281 lines
32 KiB
XML
281 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="883C3B4AC1FE6D8B9A0FCAAB48FE15E3" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38807" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1af13aec-3c54-4a92-abdf-e4e29b97e82f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271704" ID-ZooBank="118F4865-D89E-45EA-A210-8D61946CC37F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465971881907" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matz, Jess & Brower, Andrew V. Z." docDate="2016" docId="03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4125.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Punargentus Heimlich 1963" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FFC8FFAFFF8B847DFF86FFA0FFD9B918" masterDocTitle="The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698662999642" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="3294D7E97D5FBE28CA2D5925F65B8CFC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2253E87E62E1E19B9A5A3CA24A58A16D">
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<mods:title id="BF522D807CD42044890F411E6F1F59AA">The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9247555B1CA2BCFE6AD51867674A59E3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8309042C75A0719EDBAADEFD41A967AB">Matz, Jess</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9084F40D35FF923D94F6CCD6004AC617" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="133A2ACD6351E5B135A58657CFC10F0B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="619794691C6426CF35A09478CFEF1697">Brower, Andrew V. Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="343C31EDDBF1FBA672F94A3ABD85042C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DD2A4A9F8F7472D856D35B016F41276A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1F9DBE5542CA8DEDA9A6F546BC45BBDA">
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<mods:date id="172FD3AF770E39B7C68C8029F9A459E9">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C68F00EF7B2CCA3737823C0970AB649E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AAF069005A43C7B065710E1906110E1F">4125</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5ECAB0691ACEA19994FAA739C79B45ED" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6070086" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120828509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6070086" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB08446FF11FA74FE2FBCF6" box="[151,502,1492,1518]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB08446FF11FA74FE2FBCF6" blockId="59.[151,502,1492,1518]" box="[151,502,1492,1518]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0AF81ADFFB08446FF11FA74FE2FBCF6" bold="true" box="[151,502,1492,1518]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FF11FA74FE2FBCF6" ID-CoL="92LHF" authority="Heimlich, 1963" authorityName="Heimlich" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,502,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF11FA74FE2FBCF6" bold="true" box="[151,502,1492,1518]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF11FA74FEEABCF6" bold="true" box="[151,307,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Punargentus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FEBCFA74FE2FBCF6" author="Heimlich" box="[314,502,1492,1518]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Heimlich, W. (1963) Die Gattung Argyrophorus Blanchard (Lep., Satyridae). Mitteilungen der munchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 53, 70 - 79, pls. 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="1963">Heimlich, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB08446FF11F9BAFD1EBFB3" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB08446FF11F9BAFDFABF57" blockId="59.[151,781,1562,1707]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF11F9BAFEC5BF28" bold="true" box="[151,284,1562,1584]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB08446FF11F9BAFF15BF28" box="[151,204,1562,1584]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FEACF9BAFD57BF28" authority="Thieme, 1904" authorityName="Thieme" authorityYear="1904" box="[298,654,1562,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FEACF9BAFE25BF28" box="[298,508,1562,1584]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Argyrophorus lamna</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FD84F9BAFD57BF28" author="Thieme" box="[514,654,1562,1584]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Thieme, T. A. O. (1904) Neue Tagschmetterlinge aus der sudamerikanischen Cordillere. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 49 (1 / 2), 159 - 161." type="journal article" year="1904">Thieme, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FF2DF999FE19BF57" authority="Herrera, 1965" authorityName="Herrera" authorityYear="1965" box="[171,448,1593,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Etcheverrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF2DF999FEF5BF57" box="[171,300,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Etcheverrius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FEB5F99AFE19BF57" author="Herrera" box="[307,448,1593,1615]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Herrera, J. V. (1965) Etcheverrius y Palmaris, nuevos generos de Satyridae andinos (Lepidoptera). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, Universidad de Chile, 7, 57 - 73." type="journal article" year="1965">Herrera, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FE40F999FDFABF57" bold="true" box="[454,547,1593,1615]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB08446FF41F9F9FE26BF94" blockId="59.[151,781,1562,1707]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB08446FF41F9F9FF20BF76" box="[199,249,1625,1646]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FEC9F9F9FCD4BF76" authority="Guerin-Meneville" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1830" box="[335,781,1624,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FEC9F9F9FDD8BF76" box="[335,513,1624,1646]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Satyrus chiliensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FD81F9F8FCD4BF76" box="[519,781,1624,1646]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1830) Lepidopteres. In: Crustaces, Arachnides et Insectes. In: Duperrey, L. J (Ed), Voyage autour du monde execute par ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, la Coquille, pendant les annees 1822,1823,1824 et 1825, sous le ministere et conformemont aux instructions de S. E. M. le Marquis de Clermont - Tonnerre, Ministre de la Marine, et publiee sous les auspices de son excellence Mgr le Cte de Chabrol, Ministre de la Marine et des Colonies. Zoologie, 2 (2), (1). Arthus Bertrand, Paris, pls. 13 - 19." type="book chapter">Guérin-Méneville, [1830]</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FF2DF9D6FE42BF94" authority="Herrera, 1965" authorityName="Herrera" authorityYear="1965" box="[171,411,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Palmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF2DF9D6FED1BF94" box="[171,264,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Palmaris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FE88F9D7FE42BF94" author="Herrera" box="[270,411,1654,1676]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Herrera, J. V. (1965) Etcheverrius y Palmaris, nuevos generos de Satyridae andinos (Lepidoptera). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, Universidad de Chile, 7, 57 - 73." type="journal article" year="1965">Herrera, 1965</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FE27F9D6FE26BF94" bold="true" box="[417,511,1654,1676]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB08446FF41F936FD1EBFB3" blockId="59.[151,781,1562,1707]" box="[199,711,1685,1707]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB08446FF41F936FF20BFB3" box="[199,249,1686,1707]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FEC9F935FD1EBFB3" authority="Butler, 1881" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1881" box="[335,711,1685,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hipparchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticolens">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FEC9F935FD9ABFB3" box="[335,579,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hipparchia monticolens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FDCCF935FD1EBFB3" author="Butler" box="[586,711,1685,1707]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Butler, A. G. (1881) List of butterflies collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1881 (4), 449 - 486, pl. 21." type="journal article" year="1881">Butler, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB08446FF11F977FAA3BEF5" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB08446FF11F977FAA3BEF5" blockId="59.[151,1437,1751,2029]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FF11F977FED3BFE8" bold="true" box="[151,266,1751,1776]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Members of this genus can be distinguished by the oval shape of the hindwings with the termen entire to scalloped with the ventral side bearing round to lenticular black ocelli in each cell bordered by or superimposed upon elongated yellow streaks. The ventral side of the hindwing has a ripple pattern over most of the wing with veins highlighted in white to grey. The ventral side of the forewing bears an unpupillated apical ocellus between M1-M2, sometimes extending to M3. Antennae are spatulate in
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FCE5F8C9FC1DBE98" box="[867,964,1895,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FCE5F8C9FC1DBE98" box="[867,964,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. lamna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FC7DF8C9FB59BE98" box="[1019,1152,1895,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FC7DF8C9FB59BE98" box="[1019,1152,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. chiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, round in
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FB74F8C9FA4DBE98" box="[1266,1428,1895,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hipparchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticolens">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FB74F8C9FA4DBE98" box="[1266,1428,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. monticolens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Males bear androconia in
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FE43F82DFDB2BEBD" box="[453,619,1932,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hipparchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticolens">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FE43F82DFDB2BEBD" box="[453,619,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. monticolens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FD2EF82DFCE9BEBD" box="[680,816,1932,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FD2EF82DFCE9BEBD" box="[680,816,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. chiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Although we were unable to detect androconia in
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB08446FA01F82DFF04BED1" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB08446FA01F82DFF04BED1" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">P. lamna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB08446FEB5F810FE35BED1" author="Heimlich" box="[307,492,1968,1993]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refString="Heimlich, W. (1963) Die Gattung Argyrophorus Blanchard (Lep., Satyridae). Mitteilungen der munchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 53, 70 - 79, pls. 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="1963">Heimlich (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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states that androconia are present. Eyes are naked and foreleg tarsi are unsegmented in the males with as many as three segments in the females. Male genitalia with the uncus widest at the median.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB78441FF41FF37FEACBA0D" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB78441FF41FF37FE18B87D" blockId="60.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FF41FF37FEEDB9A8" bold="true" box="[199,308,151,176]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Remarks</emphasis>
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. Although the hindwing patterning and silver coloration of
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FC71FF39FB84B9A8" box="[1015,1117,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FC71FF39FB84B9A8" box="[1015,1117,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. lamna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FA87FF37FEDDB9CC" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argenteus">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FA87FF37FEDDB9CC" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus argenteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FE94FF1DFE79B9CC" box="[274,416,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE94FF1DFE79B9CC" box="[274,416,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is nonetheless phylogenetically distinct (
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<figureCitation id="13632A44FFB78441FCEBFF1CFC77B9CC" box="[877,942,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1782,1804]" captionTargetBox="[187,1390,212,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[180,1408,195,1758]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 1. One of six equally parsimonious trees for Neosatyriti and selected pronophiline outgroups, based on 4071 bp of concatenated DNA sequence from mtDNA COI-COII, elongation factor 1 - alpha and wingless. Length = 8955 steps, CIx = 0.2435; RI = 0.4729." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271705/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
). The original description states simply that this genus is more delicate and less colorful than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FD49FF7FFCB3B9E0" box="[719,874,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FD49FF7FFCB3B9E0" box="[719,874,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FC23FF40FB9DB9EF" box="[933,1092,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cosmosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FC23FF40FB9DB9EF" box="[933,1092,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Cosmosatyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The genera
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FB5AFF7FFAB2B9E0" box="[1244,1387,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Etcheverrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FB5AFF7FFAB2B9E0" box="[1244,1387,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Etcheverrius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FF11FEA4FF27B805" box="[151,254,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Palmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FF11FEA4FF27B805" box="[151,254,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Palmaris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were removed from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FE7AFEA4FD4EB805" box="[508,663,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE7AFEA4FD4EB805" box="[508,663,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FD4AFEA5FCA1B805" author="Herrera" box="[716,888,260,285]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Herrera, J. V. (1965) Etcheverrius y Palmaris, nuevos generos de Satyridae andinos (Lepidoptera). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, Universidad de Chile, 7, 57 - 73." type="journal article" year="1965">Herrera (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
based on minor differences in wing venation, foreleg segmentation, and genitalia. These names are here synonymized with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FBA1FE89FB6CB858" box="[1063,1205,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FBA1FE89FB6CB858" box="[1063,1205,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has priority under our circumscription.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB78441FF41FECFFEACBA0D" blockId="60.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
Several species were not available for thorough study, but fit the current diagnosis of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FB4EFED1FA8FB890" box="[1224,1366,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FB4EFED1FA8FB890" box="[1224,1366,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
more closely than that of any other genus.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FDD7FE35FC14B8B5" authority="Kohler" authorityName="Kohler" box="[593,973,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cosmosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tandilensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FDD7FE35FCADB8B5" box="[593,884,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Cosmosatyrus tandilensis</emphasis>
|
|
Köhler
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FB03FE34FACDB8B5" box="[1157,1300,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Etcheverrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FB03FE34FACDB8B5" box="[1157,1300,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Etcheverrius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FAC0FE35FF3CB8C8" author="Herrera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Herrera, J. V. (1965) Etcheverrius y Palmaris, nuevos generos de Satyridae andinos (Lepidoptera). Publicaciones del Centro de Estudios Entomologicos, Universidad de Chile, 7, 57 - 73." type="journal article" year="1965">Herrera (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FF7EFE18FE72B8C8" box="[248,427,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gustavi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FF7EFE18FE72B8C8" box="[248,427,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Satyrus gustavi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FE76FE19FD12B8C8" box="[496,715,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE76FE19FD12B8C8" box="[496,715,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus penai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FC1CFE17FBD9B8C8" box="[922,1024,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Palmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FC1CFE17FBD9B8C8" box="[922,1024,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Palmaris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FBBFFE18FAB8B8C8" author="Lamas" box="[1081,1377,439,464]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Lamas, G. & Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas & Viloria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FF11FE7CFE20B8ED" authority="Weymer" authorityName="Weymer" box="[151,505,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FF11FE7CFE4AB8EC" box="[151,403,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus angusta</emphasis>
|
|
Weymer
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was viewed as a subspecies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FCE6FE7CFB70B8ED" authority="Thieme" authorityName="Thieme" box="[864,1193,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FCE6FE7CFB90B8ED" box="[864,1097,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus lamna</emphasis>
|
|
Thieme
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FB5CFE7CFA4EB8ED" author="Heimlich" box="[1242,1431,476,501]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Heimlich, W. (1963) Die Gattung Argyrophorus Blanchard (Lep., Satyridae). Mitteilungen der munchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 53, 70 - 79, pls. 3 - 6." type="journal article" year="1963">Heimlich (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, who placed both in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FEF1FDA1FDDCBB00" box="[375,517,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FEF1FDA1FDDCBB00" box="[375,517,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FD92FDA0FCE4BB00" author="Pyrcz" box="[532,829,511,536]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Pyrcz, T. W. & Wojtusiak, J. (2010) A new species of Argyrophorus Blanchard from northern Peru and considerations on the value of wing venation as a source of synapomorphies in some temperate Neotropical Satyrinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Genus, 21, 605 - 613." type="journal article" year="2010">Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
included
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FC2AFE5FFBCABB00" box="[940,1043,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Palmaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FC2AFE5FFBCABB00" box="[940,1043,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Palmaris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FBA4FE5FFB68BB00" box="[1058,1201,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Etcheverrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FBA4FE5FFB68BB00" box="[1058,1201,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Etcheverrius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FB76FDA1FAA7BB00" box="[1264,1406,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FB76FDA1FAA7BB00" box="[1264,1406,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in their broader circumscription of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FD84FD84FD44BB25" box="[514,669,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FD84FD84FD44BB25" box="[514,669,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but these species, like others in this genus, bear a VFW ocellus that is unpupillated.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FEC9FDE7FD97BB78" box="[335,590,583,608]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Modolell, J., Munguira, M. L. & Garcia-Barros, E. (2009) Presence and phenotypic variability of Palmaris gustavi (Staudinger 1898) in northern Chile, with notes on Palmaris penai (Hayward, 1967) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 44, 351 - 356." type="journal article">
|
|
Modolell
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE39FDE9FE23BB78" box="[447,506,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2009)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
made a compelling argument that, based on similarities in male genitalic features and wing patterning,
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE6DFDCDFD8CBB9C" box="[491,597,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. gu s t a v i</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FD14FDCDFD34BB9C" box="[658,749,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FD14FDCDFD34BB9C" box="[658,749,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. penai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are closely related, if not conspecific, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB78441FB5DFDCDFAB7BB9C" author="Pyrcz" box="[1243,1390,620,645]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refString="Pyrcz, T. W. (2012) A new species of satyrine butterfly from Patagonia in more than a century and revisional notes on the genus Faunula C. Felder & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa, 3342, 60 - 68." type="journal article" year="2012">Pyrcz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
has synonymized them.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FE0CFD31FD59BBB0" box="[394,640,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Punargentus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FE0CFD31FD59BBB0" box="[394,640,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Punargentus angusta</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FD41FD31FCE5BBB0" box="[711,828,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gustavi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FD41FD31FCE5BBB0" box="[711,828,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. gustavi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
exhibit silver scaling on the dorsal wings, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FF11FD14FEEBBBD5" box="[151,306,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FF11FD14FEEBBBD5" box="[151,306,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Argyrophorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but this feature is not exclusive to
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FD51FD14FCA0BBD5" box="[727,889,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FD51FD14FCACBBD5" box="[727,885,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Argyrophorus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
and can be seen in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB78441FBE3FD15FB13BBD5" box="[1125,1226,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lamna">
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FBE3FD15FB13BBD5" box="[1125,1226,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. lamna</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(not to mention a variety of other satyrines). For each of these species, VHW wing patterning is similar to that of
|
|
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB78441FB76FD79FA48BBE8" box="[1264,1425,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. m on t i c ol en s</emphasis>
|
|
, with little variation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |