711 lines
116 KiB
XML
711 lines
116 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c" ID-ISSN="1937-2809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839134" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1641953418090" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Upchurch, Paul, Mannion, Philip D., Xu, Xing & Barrett, Paul M." docDate="2021" docId="03E9F124554BFFB4147623B34099ADD8" docLanguage="en" docName="JVertebrPaleontol.41.4.1-31.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (e 1994414) 41 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" docTitle="Mamenchisauridae Young and Chao 1972" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFD0895C5542FFB8171C2576422EA938" masterDocTitle="Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1657310793207" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Upchurch, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-8823-4164</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">upchurch@ucl.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mannion, Philip D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-9361-6941</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">philipdmannion@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xu, Xing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China & CAS Center of Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barrett, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-0412-3000</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K. & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.barrett@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>e 1994414</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>41</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>31</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1937-2809</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5839134</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839146" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192000890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839146" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9F124554BFFB4147623B34099ADD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E9F124554BFFB4147623B34099ADD8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection box="[874,1435,1733,1755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[874,1435,1706,1808]" box="[874,1435,1733,1755]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
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||
(?)
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Young and Chao, 1972" authorityName="Young and Chao" authorityYear="1972" box="[898,1435,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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||
MAMENCHISAURIDAE
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<bibRefCitation author="Young, C. C. & X. - J. Chao" box="[1196,1435,1733,1755]" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A)" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 30" part="8" refId="ref38351" refString="Young, C. C., and X. - J. Chao. 1972. Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A) 8: 1 - 30." title="Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov" type="journal article" year="1972">Young and Chao, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1039,1271,1760,1782]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[874,1435,1706,1808]" box="[1039,1271,1760,1782]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">GEN. ET SP. INDET.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1116,1192,1786,1808]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[874,1435,1706,1808]" box="[1116,1192,1786,1808]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1126,1183,1786,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[808,1478,1866,1968]" lastBlockId="10.[107,776,1436,1484]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3434810302" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,921,1866,1888]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Material</emphasis>
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||
—Four teeth, IVPP V11121-2 (
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<figureCitation box="[1248,1306,1866,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation box="[1319,1396,1866,1888]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,1057,1893,1915]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Locality and Horizon</emphasis>
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—Lower part of the Kalazha Formation (Upper Jurassic: upper Kimmeridgian–Tithonian) of Qiketai, Shanshan County, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[273,394,1436,1458]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Deng, S. & S. Wang & Z. Yang & Y. Lu & X. Li & Q. Hu & C. An & D. Xi & X. Wan" box="[407,584,1436,1458]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Geoscientia Sinica" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="559 - 574" part="36" refId="ref32135" refString="Deng, S., S. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Lu, X. Li, Q. Hu, C. An, D. Xi, and X. Wan. 2015. Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Acta Geoscientia Sinica 36: 559 - 574." title="Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang" type="journal article" year="2015">Deng et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Fang, Y. & C. Wu & Y. Wang & L. Wang & Z. Guo & H. Hu" box="[597,767,1436,1458]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Asian Earth Sciences" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="294 - 308" part="129" refId="ref32359" refString="Fang, Y., C. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Guo, and H. Hu. 2016. Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 129: 294 - 308." title="Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications" type="journal article" year="2016">Fang et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
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||
) (
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||
<figureCitation box="[116,173,1462,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[107,196,743,763]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,161,717]" captionTargetId="figure-813@2.[145,1440,160,718]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China, with a magnified inset showing the approximate location of the Hudiesaurus specimens within Shanshan County." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839136/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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||
). Exact locality unknown (see Introduction, above).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" startId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" targetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1031,1479,695,955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
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FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to
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<emphasis box="[1031,1304,719,739]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
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(IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Young and Chao" authorityYear="1972" box="[1228,1407,743,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mamenchisauridae</taxonomicName>
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indet. herein.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1114,1159,767,786]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
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||
A
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1132,1143,769,786]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</emphasis>
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D
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</emphasis>
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, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1340,1358,791,810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1449,1464,791,810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
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), distal (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1097,1112,815,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
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), and mesial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1250,1268,815,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
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) views.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1346,1391,815,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
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E
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1362,1373,817,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</emphasis>
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H
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</emphasis>
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, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1276,1291,839,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">E</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1402,839,858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">F</emphasis>
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), distal (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1040,1058,863,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">G</emphasis>
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), and mesial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1200,1218,863,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">H</emphasis>
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) views.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1299,1332,863,882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
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I
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1308,1319,865,882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</emphasis>
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L
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</emphasis>
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, isolated tooth crown in lingual (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1204,1212,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">I</emphasis>
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), labial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1304,1315,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">J</emphasis>
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), distal (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1420,887,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">K</emphasis>
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), and mesial (
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1106,1120,911,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">L</emphasis>
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) views.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1197,1321,911,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Abbreviation</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1334,1351,911,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">lb</emphasis>
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, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" startId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" targetBox="[106,768,1151,1342]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
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||
<paragraph blockId="10.[106,777,1050,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
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||
TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2).
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,238,1073,1092]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Abbreviations</emphasis>
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||
:
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[262,272,1073,1092]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">e</emphasis>
|
||
, estimated value;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[478,498,1073,1092]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">SI</emphasis>
|
||
, slenderness index (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[106,253,1095,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[106,200,1095,1115]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
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||
, 1998
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All measurements are in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<table box="[106,768,1151,1342]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1151,1171]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[230,397,1151,1171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Crown apicobasal</th>
|
||
<th box="[476,639,1151,1171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Crown maximum</th>
|
||
<th box="[718,768,1151,1171]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">SI</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1174,1194]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[106,196,1174,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Specimen</th>
|
||
<td box="[230,397,1174,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">length</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,639,1174,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">mesiodistal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1174,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">value</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1209,1229]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[106,196,1209,1229]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">1</th>
|
||
<td box="[230,397,1209,1229]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,639,1209,1229]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1209,1229]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1231,1251]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[106,196,1231,1251]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">2</th>
|
||
<td box="[230,397,1231,1251]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">15+</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,639,1231,1251]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">10.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1231,1251]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">1.5–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1254,1274]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1254,1274]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">2.0e</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1277,1297]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[106,196,1277,1297]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">3</th>
|
||
<td box="[230,397,1277,1297]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,639,1277,1297]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">12</td>
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1277,1297]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1299,1319]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<th box="[106,196,1299,1319]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">4</th>
|
||
<td box="[230,397,1299,1319]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">40e</td>
|
||
<td box="[476,639,1299,1319]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">11e</td>
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1299,1319]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">3.0–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,768,1322,1342]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<td box="[718,768,1322,1342]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">3.5e</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[107,777,1533,1968]" box="[107,230,1533,1555]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[107,230,1533,1555]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[107,230,1533,1555]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[107,777,1533,1968]" lastBlockId="10.[808,1479,1064,1967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The four teeth are not labelled with unique specimen numbers and so are referred to as specimens 1–4 herein. Two of the teeth (identified as premaxillary teeth by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[481,611,1626,1648]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong [1997]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are embedded in a fragment of very worn, indeterminate bone, and the other two teeth are loose and were interpreted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[607,744,1680,1702]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as maxillary teeth. It is not possible to determine which elements yielded these teeth, but it seems likely that the three smaller, low-crowned teeth were from the posterior part of the tooth row, whereas the single larger, higher-crowned tooth would have been more anteriorly positioned. No useful morphology can be gleaned from the bone fragment, although it is unlikely to have been the premaxilla on the basis of tooth size. Two of the teeth are quite similar in morphology: these are the larger tooth in the bone fragment (tooth 2) and the smaller of the two loose teeth (tooth 3). These specimens resemble the low broad teeth of
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1045,1064,1086]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C. & A. L. Beck & D. B. Dutheil & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & B. Moussa & R. W. Sadleir & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & G. P. Wilson & J. A. Wilson" box="[1060,1259,1064,1086]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="1342 - 1347" part="286" refId="ref36508" refString="Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, B. Moussa, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1999. Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs. Science 286: 1342 - 1347." title="Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">Sereno et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chure, D. J. & B. B. Britt & J. A. Whitlock & J. A. Wilson" box="[1274,1462,1064,1086]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="379 - 391" part="97" refId="ref31853" refString="Chure, D. J., B. B. Britt, J. A. Whitlock, and J. A. Wilson. 2010. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften 97: 379 - 391." title="First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition" type="journal article" year="2010">Chure et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Royo-Torres and Upchurch, 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Royo-Torres and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[808,1354,1091,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Turiasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,930,1092,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Turiasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres, R. & P. Upchurch" box="[956,1344,1091,1113]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="553 - 583" part="10" refId="ref36055" refString="Royo-Torres, R., and P. Upchurch. 2012. The cranial anatomy of the sauropod Turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10: 553 - 583." title="The cranial anatomy of the sauropod Turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2012">Royo-Torres and Upchurch, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mateus et al., 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Mateus" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Reptilia" family="Turiasauria incertae sedis" genus="Zby" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1435,1478,1091,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Zby</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mateus, O. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch" box="[815,1018,1118,1140]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="618 - 634" part="34" refId="ref34703" refString="Mateus, O., P. D. Mannion, and P. Upchurch. 2014. Zby atlanticus, a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34: 618 - 634." title="Zby atlanticus, a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal" type="journal article" year="2014">Mateus et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the other two teeth (teeth 1 and 4) are more slender (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1031,1109,1144,1166]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[808,1479,1064,1967]" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Tooth 1 (smaller tooth in bone fragment:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1262,1371,1171,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) has been badly damaged and is missing most of the original surface, so its true shape cannot be determined. No informative character states can be observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[808,1479,1064,1967]" lastBlockId="11.[106,776,160,982]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Tooth 2 (larger tooth in bone fragment:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1249,1357,1278,1300]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) lacks denticles and wear facets. There is no sign of wrinkled enamel texture on either the labial or lingual surface, suggesting some general surficial wear either during life or after the tooth was shed. The apex of the tooth is pointed and is deflected distally: this suggests that it is either an upper right or lower left tooth. The labial surface is gently convex mesiodistally and apicobasally, with the part of the crown mesial to the apex more strongly convex than that section distal to it, creating an asymmetrical ‘D’-shaped cross-section. Mesial and distal grooves appear to be absent on the labial surface. The crown is mesiodistally expanded with respect to the tooth base, but the crown–root junction cannot be precisely determined because most of the tooth below this expansion is obscured by bone. The mesial margin is smoothly convex from apex to base, whereas the distal margin is first concave, then convex, producing a mildly sinuous profile in labial and lingual views (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1263,1372,1705,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the lingual surface of the crown is concave mesiodistally and apicobasally: the base of this concavity lies at a point approximately level with the maximum mesiodistal width of the tooth. Basal to this point, the lingual crown surface is swollen and mesiodistally convex. The crown margins are both slightly swollen, with the distal margin possessing a small, low, and elliptical boss that is level with the point of greatest mesiodistal expansion. This boss is in the same position as similar structures in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1367,1478,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="10">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[815,1120,1945,1967]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is no true lingual ridge, but a slight eminence extends from the tooth apex for a very short distance basally, before merging into the surface of the lingual concavity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[106,776,160,982]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Tooth 3 (the smaller of the isolated teeth:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[577,684,240,262]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) has the same morphology, in most respects, as tooth 2. The enamel surface is better preserved and has a wrinkled texture. The lingual ‘boss’ is less distinct and is a simple swelling of the distal margin, situated at a point level with the greatest mesiodistal expansion. As in tooth 2, there are no true mesial or distal grooves on the labial surface, but a distinct change in slope distal to the apical swelling does create the impression of a groove in the distal position (the cross-sectional asymmetry mentioned above). The root–crown junction cannot be observed because of breakage. Neither ‘shoulder-like’ nor apical macrowear are present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[106,776,160,982]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Tooth 4 (largest tooth:
|
||
<figureCitation box="[386,484,560,582]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[1031,1120,695,715]" captionTargetBox="[107,1000,160,937]" captionTargetId="figure-565@10.[107,1000,160,949]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Teeth previously referred to Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP 11121-2) but regarded as?Mamenchisauridae indet. herein. A–D, Two tooth crowns within a broken jaw element in lingual (A), labial (B), distal (C), and mesial (D) views. E–H, Isolated tooth crown in lingual (E), labial (F), distal (G), and mesial (H) views. I–L, isolated tooth crown in lingual (I), labial (J), distal (K), and mesial (L) views. Abbreviation: lb, lingual boss. Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839144/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5I–L</figureCitation>
|
||
) is badly abraded and the enamel surface texture cannot be observed. There is also some damage to the crown margins. No wear facets or serrations can be identified. This tooth is much longer than the others, with a maximum length of 40 mm (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[405,482,666,688]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
): however, it is not possible to judge the position of the root–crown boundary because of the absence of enamel. It appears to be much slenderer than the other teeth, with a maximum mesiodistal width of 11 mm, and thus a Slenderness Index (SI: sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[520,691,773,795]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[520,626,773,795]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chure, D. J. & B. B. Britt & J. A. Whitlock & J. A. Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="379 - 391" part="97" refId="ref31853" refString="Chure, D. J., B. B. Britt, J. A. Whitlock, and J. A. Wilson. 2010. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften 97: 379 - 391." title="First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition" type="journal article" year="2010">Chure et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that is potentially>3, but the true value cannot be determined because of the lack of accurate information on the location of the crown–root junction. The crown has a ‘D’- shaped cross-section but has only a very shallow lingual concavity. There is no sign of a lingual ridge, lingual bosses, or labial grooves, but these absences could be the result of poor preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[106,776,1026,1968]" box="[106,437,1026,1049]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[106,437,1026,1049]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,437,1026,1049]" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Comparisons and Identification</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[106,776,1026,1968]" lastBlockId="12.[107,777,160,1248]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The teeth are too incomplete to be usefully incorporated into a formal phylogenetic analysis. Instead, we assess their affinities by evaluating the potential significance of the putative synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies that they display. Possession of crowns that are basally constricted mesiodistally is a derived state characteristic of Sauropodomorpha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[554,676,1200,1222]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & A. M. Yates & J. N. Choiniere & F. Abdala" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="151 - 205" part="171" refId="ref34798" refString="McPhee, B. W., A. M. Yates, J. N. Choiniere, and F. Abdala, 2014. The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 151 - 205." title="The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2014">McPhee et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peyre de Fabregues, C. & R. Allain & V. Barriel" box="[243,587,1226,1248]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="569 - 586" part="175" refId="ref35441" refString="Peyre de Fabregues, C., R. Allain, and V. Barriel. 2015. Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 569 - 586." title="Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships" type="journal article" year="2015">Peyre de Fabrègues et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chapelle, K. E. J. & J. N. Choiniere" box="[168,480,1253,1275]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="4224" part="6" refId="ref31792" refString="Chapelle, K. E. J., and J. N. Choiniere. 2018. A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha. PeerJ 6: e 4224. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4224" title="A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha" type="journal article" year="2018">Chapelle and Choiniere, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although this is lost in the elongated ‘pencil-like’ teeth of most diplodocoids and derived somphospondylans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[323,495,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[323,431,1306,1328]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[512,760,1306,1328]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[512,616,1306,1328]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The labial profile of the IVPP V11121-2 teeth, with convex mesial and sigmoid distal margins, is characteristic of most spatulate sauropod teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & D. Pol" box="[319,574,1386,1408]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 93" part="9" refId="ref31466" refString="Carballido, J. L., and D. Pol. 2010. The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods. Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83 - 93." title="The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Carballido and Pol, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only tooth 3 confirms the presence of wrinkled tooth enamel, but its absence on the other three crowns appears to be the result of poor preservation. Such enamel texturing is absent in the earliest branching sauropodomorphs (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Galton" authorityYear="1973" box="[358,445,1493,1515]" class="Reptilia" family="Anchisauridae" genus="Efraasia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[358,445,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Efraasia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), occurs in small patches of fine wrinkles in more derived non-sauropods (such as massospondylids,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haughton" authorityYear="1924" box="[152,320,1546,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Melanorosauridae" genus="Melanorosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[152,320,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Melanorosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and occurs over the entire crown as coarse anastamosing ridges and grooves in ‘true’ sauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,234,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Pulanesaura</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[255,437,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Gongxianosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[456,611,1600,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Vulcanodontidae" genus="Tazoudasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,611,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Tazoudasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and eusauropods) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[184,308,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & D. Pol" box="[326,599,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 93" part="9" refId="ref31466" refString="Carballido, J. L., and D. Pol. 2010. The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods. Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83 - 93." title="The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Carballido and Pol, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & M. F. Bonnan & A. M. Yates & J. Neveling & J. N. Choiniere" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="13224" part="5" refId="ref34919" refString="McPhee, B. W., M. F. Bonnan, A. M. Yates, J. Neveling, and J. N. Choiniere. 2015. A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary? Scientific Reports 5: 13224. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 13224" title="A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary?" type="journal article" year="2015">McPhee et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" box="[167,388,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chapelle, K. E. J. & J. N. Choiniere" box="[401,713,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="4224" part="6" refId="ref31792" refString="Chapelle, K. E. J., and J. N. Choiniere. 2018. A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha. PeerJ 6: e 4224. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4224" title="A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha" type="journal article" year="2018">Chapelle and Choiniere, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of a lingual concavity on tooth crowns is generally regarded as a synapomorphy pertaining to a node between Sauropoda and Eusauropoda (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[376,543,1733,1755]" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[376,484,1733,1755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[555,672,1733,1755]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peyre de Fabregues, C. & R. Allain & V. Barriel" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="569 - 586" part="175" refId="ref35441" refString="Peyre de Fabregues, C., R. Allain, and V. Barriel. 2015. Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 569 - 586." title="Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships" type="journal article" year="2015">Peyre de Fabrègues et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" box="[342,560,1760,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chapelle, K. E. J. & J. N. Choiniere" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="4224" part="6" refId="ref31792" refString="Chapelle, K. E. J., and J. N. Choiniere. 2018. A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha. PeerJ 6: e 4224. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4224" title="A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha" type="journal article" year="2018">Chapelle and Choiniere, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, this feature occurs in the teeth of all eusauropods (except diplodocoids and those somphospondylans with ‘pencil-like’ teeth), as well as some non-eusauropod sauropods such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[249,432,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Gongxianosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[488,643,1866,1888]" class="Reptilia" family="Vulcanodontidae" genus="Tazoudasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[488,643,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Tazoudasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is rudimentary in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[248,471,1893,1915]" class="Reptilia" family="Melanorosauridae" genus="Chinshakiangosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,471,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Chinshakiangosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[545,673,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Pulanesaura</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, P. M. & Y. Hasegawa & M. Manabe & S. Isaji & H. Matsouka" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1197 - 1217" part="45" refId="ref30781" refString="Barrett, P. M., Y. Hasegawa, M. Manabe, S. Isaji, and H. Matsouka. 2002. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Palaeontology 45: 1197 - 1217." title="Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications" type="journal article" year="2002">Barrett et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. M. Galton" box="[254,512,1920,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="57 - 90" part="77" refId="ref37108" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. M. Galton. 2007 a. A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 57 - 90." title="A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[254,358,1920,1942]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[533,770,1920,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & M. F. Bonnan & A. M. Yates & J. Neveling & J. N. Choiniere" box="[106,320,1946,1968]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="13224" part="5" refId="ref34919" refString="McPhee, B. W., M. F. Bonnan, A. M. Yates, J. Neveling, and J. N. Choiniere. 2015. A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary? Scientific Reports 5: 13224. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 13224" title="A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary?" type="journal article" year="2015">McPhee et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Labial grooves are a synapomorphy of Eusauropoda, being present in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1175,1307,160,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1175,1307,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1330,1472,161,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Barapasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1330,1472,161,182]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Barapasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[808,926,186,208]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,926,186,208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Omeisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[940,1070,187,208]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Patagosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1070,187,208]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Patagosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many other forms, including most neosauropods (except some diplodocoids and titanosaurs with cylindrical teeth). By contrast, with the exception of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1354,1477,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Pulanesaura</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee, B. W. & M. F. Bonnan & A. M. Yates & J. Neveling & J. N. Choiniere" box="[814,1015,266,288]" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="13224" part="5" refId="ref34919" refString="McPhee, B. W., M. F. Bonnan, A. M. Yates, J. Neveling, and J. N. Choiniere. 2015. A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary? Scientific Reports 5: 13224. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 13224" title="A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche partitioning at the sauropodomorph - sauropod boundary?" type="journal article" year="2015">McPhee et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such grooves are absent in non-eusauropod sauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[985,1135,293,315]" class="Reptilia" family="Vulcanodontidae" genus="Tazoudasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1135,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Tazoudasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and non-sauropod sauropodomorphs such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1837" box="[981,1108,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Plateosauridae" genus="Plateosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1108,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Plateosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1885" box="[1165,1289,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Anchisauridae" genus="Anchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1165,1289,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Anchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[1307,1471,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1307,1412,320,342]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[808,921,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peyre de Fabregues, C. & R. Allain & V. Barriel" box="[934,1247,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="569 - 586" part="175" refId="ref35441" refString="Peyre de Fabregues, C., R. Allain, and V. Barriel. 2015. Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175: 569 - 586." title="Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships" type="journal article" year="2015">Peyre de Fabrègues et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" box="[1260,1471,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chapelle, K. E. J. & J. N. Choiniere" box="[808,1115,373,395]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="4224" part="6" refId="ref31792" refString="Chapelle, K. E. J., and J. N. Choiniere. 2018. A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha. PeerJ 6: e 4224. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4224" title="A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha" type="journal article" year="2018">Chapelle and Choiniere, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is some evidence that the distal labial groove evolved before the mesial one, since the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[841,1055,426,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Melanorosauridae" genus="Chinshakiangosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[841,1055,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Chinshakiangosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1947" box="[1119,1262,426,448]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Amygdalodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1119,1262,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Amygdalodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either possess only the latter, or the distal groove is more marked than the mesial one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. M. Galton" box="[857,1081,479,501]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="57 - 90" part="77" refId="ref37108" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. M. Galton. 2007 a. A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 57 - 90." title="A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[857,960,479,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & D. Pol" box="[1093,1336,479,501]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 93" part="9" refId="ref31466" refString="Carballido, J. L., and D. Pol. 2010. The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods. Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83 - 93." title="The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Carballido and Pol, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This character state distribution could be taken as evidence that the IVPP V11121-2 teeth did not belong to a eusauropod: however,
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1141,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,977,560,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mamenchisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sinocanadorum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(IVPP V10603) also lacks both mesial and distal grooves (PMB and PU pers. observ., 2010), and this feature might sometimes reflect individual variation and/or position in the jaws (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holwerda, F. M. & D. Pol & O. W. M. Rauhut" box="[978,1192,640,662]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="e 0118100" part="10" refId="ref33250" refString="Holwerda, F. M., D. Pol, and O. W. M. Rauhut. 2015. Using dental enamel wrinkling to define sauropod tooth morphotypes from the Canadon Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. PLoS ONE 10: e 0118100. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0118100" title="Using dental enamel wrinkling to define sauropod tooth morphotypes from the Canadon Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2015">Holwerda et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Non-sauropod sauropodomorphs typically have SI values in the range of 1.5–2.0, with some taxa (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Riley & Stutchbury" authorityYear="1836" box="[968,1152,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Anchisauridae" genus="Thecodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[968,1152,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Thecodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1885" box="[1218,1342,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Anchisauridae" genus="Anchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1218,1342,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Anchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) having SIs around 2.2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chure, D. J. & B. B. Britt & J. A. Whitlock & J. A. Wilson" box="[933,1119,720,742]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="379 - 391" part="97" refId="ref31853" refString="Chure, D. J., B. B. Britt, J. A. Whitlock, and J. A. Wilson. 2010. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften 97: 379 - 391." title="First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition" type="journal article" year="2010">Chure et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most sauropods, except diplodocoids and titanosaurs, have SI values between 2.0–2.5, although a few forms (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1947" box="[999,1142,773,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Amygdalodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1142,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Amygdalodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Jobaria" authorityName="Jobaria" box="[1153,1367,773,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Patagosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1153,1283,774,795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Patagosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1295,1367,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and turiasaurians) have unusually low SIs in the range of 1.3–1.6 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, P. M. & Y. Hasegawa & M. Manabe & S. Isaji & H. Matsouka" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1197 - 1217" part="45" refId="ref30781" refString="Barrett, P. M., Y. Hasegawa, M. Manabe, S. Isaji, and H. Matsouka. 2002. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Palaeontology 45: 1197 - 1217." title="Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications" type="journal article" year="2002">Barrett et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chure, D. J. & B. B. Britt & J. A. Whitlock & J. A. Wilson" box="[925,1099,826,848]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaften" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="379 - 391" part="97" refId="ref31853" refString="Chure, D. J., B. B. Britt, J. A. Whitlock, and J. A. Wilson. 2010. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Naturwissenschaften 97: 379 - 391." title="First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition" type="journal article" year="2010">Chure et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, although caution is warranted given their incomplete preservation, the SI of 1.5 (tooth 2) to ∼3.0 (tooth 4) estimated for the IVPP V11121-2 teeth (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1297,1368,880,902]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[106,181,1050,1070]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements of the teeth (IVPP V11121-2). Abbreviations: e, estimated value; SI, slenderness index (sensu Upchurch, 1998). All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5548FFB21776216C4006AD63">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) is consistent with a phylogenetic position anywhere within Sauropodomorpha apart from Diplodocoidea and Somphospondyli.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[1349,1477,933,955]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the teeth of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1187,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
are serrated, but we found no such structures on any of the four crowns. Virtually all non-sauropod sauropodomorphs, and many non-eusauropod sauropods, have relatively large serrations on both the mesial and distal margins of their tooth crowns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." box="[1164,1333,1066,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1164,1268,1066,1088]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[951,1180,1093,1115]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[951,1052,1093,1115]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. M. Galton" box="[1194,1252,1093,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="57 - 90" part="77" refId="ref37108" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. M. Galton. 2007 a. A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 57 - 90." title="A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[1291,1406,1093,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Apaldetti, C. & R. N. Martinez & I. A. Cerda & D. Pol & O. Alcober" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1227 - 1232" part="2" refId="ref30533" refString="Apaldetti, C., R. N. Martinez, I. A. Cerda, D. Pol, and O. Alcober. 2018. An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1227 - 1232." title="An early trend towards gigantism in Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Apaldetti et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chapelle, K. E. J. & J. N. Choiniere" box="[990,1296,1120,1142]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="4224" part="6" refId="ref31792" refString="Chapelle, K. E. J., and J. N. Choiniere. 2018. A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha. PeerJ 6: e 4224. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4224" title="A revised cranial description of Massospondylus carinatus Owen (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) based on computed tomographic scans and a review of cranial characters for basal Sauropodomorpha" type="journal article" year="2018">Chapelle and Choiniere, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Well-developed serrations are also present on both mesial and distal crown margins in some non-neosauropod eusauropods, such as the CMT
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,950,1200,1222]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[961,1140,1200,1222]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a few early-branching eusauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1064,1227,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Barapasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1064,1227,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Barapasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1303,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[1075,1195,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, a referred specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[886,1196,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1196,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), serrations are retained on the mesial margins and lost on the distal margins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ye, Y. & H. Ouyang & Q. - M. Fu" box="[1324,1471,1280,1302]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="266 - 271" part="39" refId="ref38285" refString="Ye, Y., H. Ouyang, and Q. - M. Fu. 2001. New material of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis from Zigong, Sichuan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 39: 266 - 271." title="New material of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis from Zigong, Sichuan" type="journal article" year="2001">Ye et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates, A. M." box="[808,923,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[938,1129,1306,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Variation can even occur along the length of the jaw of a single individual: for example, the anterior dentary teeth of
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1316,1360,1382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[983,1153,1360,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mamenchisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sinocanadorum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
lack serrations, whereas they are present as relatively small projections on just the mesial/apical margins of the posterior teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the absence of serrations in the IVPP V11121-2 teeth is more typical of a neosauropod (or close relative such as a turiasaurian) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[910,1159,1493,1515]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[910,1013,1493,1515]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres, R. & P. Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="553 - 583" part="10" refId="ref36055" refString="Royo-Torres, R., and P. Upchurch. 2012. The cranial anatomy of the sauropod Turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10: 553 - 583." title="The cranial anatomy of the sauropod Turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic relationships" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Royo-Torres and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1371,1474,1493,1515]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though this is also seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1947" box="[1144,1287,1520,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Amygdalodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1287,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Amygdalodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1300,1427,1520,1542]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1300,1427,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and teeth referred to
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1108,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Kotasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & D. Pol" box="[1125,1389,1546,1568]" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 93" part="9" refId="ref31466" refString="Carballido, J. L., and D. Pol. 2010. The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods. Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83 - 93." title="The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Carballido and Pol, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given this variation, however, the absence/presence of serrations probably provides only weak evidence of phylogenetic affinities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1369,1474,1600,1622]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, P. M. & P. Upchurch" box="[866,1149,1626,1648]" editor="K. A. Curry Rogers & J. A. Wilson" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="125 - 151" refId="ref30676" refString="Barrett, P. M., and P. Upchurch. 2005. Sauropodomorph diversity through time: paleoecological and macroevolutionary implications: pp. 125 - 151 in K. A. Curry Rogers and J. A. Wilson (eds.), The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropodomorph diversity through time: paleoecological and macroevolutionary implications" type="book" volumeTitle="The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology" year="2005">
|
||
Barrett and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[990,1093,1626,1648]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & X. - J. Zhao & X. Xu" box="[1161,1390,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="247 - 262" part="144" refId="ref37324" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, X. - J. Zhao, and X. Xu. 2007 b. A re-evaluation of Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis Ye vide Dong 1992 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): implications for cranial evolution in basal sauropod dinosaurs. Geological Magazine 144: 247 - 262." title="A re-evaluation of Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis Ye vide Dong 1992 (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): implications for cranial evolution in basal sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1161,1262,1626,1648]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & D. Pol" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="83 - 93" part="9" refId="ref31466" refString="Carballido, J. L., and D. Pol. 2010. The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods. Comptes Rendus Palevol 9: 83 - 93." title="The dentition of Amygdalodon patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) and the dental evolution in basal sauropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Carballido and Pol, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An apicobasally oriented ridge within the lingual concavity is present in nearly all known spatulate sauropod teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, P. M. & Y. Hasegawa & M. Manabe & S. Isaji & H. Matsouka" box="[871,1056,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1197 - 1217" part="45" refId="ref30781" refString="Barrett, P. M., Y. Hasegawa, M. Manabe, S. Isaji, and H. Matsouka. 2002. Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Palaeontology 45: 1197 - 1217." title="Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographic implications" type="journal article" year="2002">Barrett et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[1067,1269,1706,1728]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and might be homologous with the mesiodistally convex lingual surface of the crowns of many diplodocoids and somphospondylans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1304,1407,1760,1782]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whitlock, J. A." box="[855,865,1786,1808]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="872 - 915" part="161" refId="ref37504" refString="Whitlock, J. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 872 - 915." title="A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2011). The absence of this ridge in the IVPP V11121-2 teeth is shared with just three other taxa with spatulate teeth:
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1020,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,924,1840,1862]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Oplosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oplosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
armatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from the Early Cretaceous of England (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" box="[814,1051,1866,1888]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[814,917,1866,1888]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whitlock, J. A." box="[1041,1051,1866,1888]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="872 - 915" part="161" refId="ref37504" refString="Whitlock, J. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 872 - 915." title="A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2011),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1137,1210,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
from the Middle Jurassic of Niger (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & R. Allain & O. Moine" box="[906,1115,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1181,1421,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="11">Klamelisaurus gobiensis</emphasis>
|
||
from the Middle Jurassic of China (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhao, X. - J." box="[1132,1250,1920,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="132 - 138" part="31" refId="ref38484" refString="Zhao, X. - J. 1993. [A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 31: 132 - 138. [In Chinese with English summary]" title="A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China" type="journal article" year="1993">Zhao, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[1267,1462,1920,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in most other respects the teeth of the former two taxa are very different from those of IVPP V11121-2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. D. Mannion & P. M. Barrett" editor="D. J. Batten" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology Association Field Guides to Fossils 14, Palaeontological Association, London" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="476 - 525" refId="ref37155" refString="Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and P. M. Barrett. 2011. Sauropod dinosaurs; pp. 476 - 525 In D. J. Batten (ed.), English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontology Association Field Guides to Fossils 14, Palaeontological Association, London." title="Sauropod dinosaurs" type="book" volumeTitle="English Wealden Fossils" year="2011">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[610,713,160,182]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & R. Allain & O. Moine" box="[168,381,186,208]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In particular, the lingual surfaces of the IVPP V11121-2 crowns are nearly flat mesiodistally, whereas this surface is concave in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[386,502,240,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Oplosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[386,502,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Oplosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,635,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
. Perhaps the most informative character state in the IVPP V11121-2 teeth is the presence of a boss on the distal margin of the crown. These resemble those seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[371,478,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[371,478,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" box="[498,770,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[107,402,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[238,341,346,368]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Over the past decade, nearly all studies have recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[353,460,373,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[353,460,373,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within Macronaria, usually as an early-branching somphospondylan (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref37635" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Memoir of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 5: 1 - 68." title="Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Sereno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[170,302,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[319,612,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[449,552,426,448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[629,770,426,448]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & R. N. Barnes & O. Mateus" box="[107,326,453,475]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gorscak, E. & P. M. O' Connor" box="[343,653,453,475]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="0211412" part="14" refId="ref32965" refString="Gorscak, E. and P. M. O' Connor. 2019. A new African Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation (Mtuka Member), Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania. PLoS ONE 14: e 0211412." title="A new African Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation (Mtuka Member), Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania" type="journal article" year="2019">Gorscak and O’ Connor, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido, J. L. & M. Scheil & N. Knotschke & P. M. Sander" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="739 - 781" part="18" refId="ref31507" refString="Carballido, J. L., M. Scheil, N. Knotschke, and P. M. Sander. 2020. The appendicular skeleton of the dwarf macronarian sauropod Europasaurus holgeri from the Late Jurassic of Germany and a re-evaluation of its systematic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 739 - 781." title="The appendicular skeleton of the dwarf macronarian sauropod Europasaurus holgeri from the Late Jurassic of Germany and a re-evaluation of its systematic affinities" type="journal article" year="2020">Carballido et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, the presence of these bosses in IVPP V11121-2 specimens 2 and 3 would previously have been interpreted as indicative of macronarian affinities and potential membership of an Early Cretaceous somphospondylan euhelopodid radiation (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D." box="[278,417,586,608]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="624 - 671" part="166" refId="ref31993" refString="D' Emic, M. D. 2012. The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 624 - 671." title="The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">D’ Emic, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Canudo, J. I. & J. I. Ruiz-Omenaca & J. L. Barco & R. Royo-Torres" box="[520,730,586,608]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="443 - 452" part="39" refId="ref31420" refString="Canudo, J. I., J. I. Ruiz-Omenaca, J. L. Barco, and R. Royo-Torres. 2002. Sauropodos asiaticos en el Barremiense inferior (Cretacico inferior) de Espana. Ameghiniana 39: 443 - 452." title="Sauropodos asiaticos en el Barremiense inferior (Cretacico inferior) de Espana" type="journal article" year="2002">Canudo et al. [2002]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, P. M. & X. - L. Wang" box="[107,367,613,635]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeoworld" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="265 - 271" part="16" refId="ref30737" refString="Barrett, P. M., and X. - L. Wang. 2007. Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China. Palaeoworld 16: 265 - 271." title="Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China" type="journal article" year="2007">Barrett and Wang [2007]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[500,706,613,635]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that most of their phylogenetic analyses placed
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[598,705,640,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[598,705,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within CMTs, well outside Neosauropoda. Moreover, the distolingual boss is also present on the dentary teeth of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[607,777,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mamenchisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sinocanadorum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suteethorn, S. & J. Le Loeuff & E. Buffetaut & V. Suteethorn & K. Wongko" box="[282,534,720,742]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="459 - 469" part="58" refId="ref36600" refString="Suteethorn, S., J. Le Loeuff, E. Buffetaut, V. Suteethorn, and K. Wongko. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58: 459 - 469." title="First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand" type="journal article" year="2013">Suteethorn et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[554,761,720,742]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it also characterizes the teeth of the Early Cretaceous Chinese taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[260,392,773,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauria incertae sedis" genus="Yongjinglong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,392,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">Yongjinglong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has been recovered as a somphospondylan in previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Li, L. - G. & D. - Q. Li & H. - L. You & P. Dodson" box="[462,605,800,822]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="e 85979" part="9" refId="ref33857" refString="Li, L. - G., D. - Q. Li, H. - L. You, and P. Dodson. 2014. A new titanosaurian sauropod from the Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Gansu Province, China. PLoS ONE 9: e 85979. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0085979" title="A new titanosaurian sauropod from the Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Gansu Province, China" type="journal article" year="2014">Li et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & X. Jin & W. Zheng" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="191057" part="6" refId="ref34433" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, X. Jin, and W. Zheng. 2019 b. New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography. Royal Society Open Science 6: 191057. doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 191057" title="New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[107,777,160,1248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In summary, the character states present in the teeth of IVPP V11121-2 support their identification as those of a non-neosauropod eusauropod (though somphospondylan affinities cannot be ruled out) and are consistent with Dong’ s (1997) suggestion that they belonged to a mamenchisaurid. Indeed, apart from the absence of the lingual apicobasal ridge in IVPP V11121-2, these teeth most closely resemble those of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[600,776,1013,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mamenchisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sinocanadorum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. IVPP V11121-2 lacks any true autapomorphies but does possess a unique combination of features: it is the only taxon currently known that lacks both the apicobasal lingual ridge and clear labial grooves, while also possessing a distolingual boss. Given the inadvisability of naming new taxa on such scant material (e.g., the danger of historical obsolescence described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[107,413,1200,1222]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" pagination="125 - 160" part="1" refId="ref37673" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch, 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a " Gondwanan " distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 125 - 160." title="A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria - Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a " Gondwanan " distribution" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[237,340,1200,1222]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
[2003]
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we refrain from erecting a new genus or species at this time, pending further discoveries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |