411,1478,340,360]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[107,1478,363,383]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[107,194,363,383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Radius</th>
|
||
<td box="[291,357,363,383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">785</td>
|
||
<td box="[456,490,363,383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">247</td>
|
||
<td box="[588,660,363,383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[759,825,363,383]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[923,987,363,383]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">175</td>
|
||
<td box="[1085,1143,363,383]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">245</td>
|
||
<td box="[1241,1312,363,383]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1411,1478,363,383]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">182</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" startId="18.[106,181,465,485]" targetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[106,1477,465,508]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[618,895,465,485]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[618,895,465,485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[913,1072,465,485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(IVPP V11121-1).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1270,1403,465,484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1421,1472,465,484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">APW</emphasis>
|
||
, anteroposterior width;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[321,339,488,507]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">H</emphasis>
|
||
, height;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[420,439,488,507]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">W</emphasis>
|
||
, width. All measurements in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table box="[106,1477,544,938]" gridcols="8" gridrows="17" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,544,564]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,544,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Element</th>
|
||
<th box="[318,448,544,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Medial length</th>
|
||
<th box="[476,608,544,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Lateral length</th>
|
||
<th box="[635,785,544,564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Proximal end H</th>
|
||
<th box="[813,965,544,564]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Proximal end W</th>
|
||
<th box="[993,1176,544,564]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Proximal end APW</th>
|
||
<th box="[1205,1326,544,564]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Distal end H</th>
|
||
<th box="[1353,1477,544,564]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Distal end W</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,578,598]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,578,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Carpal</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,578,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,578,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,578,598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,578,598]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">172</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,578,598]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">139</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,578,598]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,578,598]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,601,621]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,601,621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Metacarpal I</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,601,621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">217</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,601,621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">195</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,601,621]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,601,621]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,601,621]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,601,621]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,601,621]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,624,644]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,624,644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Metacarpal II</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,624,644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">312</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,624,644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">324</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,624,644]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,624,644]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,624,644]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,624,644]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">123</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,624,644]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,646,666]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,646,666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Metacarpal III</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,646,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">299</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,646,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">326</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,646,666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">123</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,646,666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">119</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,646,666]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,646,666]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,646,666]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">114</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,669,689]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,669,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Metacarpal IV</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,669,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">278</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,669,689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">302</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,669,689]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">143</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,669,689]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">145</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,669,689]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,669,689]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">121</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,669,689]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">142</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,692,712]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,692,712]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Metacarpal V</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,692,712]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">276</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,692,712]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,692,712]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,692,712]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">150</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,692,712]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">88</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,692,712]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">94</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,692,712]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">136</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,714,734]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,714,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx I–1</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,714,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,714,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">70</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,714,734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,714,734]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,714,734]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,714,734]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,714,734]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,737,757]" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,737,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx I–2</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,737,757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,737,757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">224</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,737,757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">134</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,737,757]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,737,757]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,737,757]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,737,757]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,760,780]" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,760,780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx II–1</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,760,780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,760,780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">45</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,760,780]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,760,780]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">103</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,760,780]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,760,780]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,760,780]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,782,802]" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,782,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx II–2</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,782,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,782,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,782,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,782,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,782,802]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,782,802]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,782,802]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,805,825]" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,805,825]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx III–1</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,805,825]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,805,825]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">27</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,805,825]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,805,825]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">132</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,805,825]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,805,825]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,805,825]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,828,848]" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,828,848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tableCitation box="[106,175,828,848]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
(continued)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,850,870]" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,850,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx III–2</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,850,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,850,870]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">45</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,850,870]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,850,870]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">114</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,850,870]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,850,870]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,850,870]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,873,893]" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,873,893]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx IV–1</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,873,893]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,873,893]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">65</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,873,893]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,873,893]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">134</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,873,893]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,873,893]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,873,893]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,896,916]" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,896,916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx IV–2</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,896,916]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,896,916]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">20</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,896,916]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,896,916]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">33</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,896,916]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,896,916]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,896,916]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,1477,918,938]" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th box="[106,290,918,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Phalanx V–1</th>
|
||
<td box="[318,448,918,938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,608,918,938]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">52</td>
|
||
<td box="[635,785,918,938]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[813,965,918,938]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">116</td>
|
||
<td box="[993,1176,918,938]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1205,1326,918,938]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1353,1477,918,938]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[107,777,1039,1968]" lastBlockId="18.[808,1478,1039,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
In medial view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[313,384,1439,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
|
||
), the distal end surface is set at an oblique angle to the long axis of the shaft such that it slopes anteroproximally (N.B., this would be proximolateral beveling of the distal end, in anterior view, if the radius was not twisted through 90° along its length). As a result, the distal end surface is set at ∼15° to the plane perpendicular to the proximodistal longaxis of the radius. Non-neosauropod eusauropods (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,240,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,240,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[292,468,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,468,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and at least some rebbachisaurids, display no such beveling of the distal radius, whereas turiasaurians and several titanosaurs have angles of ∼25° or higher (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[114,248,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[260,483,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The degree of distal radial beveling in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[223,401,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[223,401,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that seen in several nonneosauropod eusauropods, including
|
||
<emphasis box="[524,771,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[524,646,1759,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,266,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[338,414,1786,1808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
, as well as some neosauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[190,310,1813,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[190,310,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mannion et al., 2019 a)" baseAuthorityName="Mannion" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[364,742,1813,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[364,485,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[500,730,1813,1835]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[107,287,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,287,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, beveling of the distal end extends uniformly across the entire articular surface, as occurs in some titanosaurs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[210,409,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,409,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte & Powell" authorityYear="1980" box="[482,599,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Saltasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,599,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Saltasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[624,770,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[107,338,1919,1941]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" box="[357,598,1919,1941]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[357,461,1919,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with the more typical form of distal beveling in other sauropods, in which the medial half of the distal end surface is perpendicular to the long-axis of the shaft, such that the beveled section is limited to the lateral half (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[1118,1354,1093,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1374,1478,1093,1115]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal end has a ‘D’-shaped outline (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1388,1462,1119,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[107,196,1786,1806]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[146,1438,160,1761]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839154/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9L</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the derived, nearly straight posterior (= lateral because of shaft torsion) margin observed in other sauropod radii, rather than the plesiomorphic convex margin that occurs in non-sauropod sauropodomorphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[1055,1293,1226,1248]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson & Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In fact, this posterior distal margin is mildly concave between the posterolateral and posteromedial ‘condyles.’ Such distal radial condyles were first discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[1001,1150,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic (2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[1166,1214,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="707 - 726" part="11" refId="ref32022" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2013. Revision of the sauropod dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous Trinity Group, southern USA, with the description of a new genus. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11: 707 - 726." title="Revision of the sauropod dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous Trinity Group, southern USA, with the description of a new genus" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and their wider distribution among sauropods was further investigated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & M. P. Taylor" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="0125819" part="10" refId="ref37211" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and M. P. Taylor. 2015. The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10: e 0125819. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0125819" title="The anatomy and phylogenetic Relationships of " Pelorosaurus " becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1374,1478,1333,1355]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. According to the latter, such condyles tend to occur in neosauropods, but with several reversals in, for example, some titanosaurs. Laterally, the distal surface of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,989,1439,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,989,1439,1461]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
radius is mildly convex, whereas the central and medial portions are markedly concave: this contrasts with the uniformly convex distal surfaces seen in nearly all other sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[884,1039,1519,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="177 - 235" part="3" refId="ref33558" refString="Janensch, W. 1961. Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 3: 177 - 235." title="Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten" type="journal article" year="1961">Janensch, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[1051,1283,1519,1541]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1051,1155,1519,1541]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ren, X. - X. & J. - D. Huang & H. - L. You" box="[1305,1477,1519,1541]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="602 - 610" part="32" refId="ref35935" refString="Ren, X. - X., J. - D. Huang, and H. - L. You. 2018. The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China. Historical Biology 32: 602 - 610." title="The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China" type="journal article" year="2018">Ren et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the distal end surface of the radius of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1447,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
as also being flat over most of its extent, with a convex area placed posteriorly and medially. Thus, while
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1296,1477,1599,1621]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1477,1599,1621]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,968,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Anhuilong</emphasis>
|
||
potentially share the unusual flattening of the distal articular surface, the location of the residual convex area differs. Consequently, this concavity is regarded as an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[925,1105,1706,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1105,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[808,1478,1039,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,903,1733,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Manus</emphasis>
|
||
—The right manus is virtually complete, including one carpal element, five metacarpals, and two phalanges per digit except for digit V (see below) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1136,1205,1786,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). These elements are preserved in articulation, but many details are obscured by matrix (especially the ‘palmar’ surfaces of the metacarpals – see below for definitions of the orientations of the latter).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[808,1478,1039,1968]" lastBlockId="20.[107,777,160,1968]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
A large, flat, block-like carpal is situated above metacarpals I and II (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[890,1012,1919,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
) (N.B.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[1096,1225,1919,1941]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong [1997]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that this element also articulated with metacarpal III, but this is not supported by our observations of the specimen). Possession of block-like carpals is a synapomorphy of Eusauropoda according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[107,384,213,235]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, contrasting with the carpals of nonsauropod sauropodomorphs, which tend to have proximodistally more rounded margins, and proximal and distal surfaces that are less parallel (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[254,379,293,315]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sauropods have often been interpreted as possessing ossified distal carpals only (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gauthier, J." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Californian Academy of Sciences" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 55" part="8" refId="ref32553" refString="Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the Californian Academy of Sciences 8: 1 - 55." title="Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds" type="journal article" year="1986">Gauthier, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[166,421,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[432,663,346,368]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[432,536,346,368]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although an ossified proximal carpal is probably present in at least ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' (Lang and Goussard" authorityYear="2007" box="[113,487,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Bothriospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[113,487,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Bothriospondylus madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[568,696,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[568,696,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lang, E. & F. Goussard" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="549 - 560" part="29" refId="ref33819" refString="Lang, E., and F. Goussard. 2007. Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda. Geodiversitas 29: 549 - 560." title="Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2007">Läng and Goussard, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[318,532,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[598,776,426,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[598,776,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
carpal resembles the ‘medial distal carpal’ in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Tschopp et al., 2015 b)" baseAuthorityName="Tschopp" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[630,777,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[113,357,480,502]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. With the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[648,777,480,502]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,777,480,502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher, J. B." box="[114,258,506,528]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="356 - 376" part="1" refId="ref33122" refString="Hatcher, J. B. 1902. Structure of the forelimb and manus of Brontosaurus. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 1: 356 - 376." title="Structure of the forelimb and manus of Brontosaurus" type="journal article" year="1902">Hatcher, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[270,414,506,528]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="175 - 300" part="11" refId="ref32651" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11: 175 - 300." title="Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum" type="journal article" year="1936">Gilmore, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the largest carpal in the sauropod wrist is generally placed over metacarpals I and II and articulates closely with them. This element could represent: a single enlarged distal carpal I; a fusion of distal carpals I and II; or the fusion of the intermedium, one or two centrales, and distal carpal I (as proposed for ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' (Lang and Goussard" authorityYear="2007" box="[152,516,640,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Bothriospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[152,516,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Bothriospondylus madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lang, E. & F. Goussard" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="549 - 560" part="29" refId="ref33819" refString="Lang, E., and F. Goussard. 2007. Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda. Geodiversitas 29: 549 - 560." title="Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2007">Läng and Goussard, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If the latter interpretation is correct, then we cannot regard the carpal of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[320,498,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[320,498,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as being either a proximal or distal carpal since it would be a composite with contributions from each of the three rows of carpals found in the plesiomorphic archosaurian wrist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839158/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" startId="19.[106,195,1923,1943]" targetBox="[220,1363,160,1897]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[106,1478,1923,2015]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">
|
||
FIGURE 11. Phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<emphasis box="[504,764,1923,1943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett, 2021" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,1077,1923,1943]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpanensis" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1077,1923,1943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1087,1222,1923,1943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1226,1244,1923,1942]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">A</emphasis>
|
||
, topology based on EWP and EIW analyses of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[332,531,1947,1967]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al. (2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) matrix, with
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,832,1947,1967]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Wamweracaudia</emphasis>
|
||
pruned a posteriori;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1022,1036,1947,1966]" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">B</emphasis>
|
||
, topology based on EIW analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
matrix. In both topologies,
|
||
<emphasis box="[428,544,1971,1991]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[591,752,1971,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[591,752,1971,1991]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in bold font, the highlighted node represents ‘Core
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1280,1436,1971,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1280,1436,1971,1991]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="19">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like taxa’ (CMTs), and eusauropods more derived than CMTs have been collapsed into a single lineage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[107,777,160,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The margins of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[329,510,800,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[329,510,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
carpal are damaged, such that its outline can only be estimated as subcircular to elliptical, with the long axis running transversely. The approximate transverse:anteroposterior width ratio is 1.23, similar to the values seen in several non-neosauropod eusauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,240,933,955]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,240,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and turiasaurians, but differing from the higher values (>1.4) observed in many neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres, R. & P. Upchurch & P. D. Mannion & R. Mas & A. Cobos & F. Gasco & L. Alcala & J. L. Sanz" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="623 - 655" part="171" refId="ref36200" refString="Royo-Torres, R., P. Upchurch, P. D. Mannion, R. Mas, A. Cobos, F. Gasco, L. Alcala, and J. L. Sanz. 2014. The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships and stratigraphic position of the Tithonian - Berriasian Spanish sauropod dinosaur Aragosaurus ischiaticus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 623 - 655." title="The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships and stratigraphic position of the Tithonian - Berriasian Spanish sauropod dinosaur Aragosaurus ischiaticus" type="journal article" year="2014">Royo-Torres et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & R. Allain & O. Moine" box="[237,455,986,1008]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The proximal surface of the carpal is irregularly flat, with a slight convexity near the posterior and lateral margins. The posterolateral edge has a small vertical groove, suggesting that this portion is possibly a small medial part of a more lateral carpal, perhaps supporting the view that this large medial element is a composite structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lang, E. & F. Goussard" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="549 - 560" part="29" refId="ref33819" refString="Lang, E., and F. Goussard. 2007. Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda. Geodiversitas 29: 549 - 560." title="Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2007">Läng and Goussard, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal surface of the carpal cannot be examined because of the presence of matrix and the proximal ends of the metacarpals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[107,777,160,1968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The true number of ossified carpals in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[595,776,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,776,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be determined. Sauropods appear to show a trend towards loss and/or fusion of carpals through their evolutionary history, with five and three-to-four elements in the early-diverging taxa ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' (Lang and Goussard" authorityYear="2007" box="[213,582,1333,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Bothriospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[213,582,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Bothriospondylus madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[638,770,1333,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[638,770,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, two in non-neosauropod eusauropods and nontitanosauriform macronarians, one in diplodocids (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,234,1413,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,234,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[286,403,1413,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[286,403,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[463,580,1413,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[463,580,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and complete loss in some titanosaurs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1922" box="[396,530,1439,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Alamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,530,1439,1461]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Alamosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[584,777,1439,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,777,1439,1461]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[113,266,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="177 - 235" part="3" refId="ref33558" refString="Janensch, W. 1961. Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 3: 177 - 235." title="Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten" type="journal article" year="1961">Janensch, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[278,440,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[278,381,1466,1488]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[452,683,1466,1488]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[452,553,1466,1488]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Remes, K." bookContentInfo="355 pp." box="[222,351,1493,1515]" journalOrPublisher="Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35890" refString="Remes, K. 2008. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function. Ph. D. Dissertation. Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich. 355 pp." title="Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function" type="book" year="2008">Remes, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[363,580,1493,1515]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The single carpal in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[133,260,1520,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,260,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[275,422,1520,1542]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="175 - 300" part="11" refId="ref32651" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11: 175 - 300." title="Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum" type="journal article" year="1936">Gilmore, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonnan, M. F." box="[435,576,1520,1542]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="595 - 613" part="23" refId="ref31200" refString="Bonnan, M. F. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 595 - 613." title="The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is placed centrally over metacarpals II–IV and has a proximal surface that conforms closely to the distal ends of the ulna and radius (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[492,669,1600,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[492,669,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only possessed one carpal and that this taxon differed from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[649,776,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[649,776,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having this placed medially over metacarpals I and II, we consider it more likely that there was at least one additional (lateral) carpal placed over metacarpal III (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Ouyang and Ye, 2002" authorityName="Ouyang and Ye" authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,770,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[107,342,1733,1755]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or metacarpal V (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[622,770,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[622,770,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,216,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Atlasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,216,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Atlasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Apesteguia, 2005" authorityName="Apesteguia" authorityYear="2005" box="[408,770,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Argyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[408,549,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Argyrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." box="[577,770,1760,1782]" editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[107,337,1786,1808]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This view is supported by the possible presence of a small portion of a more lateral carpal (as described above) which, if correctly identified, would suggest that the wrist of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[214,395,1866,1888]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,395,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembled that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ouyang and Ye, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[107,613,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,361,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[375,602,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[107,777,160,1968]" lastBlockId="20.[808,1479,160,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The stout metacarpals have a semicircular or horseshoeshaped arrangement with their long axes oriented vertically (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,888,160,182]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); this is a eusauropod synapomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[1303,1472,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1303,1411,160,182]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[808,856,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[872,992,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & A. M. Yates & J. N. Choiniere & F. Abdala" box="[1007,1220,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="151 - 205" part="171" refId="ref34798" refString="McPhee, B. W., A. M. Yates, J. N. Choiniere, and F. Abdala, 2014. The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 151 - 205." title="The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2014">McPhee et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" box="[1235,1462,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The arc of a circle covered by this metacarpal arcade is ∼270°, as occurs in neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[1096,1261,240,262]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1096,1202,240,262]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonnan, M. F." box="[869,1010,266,288]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="595 - 613" part="23" refId="ref31200" refString="Bonnan, M. F. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 595 - 613." title="The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." box="[1024,1200,266,288]" editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Remes, K." bookContentInfo="355 pp." box="[1214,1344,266,288]" journalOrPublisher="Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35890" refString="Remes, K. 2008. Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function. Ph. D. Dissertation. Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich. 355 pp." title="Evolution of the pectoral girdle and forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia): osteology, myology, and function" type="book" year="2008">Remes, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and several taxa close to the neosauropod radiation, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Ouyang and Ye, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[909,1189,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="' (Lang and Goussard, 2007)" authorityName="' (Lang and Goussard" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Lang and Goussard" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Bothriospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Bothriospondylus madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lang, E. & F. Goussard" box="[1013,1299,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="549 - 560" part="29" refId="ref33819" refString="Lang, E., and F. Goussard. 2007. Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda. Geodiversitas 29: 549 - 560." title="Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2007">Läng and Goussard, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This contrasts with the apparently less strongly curved arcades (∼90–180°) seen in other non-neosauropod eusauropods, such as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1354,1478,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonnan, M. F." box="[931,1076,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="595 - 613" part="23" refId="ref31200" refString="Bonnan, M. F. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 595 - 613." title="The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1097,1230,426,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1230,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZDM T5402; PU pers. observ., 1995), and possibly
|
||
<emphasis box="[1094,1243,454,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alifanov, V. R. & A. O. Averianov" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="358 - 372" part="23" refId="ref30437" refString="Alifanov, V. R., and A. O. Averianov. 2003. Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 358 - 372." title="Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="2003">Alifanov and Averianov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (N.B., we are skeptical about the accuracy of the reconstruction of the manus of the latter based on, for example, an anomalous arrangement of the metacarpals as reconstructed in distal end view: see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alifanov, V. R. & A. O. Averianov" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="358 - 372" part="23" refId="ref30437" refString="Alifanov, V. R., and A. O. Averianov. 2003. Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 358 - 372." title="Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="2003">Alifanov and Averianov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 9C). The vertically oriented metacarpals, in a ‘tubular colonnade,’ make conventional directional anatomical terms ambiguous unless care is taken to define them (e.g., see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[808,979,666,688]" journalOrPublisher="GAIA" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="161 - 171" part="10" refId="ref36894" refString="Upchurch, P. 1994. Manus claw function in sauropod dinosaurs. GAIA, 10: 161 - 171." title="Manus claw function in sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,914,666,688]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here, we treat the metacarpals as if they were laid on a flat surface side-by-side. As such, ‘lateral,’ ‘medial,’ ‘dorsal,’ and ‘ventral’ refer to surfaces on the shafts of the metacarpals, rather than how these surfaces would face in the articulated manus. As a result, the dorsal surfaces face outwards, ventral surfaces face towards the center of the tubular colonnade, and metacarpals typically contact each other via portions of their lateral and medial surfaces. In correct articulation, the phalanges are placed in a more conventional orientation, with their ventral surfaces facing approximately downwards. Therefore, no additional definitions are required for phalanges, although it should be borne in mind that, for example, the medial surface of the pollex claw would have faced posteriorly or posteromedially in life with respect to the sagittal plane of the animal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[936,1005,1040,1062]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[808,1479,160,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
The proximal ends of metacarpals I and II in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1296,1477,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1477,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are obscured by the overlying carpal. In anterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1375,1463,1093,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the proximal ends of metacarpals I–III are level with each other, whereas that of metacarpal IV is displaced distally. The proximal end of metacarpal V is, in turn, displaced distally with respect to metacarpal IV. These displacements of metacarpals IV and V are presumably the result of post-mortem distortion rather than an unusual morphology possessed by the living animal. In metacarpals III–V, the exposed proximal end surfaces are generally flat and mildly rugose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[808,1479,160,1969]" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Metacarpal I is short compared with the other metacarpals (e.g., it is only 0.67 of the averaged length of metacarpals II and III:
|
||
<tableCitation box="[896,974,1386,1408]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) and shorter than the ungual on digit I. Such a relatively short metacarpal I is the plesiomorphic state that occurs in non-sauropod sauropodomorphs, non-neosauropod eusauropods (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1040,1172,1466,1488]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1172,1466,1488]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1186,1425,1466,1488]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1186,1310,1466,1488]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[808,1061,1493,1515]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1061,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and, to a lesser extent, in diplodocines (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[815,909,1520,1542]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1223,1403,1520,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1223,1403,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, metacarpal I is substantially longer along its medial margin than on its lateral one (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[974,1053,1573,1595]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
): this reflects the beveling of the distal end relative to the long-axis of the shaft. This condition is a derived state that occurs in most eusauropods except
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,940,1653,1675]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,940,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a reversal to the plesiomorphic state in most titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[999,1140,1680,1702]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[1159,1388,1680,1702]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,968,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[992,1134,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1166,1288,1707,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1166,1288,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CPT-1195-1210; PU and PDM pers. observ., 2009), and many neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[815,956,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the distal end of metacarpal I is not divided into two distinct condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[808,1479,160,1969]" lastBlockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
In dorsal view, the proximal end of metacarpal II is strongly expanded to overhang the medial surface of its shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This feature is absent in taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang, H. & Y. Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[903,1159,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 38B),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1478,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1287,1418,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & Y. Tomida & P. M. Barrett" box="[815,1086,1920,1942]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[815,921,1920,1942]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:pl. 8, fig. D), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1328,1477,1920,1942]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1477,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="20">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[815,1042,1946,1968]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="20" pageNumber="20" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 11), but a medial process appears to be developed to some extent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[465,614,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alifanov, V. R. & A. O. Averianov" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="358 - 372" part="23" refId="ref30437" refString="Alifanov, V. R., and A. O. Averianov. 2003. Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 358 - 372." title="Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="2003">Alifanov and Averianov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 9, 10),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[424,545,186,208]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[424,545,186,208]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[565,772,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="177 - 235" part="3" refId="ref33558" refString="Janensch, W. 1961. Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 3: 177 - 235." title="Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten" type="journal article" year="1961">Janensch, 1961:194</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1a), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1922" box="[244,381,213,235]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Alamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[244,381,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Alamosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[398,551,213,235]" journalOrPublisher="United States Geological Survey Professional Paper" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 52" part="210" refId="ref32683" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. Reptilian fauna of the North Horn Formation of central Utah. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 210 C: 1 - 52." title="Reptilian fauna of the North Horn Formation of central Utah" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 10). A minimum shaft width to proximodistal length ratio of <0.2 in metacarpal II was proposed as a diagnostic character of
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,743,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya, T." box="[106,253,293,315]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; however, this ratio is 0.19 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[590,770,293,315]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,770,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, similar to those of several other non-neosauropod eusauropods, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[198,442,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[198,322,346,368]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[461,719,346,368]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[461,719,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Poropat et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Poropat" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[106,459,373,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,228,374,395]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & M. Kundrat & T. R. Tischler & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & J. A. Elliott & D. A. Elliott" box="[243,448,373,395]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The proximal articular surface of metacarpal III is subtriangular in outline (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[261,351,426,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This element is the longest of the five metacarpals, as is the case in most eusauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & S. A. Hocknull & B. P. Kear & D. A. Elliot" journalOrPublisher="Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="59 - 106" part="1" refId="ref35482" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, and D. A. Elliot 2015 a. Reassessment of the non-titanosaurian somphospondylan Wintonotitan wattsi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia. Papers in Palaeontology 1: 59 - 106." title="Reassessment of the non-titanosaurian somphospondylan Wintonotitan wattsi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the mid-Cretaceous Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia" type="journal article" year="2015">Poropat et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it only slightly exceeds the length of metacarpal II (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[140,216,506,528]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The length of metacarpal III is 0.42 of radius length, similar to the condition in taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ouyang and Ye" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[522,776,533,555]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[522,776,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[150,279,560,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[150,279,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but lower than the derived 0.45 ratio employed as a synapomorphy of Macronaria by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[506,770,586,608]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno (1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[106,200,613,635]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1). Its proximal end lacks the mediolaterally expanded morphology that characterizes brachiosaurids, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[295,406,666,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Atlasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,406,666,688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Atlasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,533,666,688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & R. Allain & O. Moine" box="[546,761,666,688]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Metacarpal IV also has a subtriangular proximal end but differs from metacarpal III by possessing a ventromedially directed palmar process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[377,468,746,768]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Unlike the metacarpal IVs of several brachiosaurids and a few titanosaurs, that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[106,287,800,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,287,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the chevron-shaped proximal end profile that wraps around the proximal end of metacarpal V (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[114,258,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[271,486,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The proximal end of metacarpal V is semicircular to slightly subrectangular in outline, with a flattened medial surface that articulates with metacarpal IV (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[469,566,933,955]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Metacarpal V is twisted along its length such that the long-axes of its proximal and distal ends lie at ∼90° to each other, and this degree of twisting has also been reported in
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,559,1014,1035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alifanov, V. R. & A. O. Averianov" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="358 - 372" part="23" refId="ref30437" refString="Alifanov, V. R., and A. O. Averianov. 2003. Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 358 - 372." title="Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="2003">Alifanov and Averianov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some torsion of metacarpal V also occurs in neosauropods but is less extreme than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[548,729,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[548,729,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,255,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." box="[275,462,1093,1115]" editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bedwell, M. W. Jr. & D. L. Trexler" box="[481,770,1093,1115]" editor="V. Tidwell & K. Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="302 - 320" refId="ref30915" refString="Bedwell, M. W. Jr., and D. L. Trexler. 2005. First articulated manus of Diplodocus carnegii; pp. 302 - 320 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="First articulated manus of Diplodocus carnegii" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Bedwell and Trexler, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[106,351,1120,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[573,722,1120,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[573,722,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[106,226,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,226,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the amount of torsion is ∼25–30° (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bedwell, M. W. Jr. & D. L. Trexler" editor="V. Tidwell & K. Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="302 - 320" refId="ref30915" refString="Bedwell, M. W. Jr., and D. L. Trexler. 2005. First articulated manus of Diplodocus carnegii; pp. 302 - 320 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="First articulated manus of Diplodocus carnegii" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Bedwell and Trexler, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[268,509,1173,1195]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in the titanosaur
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1990" box="[106,272,1200,1222]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Epachthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,272,1200,1222]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Epachthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is ∼45° (UNPSJB-PV 920; PU and PDM pers. observ., 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The phalanges are hyper-extended such that they lie on the dorsodistal parts of each metacarpal, except in metacarpal I where the phalanx obscures the distal end (resulting in the distal end surfaces being visible in metacarpals II–V) (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). In general, the distal articular surfaces of the metacarpals are expanded dorsoventrally, and especially transversely, and have a rounded subrectangular outline. These surfaces are gently saddle-shaped, with mild midline grooves between slightly expanded lateral and medial condyles. The ventral portions of the distal ends are flattened and have a rugose texture. Generally, the distal articular surfaces do not extend onto the dorsal surfaces of the shafts: this is a derived state seen in titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gimenez, O." box="[114,271,1573,1595]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="154" part="30" refId="ref32715" refString="Gimenez, O. 1992. Estudio preliminar del miembro anrerior de los saur 6 - podos titanosauridos. Ameghiniana 30: 154." title="Estudio preliminar del miembro anrerior de los saur 6 - podos titanosauridos" type="journal article" year="1992">Gimenez, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Salgado, L. & R. A. Coria & J. O. Calvo" box="[283,485,1573,1595]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="3 - 32" part="34" refId="ref36314" refString="Salgado, L., R. A. Coria, and J. O. Calvo. 1997. Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence. Ameghiniana 34: 3 - 32." title="Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence" type="journal article" year="1997">Salgado et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." box="[497,676,1573,1595]" editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[172,402,1600,1622]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that also occurs convergently in rebbachisaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[296,560,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[595,776,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,776,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the additional flanges, close to the distal ends of the metacarpals, that helped bind them together in some titanosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apesteguia, S." box="[114,296,1706,1728]" editor="V. Tidwell & Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref30581" refString="Apesteguia, S. 2005. Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus; pp. 321 - 345 in V. Tidwell and K. Carpenter (eds.), Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis." title="Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus" type="book" volumeTitle="Thunder-lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">Apesteguía, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[106,777,160,1968]" lastBlockId="21.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[130,268,1733,1755]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that IVPP V11121-1 has a phalangeal formula of 2-2-2-1-1; however, it is actually 2-2-2-2-1 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Retention of two phalanges on manual digit IV occurs in early-branching sauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[466,598,1813,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[466,598,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in most neosauropods the phalangeal formula has been reduced to 2-2-2-1-1, 2-2-1-1-1, or 2-1-1-1-1 (in diplodocoids and early-diverging macronarians), or the phalanges are completely lost (apart from a rudimentary phalanx IV-1) in titanosaurs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Powell" authorityYear="1990" box="[106,271,1946,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Epachthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,271,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Epachthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1922" box="[317,453,1946,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Alamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[317,453,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Alamosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[577,776,1946,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,776,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[815,969,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="United States Geological Survey Professional Paper" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 52" part="210" refId="ref32683" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. Reptilian fauna of the North Horn Formation of central Utah. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 210 C: 1 - 52." title="Reptilian fauna of the North Horn Formation of central Utah" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M." box="[985,1244,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="5 - 63" part="37" refId="ref31238" refString="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 5 - 63." title="A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Salgado, L. & R. A. Coria & J. O. Calvo" box="[1260,1472,160,182]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="3 - 32" part="34" refId="ref36314" refString="Salgado, L., R. A. Coria, and J. O. Calvo. 1997. Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence. Ameghiniana 34: 3 - 32." title="Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence" type="journal article" year="1997">Salgado et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonnan, M. F." box="[808,953,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="595 - 613" part="23" refId="ref31200" refString="Bonnan, M. F. 2003. The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 595 - 613." title="The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2003">Bonnan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, R. D. & O. Gimenez & J. Rodriguez & M. Luna & M. C. Lamanna" box="[968,1188,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="107 - 120" part="24" refId="ref34586" refString="Martinez, R. D., O. Gimenez, J. Rodriguez, M. Luna, and M. C. Lamanna. 2004. An articulated specimen of the basal titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) Epachthosaurus sciuttoi from the early Late Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 107 - 120." title="An articulated specimen of the basal titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) Epachthosaurus sciuttoi from the early Late Cretaceous Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut province, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">Martínez et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[1203,1443,186,208]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1203,1307,186,208]" pageId="21" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[808,1040,213,235]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat, S. F. & P. Upchurch & P. D. Mannion & S. A. Hocknull & B. P., Kear & T. Sloan & G. H. K. Sinapius & D. A. Elliott" box="[1059,1293,213,235]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Research" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="995 - 1033" part="27" refId="ref35553" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. Upchurch, P. D. Mannion, S. A. Hocknull, B. P., Kear, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, and D. A. Elliott. 2015 b. Revision of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al. 2009 from the middle Cretaceous of Australia: implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal. Gondwana Research 27: 995 - 1033" title="Revision of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al. 2009 from the middle Cretaceous of Australia: implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal" type="journal article" year="2015">Poropat et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phalanges (except for the ungual of digit I) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,989,266,288]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,989,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are wider transversely than they are proximodistally, which is a eusauropod synapomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1331,1471,293,315]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[808,1052,320,342]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,912,320,342]" pageId="21" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & X. - J. Zhao & X. Xu" box="[1069,1130,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="247 - 262" part="144" refId="ref37324" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, X. - J. Zhao, and X. Xu. 2007 b. A re-evaluation of Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis Ye vide Dong 1992 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): implications for cranial evolution in basal sauropod dinosaurs. Geological Magazine 144: 247 - 262." title="A re-evaluation of Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis Ye vide Dong 1992 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): implications for cranial evolution in basal sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[1146,1267,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The phalanges in the proximal row have flattened or mildly concave ventral surfaces. These phalanges are also expanded transversely at their distal ends, so that they are wider at this point than they are at midlength.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Phalanx I-1 is subrectangular in dorsal view, decreasing only slightly in proximodistal length towards its medial margin. Similar subrectangular manual phalanx I-1s are seen in several other non-neosauropod eusauropods, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1477,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Ferganasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alifanov, V. R. & A. O. Averianov" box="[815,1177,560,582]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="358 - 372" part="23" refId="ref30437" refString="Alifanov, V. R., and A. O. Averianov. 2003. Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 358 - 372." title="Ferganasaurus verzilini, gen. et sp. nov., a new neosauropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Fergana Valley, Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="2003">Alifanov and Averianov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 11) and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1353,1477,560,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="He, X. - L. & K. Li & K. - J. Cai" bookContentInfo="143 pp." box="[932,1088,586,608]" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" refId="ref33150" refString="He, X. - L., K. Li, and K. - J. Cai. 1988. The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu. 143 pp. [In Chinese, English summary]" title="The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis" type="book" year="1988">He et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:pl. XIV, fig. 6), as well as the titanosauriform
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Janensch, 1961)" baseAuthorityName="Janensch" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[917,1220,613,635]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,1038,613,635]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[1053,1210,613,635]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="177 - 235" part="3" refId="ref33558" refString="Janensch, W. 1961. Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 3: 177 - 235." title="Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten" type="journal article" year="1961">Janensch, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1296,1477,613,635]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1477,613,635]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
retains the plesiomorphic manual phalanx I-1 dorsal profile, rather than the derived trapezoidal outline seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mannion et al., 2019 a)" baseAuthorityName="Mannion" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1355,1477,667,688]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[815,1068,693,715]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1224,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lang, E. & F. Goussard" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="549 - 560" part="29" refId="ref33819" refString="Lang, E., and F. Goussard. 2007. Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda. Geodiversitas 29: 549 - 560." title="Redescription of the wrist and manus of? Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2007">Läng and Goussard, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or the even more strongly wedge-shaped outline seen in several diplodocids and the non-titanosauriform eusauropod specimen MfN MB.R. 2093 (previously referred to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1367,1477,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Janenschia</emphasis>
|
||
but removed from that genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[1206,1468,800,822]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al. [2019a]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[815,1061,826,848]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[815,921,826,848]" pageId="21" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[1077,1308,826,848]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The proximal and distal ends of phalanx I-1 are obscured by the metacarpal and ungual respectively, but the general outline of the transverse cross-section is an irregular ‘D’-shape, with rounded medial, dorsal, and lateral surfaces, and a flattened ventral surface. There is no lappet-like projection from the proximodorsal margin. Such a lappet occurs as the plesiomorphic condition in early-branching eusauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1207,1339,1013,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1207,1339,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1353,1477,1013,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[929,1050,1041,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[929,1050,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1150,1040,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Zby" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1109,1150,1040,1062]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Zby</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is absent in most neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[882,1105,1066,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distally, the phalanx terminates in well-developed, rounded lateral and medial condyles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Phalanx I-2 is a large, robust ungual that is transversely compressed. As in most other sauropods, this ungual is much longer than phalanx I-1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1078,1167,1173,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Janensch" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1314,1435,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1314,1435,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the two elements are subequal in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[1204,1360,1200,1222]" journalOrPublisher="Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="464 - 480" part="15" refId="ref33478" refString="Janensch, W. 1922. Das Handskelett von Gigantosaurus robustus u. Brachiosaurus Brancai aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch- Ostafrikas. Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie 15: 464 - 480." title="Das Handskelett von Gigantosaurus robustus u. Brachiosaurus Brancai aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch- Ostafrikas" type="journal article" year="1922">Janensch, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the proximal articular surface of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1296,1477,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1477,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ungual is approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the claw: this is the plesiomorphic state, whereas in neosauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[872,1003,1306,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,1003,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & Y. Tomida & P. M. Barrett" box="[1027,1284,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1027,1131,1306,1328]" pageId="21" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1304,1453,1306,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1304,1453,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" box="[808,1071,1333,1355]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Janensch" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[1097,1218,1333,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1218,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[1243,1410,1333,1355]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="177 - 235" part="3" refId="ref33558" refString="Janensch, W. 1961. Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 3: 177 - 235." title="Die gliedmaszen und gliedmaszengurtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten" type="journal article" year="1961">Janensch, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) this surface is set at an oblique angle to the long-axis such that it faces proximolaterally. The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1118,1299,1386,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1299,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ungual bears a groove on each of the lateral and medial surfaces, with the former being positioned lower than the latter. The ventral side merges smoothly into the medial surface but meets the lateral surface at a sharper edge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Phalanx II-1 is subrectangular in dorsal view. The medial, lateral, and dorsal surfaces round smoothly into each other, although the medial edge meets the ventral surface at a slightly more acute angle than the lateral edge. The ventral surface is nearly flat. Phalanx II-2 is larger than phalanx II-1 (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1387,1468,1626,1648]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[106,181,465,485]" captionTargetBox="[106,1477,544,938]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Measurements of the right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1). Abbreviations: APW, anteroposterior width; H, height; W, width. All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5550FFAA177624A740D8A8C4">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) (contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[891,1010,1653,1675]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="21" pageNumber="21" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but seems to have a pathological distal termination. It appears damaged and ends irregularly, with a cavity running down the central part of its ventral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1362,1449,1706,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[106,195,1790,1810]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-1@17.[146,1438,160,1765]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839156/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[808,1478,160,1968]" lastBlockId="22.[107,777,160,848]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="21">Phalanx III-1 is large and dorsoventrally compressed, with two distinct distal condyles. Whereas the dorsal surface meets the proximal and distal end surfaces at an obtuse angle in lateral or medial views, the articular surfaces expand ventrally to make the ventral surface concave proximodistally. In dorsal view, this element narrows slightly in transverse width towards its distal end. Phalanx III-2 is similar to phalanx III-1, but is slightly smaller, with its distal end rounding transversely in dorsal view so that it curves into the corners of the proximal end. It is therefore more semicircular, rather than rectangular, in dorsal profile. This element is also bowed upwards in distal end view.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[107,777,160,848]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Phalanx IV-1 is large, dorsoventrally compressed, and subrectangular in dorsal outline. The medial condyle is large and rounded, and projects more distally than the lateral one. In dorsal view, the medial margin is mildly concave, whereas the lateral one is straighter. This element tapers slightly transversely towards the distal end in dorsal view. Phalanx IV-2 is a very small, flattened hemisphere of bone that sits in the intercondylar groove on the distal end of phalanx IV-1. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are slightly concave longitudinally because of the expansion of both ends. The lateral condyle of the distal end is enlarged dorsoventrally, but the medial condyle is indistinct.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[107,777,160,848]" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Phalanx V-1 is large, subrectangular, and dorsoventrally compressed. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are slightly concave longitudinally because of the expansion of the proximal end. The element tapers in dorsoventral thickness towards its distal end. The distal surface is generally convex both dorsoventrally and transversely, with little division into two separate condyles. Thus, this phalanx in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[334,515,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Rhomaleopakhus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,515,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Rhomaleopakhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still resembles the other proximal phalanges, as it does in several other sauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Upchurch et al., 2004 b)" baseAuthorityName="Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[141,558,746,768]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[141,272,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & Y. Tomida & P. M. Barrett" box="[291,547,746,768]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004">Upchurch et al., 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: this contrasts with phalanx V-1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[293,441,773,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[293,441,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="22">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is very irregular and rather different from the other proximal phalanges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Wings & T. Frauenfelder & W. Brinkmann" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="22" pageNumber="22" pagination="44" part="18" publicationUrl="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1284-manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" refId="ref36749" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Wings, T. Frauenfelder, and W. Brinkmann. 2015 b. Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria). Palaeontologia Electronica 18 (2): 44 A. https: // palaeo-electronica. org / content / 2015 / 1284 - manus-and-pesof-camarasaurus" title="Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschopp et al., 2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |