449 lines
59 KiB
XML
449 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="5F9CF37DCC66CEB31477AE50F8F11077" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.191088" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5a169008-e3e8-4f54-9bfa-4618612942b9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="191088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461123532220" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cárdenas, Paco, Menegola, Carla, Rapp, Hans Tore & Díaz, Maria Cristina" docDate="2009" docId="03FD6D27AA5F3207FF4B28B9BAE2EE93" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02276p039.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2276" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Stryphnus raratriaenus Cárdenas, Menegola, Rapp & Díaz, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A2D5A11A-CE0D-4C87-9CBD-2C138C5279D5" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFC4155FAA4A321FFFDC2C1EBE47EB47" masterDocTitle="Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1698596348993" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CF8B0B4BCC1149D573CA3FD6A1E6ACB1">Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D4DC00BEA127E9DB416CB22991D7EB2E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="93BFB0768BA2309A290AFC59A76EEB5C">Cárdenas, Paco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="97C6EF1A201FC56427992204DA2339BA">Menegola, Carla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9FDDA27E8B8516C554C5C82920CF667">Rapp, Hans Tore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E69B569F857C5668D8475E4D09D808EE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7F16D37D7794503584435432750FB719">Díaz, Maria Cristina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2AD08F73B96AE425BD2F5151BA7234D7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="757D7C0B5C47418042F03E682F0A07B1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="973431D4A0F033469150775406B5F2CD">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1C517B8B09FACCFDE2F45E169999B2A1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="55C75CF2B34C5C387926B6B43EE91A4D">2276</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03FD6D27AA5F3207FF4B28B9BAE2EE93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689930" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119626243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689930" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A2D5A11A-CE0D-4C87-9CBD-2C138C5279D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD6D27AA5F3207FF4B28B9BAE2EE93" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA5F320AFF4B28B9BF15EFA3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF4B28B9BC52EF86" blockId="21.[151,533,1191,1252]" box="[151,533,1191,1217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0A36B5DAA5F320AFF4B28B9BC52EF86" bold="true" box="[151,533,1191,1217]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF4B28B9BC52EF86" bold="true" box="[151,533,1191,1217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5F320AFF4B28B9BFF7EF86" box="[151,432,1191,1217]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF4B28B9BFF7EF86" bold="true" box="[151,432,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stryphnus raratriaenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A213BD58AA5F320AFE6B28B9BC52EF86" box="[439,533,1191,1217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF4B28D4BF15EFA3" blockId="21.[151,533,1191,1252]" box="[151,338,1226,1252]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFF4328D4BF0EEFA3" box="[159,329,1226,1252]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionStartId-1="23.[151,255,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetBox-1="[157,1407,192,1917]" captionTargetId-0="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetId-1="figure@23.[151,1436,169,1946]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Spicule repertoire of Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov [ZMBN 81642]: A. Oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Style; D. Dichotriaene; E. Oxyasters; F. Sanidasters. Scale 200 µm for A. Scale 50 µm for B – C – D. Scale 10 µm for E – F." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/191100/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figures 11–12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA5F320AFF4B2906BC89EDD6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF4B2906BF77EEC5" blockId="21.[151,1437,1304,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF4B2906BF41EE76" box="[151,262,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Material.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA5F320AFED12906BF25EE75" box="[269,354,1304,1330]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ZMBN</collectionCode>
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81642,
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<typeStatus id="54EF6293AA5F320AFE1F2906BC6AEE75" box="[451,557,1304,1330]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
,
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<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA5F320AFDE62906BC3DEE75" box="[570,634,1304,1330]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">STRI</collectionCode>
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Point (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA5F320AFD0D2906BD1EEE75" box="[721,857,1304,1330]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="15" value="9.351389">9°21’05’’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE60BAF6AA5F320AFCBA2906BA42EE75" box="[870,1029,1304,1330]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="15" value="-82.259445">82°15’34’’W</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5F320AFBC72906BA02EE75" box="[1051,1093,1304,1330]" name="Iceland" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Isla</collectingCountry>
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||
Colón, under coral rubble,
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||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA5F320AFA512906BEE9EE1C" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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depth. Fixed in ethanol 96%. Collected by M. C. Díaz,
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<date id="FFEAFAF1AA5F320AFC9B295FBA52EE1C" box="[839,1045,1342,1371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2007-08-18">18th August 2007</date>
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, specimen has been cut in pieces for transport.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF1A2991BAC0ED5B" blockId="21.[151,1437,1304,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF1A2991BC7DEEEF" box="[198,570,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5F320AFD9B2991BA0CEEEE" authority="(Bowerbank, 1866)" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1866" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[583,1099,1423,1449]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ponderosus">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFD9B2991BD08EEEF" box="[583,847,1423,1448]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stryphnus ponderosus</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA5F320AFCB92991BA05EEEE" author="Bowerbank" box="[869,1090,1423,1449]" pageId="21" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2. Ray Society, London, i - xx, 1 - 388 pp." type="book chapter" year="1866">Bowerbank, 1866</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, MC 3395, Rathlin Island,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5F320AFF4B29ABBF18EE88" box="[151,351,1461,1487]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Northern Ireland</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5F320AFEB629A8BCB3EE88" authority="Vosmaer, 1885" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" box="[362,756,1461,1487]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
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<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFEB629A8BC62EE88" box="[362,549,1462,1487]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stryphnus fortis</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA5F320AFDE929ABBCACEE88" author="Vosmaer" box="[565,747,1461,1487]" pageId="21" pageNumber="39" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The Sponges of the ' Willem Barents' Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12, 1 - 47, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1885">Vosmaer, 1885</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA5F320AFCDE29ABBD10EE88" box="[770,855,1461,1487]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ZMBN</collectionCode>
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||
82977, Korsfjord, Bergen region,
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<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5F320AFB2829ABBB14EE88" box="[1268,1363,1461,1487]" name="Norway" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Norway</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA5F320AFABD29ABBEA3EEB1" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="200.0">
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||
200–
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<specimenCount id="9D5217B8AA5F320AFF4B29C2BEA3EEB1" box="[151,228,1500,1526]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">400 m</specimenCount>
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</quantity>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5F320AFF3429C2BC8AEEB1" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[232,717,1500,1526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronatus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF3429C2BFB3EEB2" box="[232,500,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Stryphnus mucronatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA5F320AFDD029C2BC83EEB1" author="Schmidt" box="[524,708,1500,1526]" pageId="21" pageNumber="38" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement).. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), i - iv, 1 - 44, pls I - V." type="book chapter" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4544F4AA5F320AFD3C29C2BD7DEEB1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[736,826,1500,1526]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
Coll. Chombard, Mediterranean Sea, La Ciotat,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5F320AFF4B2A1CBEACED5B" box="[151,235,1538,1564]" name="France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5F320AFF322A1DBFB1ED5B" authority="Hajdu" authorityName="Hajdu" box="[238,502,1538,1564]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">
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||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF322A1DBFE0ED5B" box="[238,423,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asteropus niger</emphasis>
|
||
Hajdu
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA5F320AFD912A1CBC9FED5B" author="Soest" box="[589,728,1538,1564]" pageId="21" pageNumber="37" refString="Hajdu, E. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1992) A revision of Atlantic Asteropus Sollas, 1888 (Demospongiae), including a description of three new species, and with a review of the family Coppatiidae Topsent, 1898. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 3 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Soest, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ZMAPOR 14182,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5F320AFC622A1CBA64ED5B" box="[958,1059,1538,1564]" name="Curaçao" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA5F320AFBF22A1CBAC5ED5B" box="[1070,1154,1538,1564]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="39.5">39.5 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF1A2A37BC89EDD6" blockId="21.[151,1437,1304,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF1A2A37BFE4ED05" box="[198,419,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Outer morphology</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFE692A37BC4CED04" box="[437,523,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Thickly encrusting sponge,
|
||
<date id="FFEAFAF1AA5F320AFC562A37BDF5ED04" box="[906,946,1577,1603]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">4 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA5F320AFC602A37BDBAED04" box="[956,1021,1577,1603]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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||
. Color alive is dark–brown with a whitish choanosome. In alcohol, these colors are preserved. No visible openings. Consistency is firm, choanosome is dense. Surface is rugose and flat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA5F3209FF1A2A80BD9CEA0B" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F320AFF1A2A80BD6EEC3E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1304,2028]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF1A2A80BF6DEDF0" box="[198,298,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFEE72A83BFC9EDF0" box="[315,398,1693,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
B–C). Sanidasters and oxyasters are abundant in the thin cortex. Underneath, abundant paratangantial large oxeas fill the choanosome. Sanidasters and oxyasters are also abundant in the choanosome. A total of three dichotriaenes were found, two were observed in the thick sections, both perpendicular to the external layer, one with its cladome at the surface of the sponge, the other in the choanosome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFEE72B26BFC8EC15" box="[315,399,1848,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Large brown granular cells (diameter: 14–23 µm) are observed mainly in the cortex but are also present in lower density in the choanosome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5F3209FF1A2B98BBDBEA61" blockId="21.[151,1437,1304,2028]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,152,371]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF1A2B98BF6FECD8" box="[198,296,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFEE72B9BBFDEECD8" box="[315,409,1925,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F, 12).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFDC42B98BCECECD8" box="[536,683,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (a) oxeas I (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5F320AFC8D2B9BBDE0ECD8" box="[849,935,1925,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
B), stout, straight or slightly bent, length:
|
||
<date id="FFEAFAF1AA5F320AFF4B2BB2BF5CEC82" box="[151,283,1964,1990]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1742" valueMax="1971">
|
||
1742–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFF3C2BB2BF5CEC82" box="[224,283,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">1971</emphasis>
|
||
</date>
|
||
–2210 µm; width: 45–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFDF82BB2BC06EC82" box="[548,577,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">62</emphasis>
|
||
–80 µm. (b) oxeas II, straight or slightly bent, length: 310–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFB212BB2BB6EEC82" box="[1277,1321,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">448</emphasis>
|
||
–560 µm; width: 15–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFEC92BCDBF0FECAB" box="[277,328,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">22.2</emphasis>
|
||
–30 µm. (c) styles, length: 590–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFD632BCDBCACECAB" box="[703,747,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">603</emphasis>
|
||
–620 µm; width: 17.3–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5F320AFC242BCDBA52ECAB" box="[1016,1045,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">18</emphasis>
|
||
–18.6 µm. (c) dichotriaenes, very rare, rhabdome with a strongyle end, deuteroclads can be further subdivided, rhabdome length: 447–620 µm (N=2); rhabdome width: 33–44 µm (N=2); protoclad length: 67–113 µm (N=2); deuteroclad length: 77–87 µm (N=2).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FEC22CFBBFF2EBB9" box="[286,437,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
: (d) sanidasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5C3209FD5D2CFBBC92EBB8" box="[641,725,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D), spiny, length: 16–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FC0A2CFBBA4EEBB9" box="[982,1033,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">20.2</emphasis>
|
||
–23.9 µm; width (axis and actines included): 2.1–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FE942D12BF2BEA62" box="[328,364,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2.9</emphasis>
|
||
–4 µm. (h) oxyasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA5C3209FDB12D12BCFAEA61" box="[621,701,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F), 5–8 actines, faintly spiny, diameter: 29.3–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FB2D2D12BB63EA62" box="[1265,1316,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">33.8</emphasis>
|
||
–37.2 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5C3209FF1A2D2CBD9CEA0B" blockId="22.[151,1436,152,371]" box="[198,987,306,332]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FF1A2D2CBC3DEA0C" box="[198,634,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Habitat in the Bocas del Toro region.</emphasis>
|
||
Under coral ruble,
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA5C3209FC822D2CBDCCEA0B" box="[862,907,306,332]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA5C3209FF1A2D47BC13EA34" box="[198,596,345,371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5C3209FF1A2D47BC13EA34" blockId="22.[151,1436,152,371]" box="[198,596,345,371]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FF1A2D47BF12EA35" box="[198,341,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA5C3209FEB82D47BF86EA34" box="[356,449,345,371]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2B8CB9AA5C3209FF4B2AFBBD14ECC0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5C3209FF4B2AFBBD14ECC0" blockId="22.[151,1437,1765,1927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FF4B2AFBBF62EDBA" bold="true" box="[151,293,1765,1789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5C3209FEF02AF8BC64EDBA" box="[300,547,1766,1789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5C3209FEF02AF8BC64EDBA" box="[300,547,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Stryphnus raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A213BD58AA5C3209FDF52AF8BC3BEDBA" box="[553,636,1766,1789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
[ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2B8CB9AA5D3208FF4B2BADBB7CECAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191100/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[157,1407,192,1917]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA5D3208FF4B2BADBB7CECAA" blockId="23.[151,1436,1971,2029]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5D3208FF4B2BADBF60EC8C" bold="true" box="[151,295,1971,1995]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicule repertoire of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA5D3208FDC82BAABD49EC8C" box="[532,782,1972,1995]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA5D3208FDC82BAABD49EC8C" box="[532,782,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stryphnus raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A213BD58AA5D3208FCC92BAABD24EC8C" box="[789,867,1972,1995]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
[ZMBN 81642]: A. Oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Style; D. Dichotriaene; E. Oxyasters; F. Sanidasters. Scale 200 µm for A. Scale 50 µm for B–C–D. Scale 10 µm for E–F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523207FF1A2C86BB6BEEE9" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF1A2C86BDE2EE7D" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF1A2C86BFB3EBF6" box="[198,500,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks and discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
This species appears to live in cryptic habitats and is therefore difficult to encounter. Its color is due to large granular cells. This species illustrates once again the close relationship of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FECB2CFBBC63EBB8" authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[279,548,229,255]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FECB2CFBBFCCEBB9" box="[279,395,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FE4F2CFBBC63EBB8" author="Sollas" box="[403,548,229,255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD802CFBBC97EBB9" box="[604,720,229,254]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD802CFBBC97EBB9" box="[604,720,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FD3C2CFBBD29EBB8" author="Sollas" box="[736,878,229,255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FC702CFBBAF5EBB8" author="Soest" box="[940,1202,229,255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.) Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, No. 122., Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hajdu & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FA802CFBBE91EA61" author="Soest" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="Hajdu, E. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1992) A revision of Atlantic Asteropus Sollas, 1888 (Demospongiae), including a description of three new species, and with a review of the family Coppatiidae Topsent, 1898. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 3 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Soest 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FF3E2D12BF2DEA61" author="Uriz" box="[226,362,268,294]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002 a) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">Uriz 2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FEAB2D12BC6CEA61" author="Carvalho" box="[375,555,268,294]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Carvalho, M. S. (2008) Revisao taxonomica de Astrophorida e Halichondrida do Chile (Demospongiae, Porifera), filogenia e biogeografia de Asteropus (Ancorinidae, Astrophorida) com uma discussao acerca das rotas trans- Pacificas. Ph. D. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 282 pp." type="book" year="2008">Carvalho 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, if it were not for the presence of triaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136FC0B4AA523207FB4F2D12BAAFEA61" box="[1171,1256,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="22.[151,255,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1421,429,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,429,1740]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 11. Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov. [ZMBN 81642]: A. Holotype, alive, growing on coral rubble. A tangential cut in the specimen shows the whitish choanosome (arrow). Scale: 2 cm; B. Cross – section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Arrow points to a dichotriaene. Scale: 1 mm; C. Detail of cross section (B) showing the dichotriaene. Note the large granular brown cells. Scale: 500 µm; D. Sanidaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. Oxyaster. Scale: 4 µm; F. Oxyaster with a dichotomous actine. Scale: 4 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/191099/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C), this species would have been assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE312D2CBC26EA0C" box="[493,609,306,331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE312D2CBC26EA0C" box="[493,609,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Caribbean,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC9D2D2CBDB4EA0C" box="[833,1011,306,331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC9D2D2CBDB4EA0C" box="[833,1011,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A213BD58AA523207FC252D2CBA14EA0B" box="[1017,1107,306,332]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
could certainly be mistaken with the shallow–water
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE642D47BD53EA34" authority="Hajdu" authorityName="Hajdu" box="[440,788,345,371]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE642D47BC85EA35" box="[440,706,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
Hajdu
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FCB32D47BDB8EA34" author="Soest" box="[879,1023,345,371]" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="Hajdu, E. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1992) A revision of Atlantic Asteropus Sollas, 1888 (Demospongiae), including a description of three new species, and with a review of the family Coppatiidae Topsent, 1898. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 3 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Soest, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but the later has one size class of oxea, rare oxyasters (13–42 µm) and no triaenes. Our species is even closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FB542D9EBB31EADE" box="[1160,1398,384,409]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ketostea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FB542D9EBB31EADE" box="[1160,1398,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus ketostea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FF4B2DB8BF2AEA87" author="Laubenfels" box="[151,365,422,448]" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27, 1 - 154, pls I - II." type="journal article" year="1950">Laubenfels, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3439CA1AA523207FE672DB8BC68EA87" box="[443,559,422,448]" name="Bermuda" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the latter has thinner oxeas, smaller oxyasters (17–27 µm) and no triaenes. As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE862DD3BC50EAA1" box="[346,535,461,486]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE862DD3BC50EAA1" box="[346,535,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it has a dark choanosome, smaller oxeas II, larger oxyasters (42–98 µm), trichodragmata and no triaenes. The differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FCE02DEABDEEE94A" box="[828,937,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FCE02DEABDEEE94A" box="[828,937,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC382DEABA1FE94A" box="[996,1112,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC382DEABA1FE94A" box="[996,1112,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also ambiguous.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FA882DEABF7BE973" author="Sollas" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888" yearSuffix="p">Sollas (1888, p. 171)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FEAF2E04BC4EE973" author="Uriz" box="[371,521,538,564]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002 a) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">Uriz (2002a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FDA32E04BCB4E974" box="[639,755,538,563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FDA32E04BCB4E974" box="[639,755,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can have amphiasters (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FB4C2E04BB0EE974" box="[1168,1353,538,563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FB4C2E04BB0EE974" box="[1168,1353,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus fortis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but in our opinion these are clearly just sanidasters with few actines on the main shaft.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FBE12E5FBB77E91C" author="Sollas" box="[1085,1328,577,603]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888" yearSuffix="p">Sollas (1888, p. 171)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FAB42E5FBEB5E9C5" author="Uriz" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Uriz, M. J. (2002 a) Family Ancorinidae Schmidt, 1870. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 134 - 140." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">Uriz (2002a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also state that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE432E76BC54E9C6" box="[415,531,616,641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE432E76BC54E9C6" box="[415,531,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have large oxeas (
|
||
<quantity id="4CAC71D4AA523207FC952E76BDECE9C5" box="[841,939,616,642]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, ca. 40–60 µm) but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FB0F2E76BB07E9C6" box="[1235,1344,616,641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FB0F2E76BB07E9C6" box="[1235,1344,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species present the same range of oxea sizes, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD102E91BD07E9EF" box="[716,832,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Asteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD102E91BD07E9EF" box="[716,832,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Asteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC302E91BA27E9EF" box="[1004,1120,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC302E91BA27E9EF" box="[1004,1120,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FB462E91BB40E9EF" box="[1178,1287,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FB462E91BB40E9EF" box="[1178,1287,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera have similar spicule repertoires (large oxeas, triaenes, oxyasters and sanidasters) except for the presence of anatriaenes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE9E2EC2BFE8E9B2" box="[322,431,732,757]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE9E2EC2BFE8E9B2" box="[322,431,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We also noticed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD6A2EC2BD6DE9B2" box="[694,810,732,757]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD6A2EC2BD6DE9B2" box="[694,810,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally possesses dichotriaenes, whereas these are rare in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF372F1CBF1FE85C" box="[235,344,770,795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF372F1CBF1FE85C" box="[235,344,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FD782F1CBD8DE85B" author="Sollas" box="[676,970,770,796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25, 1 - 458, pls I - XLIV, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1888" yearSuffix="p">Sollas (1888, p. cxxxvii)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC0B2F1CBA0CE85C" box="[983,1099,770,795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC0B2F1CBA0CE85C" box="[983,1099,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more irregular spicule arrangement and no fibrous cortex (the cortex can be densely filled with large oxeas and triaenes) whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FF4B2F4EBF4AE82E" box="[151,269,848,873]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF4B2F4EBF4AE82E" box="[151,269,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a radially arranged skeleton and a more conspicuous cortex (often partly fibrous). We acknowledge that the definitions of these genera are still not satisfying at the moment, but until their comprehensive revision is initiated, our new species is assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC362F83BA21E8F1" box="[1002,1126,925,950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC362F83BA21E8F1" box="[1002,1126,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the absence of anatriaenes, presence of dichotriaenes, its irregular spicule arrangement and lack of thick cortex. It is furthermore quite different from the only described Caribbean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FCA62FF4BDA0EF44" box="[890,999,1002,1027]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FCA62FF4BDA0EF44" box="[890,999,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FB6D2FF4BBDBEF44" box="[1201,1436,1002,1027]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fenimorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FB6D2FF4BBDBEF44" box="[1201,1436,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ancorina fenimorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FF66280FBFCDEF6C" author="Laubenfels" box="[186,394,1041,1067]" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="de Laubenfels, M. W. (1934) New sponges from the Puerto-Rican deep. Smithsonian Miscellanous Collections, 91, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1934">Laubenfels, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE49280FBC6BEF6D" box="[405,556,1041,1066]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ancorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fenimorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE49280FBC6BEF6D" box="[405,556,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. fenimorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from rather deep water and has much larger sanidasters (60 µm) than our
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FEDE2826BFF0EF16" box="[258,439,1080,1105]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FEDE2826BFF0EF16" box="[258,439,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(average of 20.2 µm). As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FCFC2826BDD1EF16" box="[800,918,1080,1105]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FCFC2826BDD1EF16" box="[800,918,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, they are all quite different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FA5A2826BF71EF3F" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FA5A2826BF71EF3F" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE942841BCAAEF3F" authority="Vosmaer, 1885" authorityName="Vosmaer" authorityYear="1885" box="[328,749,1118,1144]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE942841BC57EF3F" box="[328,528,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus fortis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FDFE2840BCA3EF3F" author="Vosmaer" box="[546,740,1118,1144]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. (1885) The Sponges of the ' Willem Barents' Expedition 1880 and 1881. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 12, 1 - 47, pls I - V." type="journal article" year="1885">Vosmaer, 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD202841BB55EF3F" authority="Bowerbank, 1866" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1866" box="[764,1298,1118,1144]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ponderosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD202841BA55EF3F" box="[764,1042,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus ponderosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FBFE2840BB4EEF3F" author="Bowerbank" box="[1058,1289,1118,1144]" pageId="24" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2. Ray Society, London, i - xx, 1 - 388 pp." type="book chapter" year="1866">Bowerbank, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FAFC2841BFB6EFD8" authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FAFC2841BF64EFD9" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus mucronatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FEEF289BBFAEEFD8" author="Schmidt" box="[307,489,1157,1183]" pageId="24" pageNumber="38" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement).. (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig), i - iv, 1 - 44, pls I - V." type="book chapter" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE22289BBDD9EFD8" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[510,926,1157,1183]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="unguiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE22289BBD47EFD9" box="[510,768,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus unguiculus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FCD5289BBDD9EFD8" author="Sollas" box="[777,926,1157,1183]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FC06289BBB72EFD8" authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[986,1333,1157,1183]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FC06289BBADFEFD9" box="[986,1176,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus niger</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FB7C289BBB72EFD8" author="Sollas" box="[1184,1333,1157,1183]" pageId="24" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges Dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all have smooth oxyasters and abundant dichotriaenes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD1728B2BAFAEF81" authority="Lendenfeld, 1907" authorityName="Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1907" box="[715,1213,1196,1222]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="progressus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD1728B2BD8AEF82" box="[715,973,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Stryphnus progressus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC5A1C0AA523207FC0028B2BAF3EF81" author="Lendenfeld" box="[988,1204,1196,1222]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="24" pageNumber="37" refString="von Lendenfeld, R. (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Valdivia 1898 - 1899, 11, i - iv, 59 - 374, pls IX - XLVI." type="journal article" year="1907">Lendenfeld, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has abundant dichotriaenes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE9E28CDBFB4EFAB" box="[322,499,1235,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE9E28CDBFB4EFAB" box="[322,499,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A213BD58AA523207FE2028CDBC10EFAA" box="[508,599,1235,1261]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the seventh species of this genus described in the world and the first in the Caribbean. It should be noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FD5928E7BD7CEE55" box="[645,827,1273,1298]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="raratriaenus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FD5928E7BD7CEE55" box="[645,827,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. raratriaenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had numerous large dark granular cells, similar to those observed in our
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FE46293EBC07EE7E" box="[410,576,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucronatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FE46293EBC07EE7E" box="[410,576,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. mucronatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C54A7B2AA523207FDA5293EBD5BEE7E" box="[633,796,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stryphnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ponderosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FDA5293EBD5BEE7E" box="[633,796,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. ponderosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF192958BB6BEEE9" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Despite substantial efforts, we were not able to obtain a COI sequence for this specimen. We strongly suspect that DNA contaminants block the PCR reaction. After extra cleaning of the DNA (precipitation, drying, extra washing with 70% ethanol), we nonetheless managed to obtain a partial 28S sequence.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34E8FBAAA523207FF1929A5BAE2EE93" box="[197,1189,1466,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEBDC31AA523207FF1929A5BAE2EE93" blockId="24.[151,1437,152,1492]" box="[197,1189,1466,1492]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9200023AA523207FF1929A5BF0FEE93" box="[197,328,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the latin word ‘rara’ meaning ‘rare’ and the spicule name ‘triaene’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |