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<document id="ED16EDB9E29DB52553EECC48A37E7A53" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5433.3.9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10954401" ID-ZooBank="3ED6D283-A033-485F-9632-FC95778F3A44" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1712752571463" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rafael, José Albertino &amp; Vasconcelos, Manuela Santos" docDate="2024" docId="5F67B95EE01FFF8ED994E2DDBA96FD49" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5433.3.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5433 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.3.9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Macrostomus Wiedemann 1817" docType="key" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="436" masterDocId="A35EC126E019FF89D903E435BF0AFFF4" masterDocTitle="A new species-group of Macrostomus (Diptera, Empididae) with notable spotted wings recorded from the North Amazonia biogeographical component and a key to species-groups" masterLastPageNumber="438" masterPageNumber="429" pageNumber="435" updateTime="1712858057593" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7381C2E8DCBFA6CF8128F7E7AABA3B39">A new species-group of Macrostomus (Diptera, Empididae) with notable spotted wings recorded from the North Amazonia biogeographical component and a key to species-groups</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF02ED89034ECC2CAA6973EDF58F2B8D">Rafael, José Albertino</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9509F09391950E385BE444993617EC8F">Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A2ED7D3C127100B7C846DB2279BCBD34">Vasconcelos, Manuela Santos</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BED7D26036AD2E13D52E235EF70CDD03">Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Scientific Initiation Program, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="8C39BF24E01FFF8FD994E2DDBCE3F8F6" bold="true" box="[151,1001,1768,1794]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FD994E2DDBCE3F8F6" bold="true" box="[151,1001,1768,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
Key to
<taxonomicName id="10CE73CBE01FFF8FD9F2E2DDBE9CF8F6" ID-CoL="5JPS" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1817" box="[241,406,1768,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Macrostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FD9F2E2DDBE9CF8F6" bold="true" box="[241,406,1768,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Macrostomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-groups based mainly in male specimens
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="D7710848E01FFF8FD994E31CBA96F88E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1833,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<materialsCitation id="67A60215E01FFF8FD994E31CBA96F88E" collectionCode="R" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" specimenCode="R2, R4" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<keyLead id="6C3FAB7DE01FFF8FD994E31CBA96F88E" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<specimenCount id="C1C8C3C1E01FFF8FD994E31CBE19F8CB" box="[151,275,1833,1855]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" type="male">1 Male</specimenCount>
and female wings dark with distinct fenestrate hyaline spots (
<figureCitation id="4FF514CDE01FFF8FDA59E31CBCA2F8CA" box="[858,936,1833,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[177,1404,270,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-64@3.[177,1411,270,1840]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Macrostomus megatarsus sp. nov., paratype male. A, habitus; B, wing; C, tergite 8, dorsal view; D, tergite and sternite 8, lateral view; E, epandrium and cerci, lateral view; F, epandrium, lateral view; G, cerci lobes, dorsolateral view; H, detail of the cercal bridge and subepandrial sclerite, anterior view; I, hypandrium, ejaculatory apodeme, and phallus, lateral view; J, holotype labels. Abbreviations: a ce = anterior cercus; ce brd = cercal bridge, ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme, hypd = hypandrium, m ce = median cercus, p ce = posterior cercus, ph = phallus, sbepand scl = subepandrial sclerite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10954405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10954405/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4FF514CDE01FFF8FDAB2E31CBCC5F8CA" box="[945,975,1833,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[162,1413,181,898]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[162,1426,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Macrostomus megatarsus sp. nov., paratype female. A, habitus; B, wing; C, tergites 8, 9+10 and cerci, dorsal view; D, sternite 8, ventral view; E, tergite and sternite 8 to cerci, lateral view (sternite 8 outlined); F, spermatheca; G, eggs. Abbreviations: gen fk = genital fork, tg = tergite, st = sternite. Figures C, D, and E at same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10954409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10954409/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4FF514CDE01FFF8FDADBE31CBCFCF8CA" box="[984,1014,1833,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1645,1669]" captionTargetBox="[193,1404,181,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[183,1404,181,1621]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Macrostomus polleti sp. nov., paratype male.A, habitus; B, wing; C, tergite 8 and sternite 8, dorsal view; D, tergite and sternite 8, lateral view; E, terminalia, lateral view (epandrium outlined); F, detail of the cercal bridge and subepandrial sclerite, anterior view; G, cerci lobes, posterior view; H, hypandrium (below) and detached phallus and ejaculatory apodeme, lateral view. I, holotype labels. Abbreviations: a ce = anterior cercus; ce brd = cercal bridge, m ce = median cercus, p ce = posterior cercus, ph = phallus, sbepand scl = subepandrial sclerite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10954412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10954412/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">3B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="4FF514CDE01FFF8FDAFCE31CBB14F8CA" box="[1023,1054,1833,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1058,1082]" captionTargetBox="[200,1384,238,1034]" captionTargetId="figure-52@6.[200,1387,237,1034]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Macrostomus polleti sp. nov., paratype female. A, habitus; B, wing; C, tergites 8, 9+10 and cerci, dorsal view; D, sternite 8 and genital fork, ventral view; E, tergite and sternite 8 to cerci, lateral view; F, spermatheca and spermathecal duct. Figures C, D, and E at same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10954416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10954416/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">4B</figureCitation>
); veins
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<specimenCode id="8768A033E01FFF8FDD64E31FBB76F8B0" box="[1127,1148,1834,1860]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
R
<subScript id="4B4A0A0DE01FFF8FDD76E30DBB76F8B0" attach="left" box="[1141,1148,1848,1860]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">2</subScript>
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+3
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDDBAE31FBBEAF8B0" box="[1209,1248,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<specimenCode id="8768A033E01FFF8FDDBAE31FBBDAF8B0" box="[1209,1232,1834,1860]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
R
<subScript id="4B4A0A0DE01FFF8FDDCBE30DBBDAF8B0" attach="left" box="[1224,1232,1848,1860]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">4</subScript>
</specimenCode>
+5
</emphasis>
curved, converging to each other, leaving cell
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FD8DCE372BD0AF896" box="[479,512,1863,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">r 2+3</emphasis>
narrowed subapically. Female. Legs with mid femur, hind femur, and hind tibia with dorsal and ventral pennate scales (
<figureCitation id="4FF514CDE01FFF8FD8C1E351BD07F88D" box="[450,525,1892,1914]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1058,1082]" captionTargetBox="[200,1384,238,1034]" captionTargetId="figure-52@6.[200,1387,237,1034]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Macrostomus polleti sp. nov., paratype female. A, habitus; B, wing; C, tergites 8, 9+10 and cerci, dorsal view; D, sternite 8 and genital fork, ventral view; E, tergite and sternite 8 to cerci, lateral view; F, spermatheca and spermathecal duct. Figures C, D, and E at same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10954416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10954416/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
)....................................................
<taxonomicName id="10CE73CBE01FFF8FDD81E351BA1BF88D" authorityName="Rafael &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityYear="2024" box="[1154,1297,1892,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Macrostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megatarsus">
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDD81E351BA1BF88D" box="[1154,1297,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">M. megatarsus</emphasis>
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species-group
</keyLead>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D7710848E01FFF8FD994E3B4BA96F847" blockId="6.[151,1437,1833,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<keyLead id="6C3FAB7DE01FFF8FD994E3B4BA96F847" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
- Male and female specimens with different pattern of infuscation; veins
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDA86E3B7BCA6F868" box="[901,940,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
R
<subScript id="4B4A0A0DE01FFF8FDA97E3A5BCA6F868" attach="left" box="[916,940,1936,1948]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">2+3</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDADBE3B7BCF5F868" box="[984,1023,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
R
<subScript id="4B4A0A0DE01FFF8FDAE4E3A5BCF5F868" attach="left" box="[999,1023,1936,1948]" fontSize="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">4+5</subScript>
</emphasis>
not converging to each other. Female. Legs sometimes as above, or with variable dorsal and ventral pennate scales on hind leg or without pennate scales............. 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D7710848E01FFF8ED994E389BA96FF3F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1833,2031]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,701]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="436" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<keyLead id="6C3FAB7DE01FFF8ED994E389BA96FF3F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="436" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<specimenCount id="C1C8C3C1E01FFF8FD994E389BE19F826" box="[151,275,1980,2002]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" type="male">2 Male</specimenCount>
wings distinctly brown infuscate on costal and distal margins, on crossvein
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDAF0E389BB1FF825" box="[1011,1045,1980,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">r-m</emphasis>
, and slightly on crossvein
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01FFF8FDC1AE389BA5AF825" box="[1305,1360,1980,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">dm-m</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B35F75B9E01FFF8FDC5FE389BE99F81A" author="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." pageId="6" pageNumber="435" pagination="613 - 624" refId="ref6564" refString="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (2010) Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). II. The pictipennis species-group. Acta Amazonica, 40, 613 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672010000300023" type="journal article" year="2010">Rafael &amp; Cumming 2010</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1A, 2A). Female wings distinctly more infuscated on respective regions of males (
<bibRefCitation id="B35F75B9E01FFF8EDDDEE3ECBE1EFF59" author="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="436" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" pagination="613 - 624" refId="ref6564" refString="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (2010) Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). II. The pictipennis species-group. Acta Amazonica, 40, 613 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672010000300023" type="journal article" year="2010">Rafael &amp; Cumming 2010</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1G, 2E). Female legs with pennate scales on flattened hind femur, hind tibia and often on mid femur (
<bibRefCitation id="B35F75B9E01EFF8EDC42E4A2BE70FF3E" author="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="436" pagination="613 - 624" refId="ref6564" refString="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (2010) Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). II. The pictipennis species-group. Acta Amazonica, 40, 613 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672010000300023" type="journal article" year="2010">Rafael &amp; Cumming 2010</bibRefCitation>
, figs 1E, F, 4D, E), rarely on mid tibia..................................
<taxonomicName id="10CE73CBE01EFF8EDD8BE480BA1BFF3E" ID-CoL="3XBBD" baseAuthorityName="Bezzi" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1160,1297,181,202]" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Macrostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictipennis">
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01EFF8EDD8BE480BA1BFF3E" box="[1160,1297,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">M. pictipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D7710848E01EFF8ED994E4E6BA96FED6" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,701]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<keyLead id="6C3FAB7DE01EFF8ED994E4E6BA96FED6" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
- Male and females wings infuscated on costal and distal margins to almost entirely hyaline (
<bibRefCitation id="B35F75B9E01EFF8EDD3DE4E7BA3BFF13" author="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[1086,1329,210,232]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" pagination="39 - 56" refId="ref6505" refString="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (2009) Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). I. The ferrugineus species-group. Zootaxa, 2064 (1), 39 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2064.1.4" type="journal article" year="2009">Rafael &amp; Cumming 2009</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2A, F;
<bibRefCitation id="B35F75B9E01EFF8ED9E1E4DABEDCFEF1" author="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M." box="[226,470,239,261]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" pagination="109 - 121" refId="ref6681" refString="Rafael, J. A. &amp; Cumming, J. M. (2015) Revision of the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae). IV. The amazonensis species-group. Zootaxa, 3947, 109 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3947.1.7" type="journal article" year="2015">Rafael &amp; Cumming 2015</bibRefCitation>
, figs 54–63); pterostigma slightly darker. Female legs with pennate scales only on hind tibia dorsally, sometimes present ventrally or hind tibia without pennate scales................................................ 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="6C3A10EDE01EFF8ED994E51FBA96FE63" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<paragraph id="D7710848E01EFF8ED994E51FBA96FEA9" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,701]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<keyLead id="6C3FAB7DE01EFF8ED994E51FBA96FEA9" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<specimenCount id="C1C8C3C1E01EFF8ED994E51FBE19FEB4" box="[151,275,298,320]" count="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" type="male">3 Male</specimenCount>
tergite 8 with posteromedial projection, with apex acute (
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, figs 1B, 2B, 3B), or apex blunt (
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, figs 4B, 6B) or apex bifid (
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, fig. 5B)................................... 5
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- Male tergite 8 without posteromedial projection beyond posterior margin (
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, figs 5, 29, 36) or with two posterolateral protuberances apically (
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, fig. 17).......................................... 4
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4 No supra-alar postsutural setae; 1–2 pairs of scutellar setae. Cell
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01EFF8EDA63E5AABC77FE40" box="[864,893,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">dm</emphasis>
somewhat blunt posteriorly (
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, figs 54–63). Hypandrium generally narrowed on distal third of posterior margin (
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, figs 14, 22, 33) or notched, with small sinus on distal third (
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, fig. 5).................
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- One supra-alar postsutural seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae. Cell
<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01EFF8EDA36E5C2BC58FDF8" box="[821,850,503,524]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">dm</emphasis>
slightly projected posteriorly (
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, figs 4, 15, 16, 20, 27). Hypandrium somewhat same diameter along entire length (
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, figs 7, 19) or distinctly widened on distal half (
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, figs 31, 38)............................
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<emphasis id="E5BAD45AE01EFF8EDD82E606BA1BFDB3" box="[1153,1297,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">M. limbipennis</emphasis>
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species-group
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5 Hypandrium generally slender, narrowed and nearly same diameter along entire length with pair of distal protuberances (
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, figs 1E, 2E)....................................................
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- Hypandrium variable, generally widened, with somewhat translucent membranous area basally (
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, figs 10D, 11J, 13N)..................................................................... unplaced species-group
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