472 lines
66 KiB
XML
472 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.115970" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-29" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D5AC025C94EB5E3D9D29598708967DBE" ID-ZooBank="AB28819E29174A05ACD5ACDB2617580F" ModsDocID="2193-0074-27-1-29" checkinTime="1704420684547" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arratia, Gloria & Schultze, Hans-Peter" docDate="2024" docId="F0F1F5793EDE5428B6BA140AC15F0673" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 27(1): 29-53" docOrigin="Fossil Record 27 (1)" docPubDate="2024-01-04" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.115970" docTitle="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus Arratia & Schultze 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="CC8072F4-A28E-42EA-91D9-3D45809E1BBD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="D5AC025C94EB5E3D9D29598708967DBE" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="D5AC025C94EB5E3D9D29598708967DBE" masterDocTitle="The oldest teleosts (Teleosteomorpha): their early taxonomic, phenotypic, and ecological diversification during the Triassic" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1704420986364" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="07FC5AB9E7CAAC6AC56CB898BDD1FA5C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="87949FBF543D2D6A1F9FED7A4D0D0707">
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<mods:title id="F8F4F1BFD6B44A931E472A0B171E0E03">The oldest teleosts (Teleosteomorpha): their early taxonomic, phenotypic, and ecological diversification during the Triassic</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7E6C9A2BC0CC6EF135528C9F3812312D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DA5D490A11C9A50008720FC471248188">Arratia, Gloria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D3E68583B1958BC11C07D36F45F47DE6" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-1319</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="9E868213FD41584921F116002DB51C3E">Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="358676D9952039FDB9B7145E4E042546" type="email">garratia@ku.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A6C36D3DE753AAD1F2C1B6D8A7702DC5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AC922871E3AF192E207001B78DF0FAE7">Schultze, Hans-Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="410BF246722502E7A30B7196DD893B32">Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="53650A03D2B6ED6CC51BE171E80EA7F2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="22BD3E59072CFA737FF88D438BB3C0C8">
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<mods:title id="DF1FFE51721831D5472556C792E3588E">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="17FEF2B67DE5EA42A207B8EA91376E64">
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<mods:date id="F76C73981ECBEF68178E289BAA6E3358">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="767DA7A2A07E72FF9756873EC8354CC1">2024-01-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="80A7521C39C29AD97ABD5FE0DA86DC64">27</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5CA46A9BA9B8473A9982936C2E8CBB51" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="108F8BAC6D7BF79FFE66D1F85A8E1BF2">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AF6D35F4022A96DD1AF41229612B6B9F">29</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="E4A5728237A66748E7D8F0DD29D039B0">53</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="98E8C7E1E594CEF141D6680AF3CFFF00">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.115970</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AB98795C2DF9AD4E7EEC2A9A203226DA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1AF58DA8F983D47AC48AE73C20CFC8F6" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.27.115970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="271A311F4539987ED01DA40326CAAE90" type="Pensoft-Pub">2193-0074-1-29</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="F0F1F5793EDE5428B6BA140AC15F0673" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC8072F4-A28E-42EA-91D9-3D45809E1BBD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F0F1F5793EDE5428B6BA140AC15F0673" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="166371FA3FC1751DCAB76259FF420259" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A9AD4071B6342ECF12EDDCF5E6071D8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="F975D19B4CDF711DAEE8F96606705CDC" LSID="https://zoobank.org/CC8072F4-A28E-42EA-91D9-3D45809E1BBD" authority="Arratia & Schultze, 2024" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus" status="sp. nov.">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="DB3F974F84896B39D149CEA83233DA17" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7442CA2CA1E3ADFE3033DCD54A18D4A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4009DBA6FFEE1B060E401723C7E47F4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<figureCitation id="B4E5CD64B136165C8BF7C444339EE5AC" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 2. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="C5BD04EAFD4758853BB893DC748C35AA" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="71F0B7D056F81C56F87341AED80B02A8" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Drawing of cranium and pectoral girdle in lateral view. Hatched areas represent areas that are destroyed or too poorly preserved to allow a description. Arrows point to small serrations. Abbreviations: br. r, branchiostegal rays; b. sob, broken suborbital; b. stt [= dpt], broken supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]; cl, cleithrum;? exc,? extrascapula; op, opercle; pcl, postcleithra; pop, section of preopercle; scl, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962008" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="817FE641A4D14B5B81B2BA3C82952C3D" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 5. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Dorsal fin and surrounding scales. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; sc, scales; 1 st. dr, first principal dorsal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962009" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="D45E271992AEE8156113E2B11E0CC72E" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 6. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Posterior part of body illustrating squamation and caudal and anal fins. Arrows point to serrations. Abbreviations: a. fr, anal fin rays; e. bfu, epaxial basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; h. bfu, hypaxial basal fulcrum; r. ry, rudimentary ray; L. PR, last principal ray; scu, scutes or enlarged scales; 1 st. PR, first principal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5EC6950E30B6C5306ED9BDC98C469010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2D29FCEA60E9DE8EE4546052625FF36B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="24968F53CAD2A959FAE447988B9FE92B" authority="Arratia & Schultze, 2024" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Pholidoctenus</taxonomicName>
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2021
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<taxonomicName id="FD676DB24DB68E268F0C4872DD474FFA" authority="Arratia & Schultze, 2024" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Pholidoctenus</taxonomicName>
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sp. Schultze and Kriwet: p. 321, fig. 11.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5278BFC16DE9421ECA6D5769ABD4BF9F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="164B81AC85C471B46E2C91F854A109B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5FC6DE2E06776D42654B0F73EE8ACF6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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(Based on a unique combination of characters among stem teleosts. Autapomorphies are identified with an asterisk [*].) Small fish of about 55 mm total length. Skull roof bones covered by small tubercles and ridges of different sizes. The length of the nasal region is about 30% of the midorbital width (Table
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<tableCitation id="BD4B855763F6C2FA1972C5B112BD5429" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Approximate skull roof proportions in certain European stem teleosts with well-preserved skull roofs. The measured specimens are identified by their catalogue numbers. Abbreviations: NRL, nasal region; ORL, orbital region; ORW, orbital mid-region width; PORW, postorbital region: SRL, skull roof length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481">1</tableCitation>
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). The length of the postorbital region is about 50% of the orbital region length [*]. Deep opercle about five times deeper than the subopercle. Suture between opercle and subopercle slightly oblique. Ventral limb of cleithrum straight and narrow, lacking a posterior expansion at the confluence of both limbs. With a series of large scales or scutes, almost square-shaped, preceding the epaxial lobe of the caudal fin [*]. Less than 18 principal caudal rays present [*]. No hypaxial procurrent rays present [*]. Scales covered with a smooth layer of ganoine. Posterior margin of the scales with a few conspicuous acute projections or serrae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" ID-Table-UUID="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
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<paragraph id="F1A2CFB3E1C33335B4415928E4AA088F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="FCF59DEC9799FB5F8C4CCD81363C4D0A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Table 1.</emphasis>
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Approximate skull roof proportions in certain European stem teleosts with well-preserved skull roofs. The measured specimens are identified by their catalogue numbers. Abbreviations: NRL, nasal region; ORL, orbital region; ORW, orbital mid-region width; PORW, postorbital region: SRL, skull roof length.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="A5BE92EF6DA44083FEBA3BBCB581D3CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<table id="031CB6EE598AC3FF88C19EC1236004B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<tr id="727338C3C684A53BF425B4606B2905AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<th id="0852BFE00C1D7927F396D178909A8F8E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">Species</th>
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<th id="747C43AF1EB86918D4E2E711D2EF6CAE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">ORL/SRL</th>
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<th id="8922A944291F80740813240572B3CE23" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">PORL/ORL</th>
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<th id="DAAFB04E70B85D6BDEED89DE7734DAE8" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">NRL/SRL</th>
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<th id="C4B4AE13D0F905D07073CC44A51E38A1" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">NRL/PORW</th>
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<th id="1AEAC68698E7C4C34B46AD574EFFCDE0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">NRW/PORW</th>
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<th id="9E4DA860B78492864CE90F6AA7ADAC1C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">PORW/SRL</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="8C89D2492C1F8B3CD65FC9D18AC6068B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="6649506F7FF6246680B68BCB43B0BA6E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8007B896034DD9F210BF5E1B7D086F82" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Barschichthyidae" genus="Barschichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barschichthys ruedersdorfensis" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="ruedersdorfensis">
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<emphasis id="571FB330A6A624536669BDBAB7D634A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Barschichthys ruedersdorfensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et sp. nov. (MB f. 19907)
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</td>
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<td id="E269B66FC746FA98C3BA8EB9A74BA348" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">58%</td>
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<td id="8FCCED7C97B4069D43DD48B1615286AA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">68%</td>
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<td id="B2DB4231012B7121092FF556466C91DE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td id="32DB92D2907F1FE7C608C9899467F474" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td id="44ADC0E895B2D744B7C2DFAA46BAD60F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">150%</td>
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<td id="AC91FA84EDE791B07296DE009E4519F0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">35%</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="7CDB175D7198FBB5FEE7DE732CF2245E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="291798087F6BFB13D5967197D0C7CD78" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="F012141CA11A154AD4A79BD27BF0F403" authorityName="Zambelli" authorityYear="1975" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Parapholidophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapholidophorus nybelini" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nybelini">
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<emphasis id="736786F8143B5B599B461C3345F4D446" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Parapholidophorus nybelini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(MCSNB 3220)
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</td>
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<td id="19AEF5944970AA93516504C3332ECE48" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">78%</td>
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<td id="350A65C51397C11FB59CECA4E4F15728" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">30%</td>
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<td id="21AF64319D6C00F1FCACCCB6E8A402E0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">22%</td>
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<td id="67A6DD836668F9031585BDD4C508A751" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">52%</td>
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<td id="09371C1CADEBD9CD86BE1C0DB3FBC88C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">20%</td>
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<td id="E6799D2A04D56C2FB62E0A5A0BA43F8D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">84%</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="8469B85207BE962E3A0029E19D6D6BD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="4A0AC72BED250B6BABF26DBDD92B4251" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="97E80A429882C36366A8C5FD9052928C" authorityName="Zambelli" authorityYear="1978" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus serianus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serianus">
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<emphasis id="54510B3AEB25DA73299259841F3693AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus serianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(MCSNB 3095)
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</td>
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<td id="90F128BB6B4962E49AE1A0CFF7F8916E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">73%</td>
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<td id="E6A7D4604E9D1541BA49B477A869BAF6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">36%</td>
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<td id="66FAD490626C72F843CD10C82D10025A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">16%</td>
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<td id="48524560C38A688279834EB639A31EF2" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">43%</td>
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<td id="C4AB78693A0653E318947E4AC98AC6D4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">32%</td>
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<td id="2412C4566C833A91D3A44048C6A73262" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">96%</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="953A19B4E4974AA252DB79997BB847B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<td id="A1BDA95442707C2D9D26187583C56751" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="48D1238957021C08AA03204144547771" authorityName="Arratia" authorityYear="2017" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus sanpellegrinensis" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanpellegrinensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="79B759E2B65D1AFBE097A87CE457BB1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus sanpellegrinensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(MCSNB 13207)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="7CF53B78957991EE8D01C6907BDAA3D9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">63%</td>
|
|
<td id="B11C300D5D6E54F307CAB3438B6DF11C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">58%</td>
|
|
<td id="935910E3A4436CF9258F02948CDFA08C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">15%</td>
|
|
<td id="B09CE01BAA4D4D34C96A3D0BEB00CED7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">46%</td>
|
|
<td id="C4EEC205B67CDB1A2932FBD4A5975DEA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">32%</td>
|
|
<td id="21FAA5C175AC72E061D8C0F241DA3EFB" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">80%</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="D248D9DAF73F48BFD17E4374C0601554" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<td id="81B0F831D857B2D705E1B69BACF55282" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9788DC64694E524807E81F75F59D7690" authorityName="Griffith" authorityYear="1977" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidophoretes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidophoretes salvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvus">
|
|
<emphasis id="01D3E5C94753BAE87FF9B82EB906B395" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidophoretes salvus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(NHMW 170/0293)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="56828442BA8AEE3322B04D97908C6F86" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">62%</td>
|
|
<td id="5C35FAB5F39C18382DF6BE2BCA08CD94" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">60%</td>
|
|
<td id="539E9482570CBB81014B1AAB8B6EA48A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">19%</td>
|
|
<td id="04E680131C37FA3D67F6B80AB9026D06" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">57%</td>
|
|
<td id="BA89E7070E1AFDB2A964CA982B65BCDF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">31%</td>
|
|
<td id="E907BE8950A948FF4E9D9569A5EB313D" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">94%</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="05E0DE58B3C6CE07B18A5BEF7035F67D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<td id="516668D2D83987848FA62BBF8A88B55E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0EE059E5BD697BD2667EFB3162CA4A88" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8526BFA1E33F0E64ABF699BF309E543F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (MB f. 18641)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="A1481865E7452EF8F4396620D301F5CE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">62%</td>
|
|
<td id="E8B9E51B68BC2B7C889CDCEE7D0A6F87" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">50%</td>
|
|
<td id="3D3503F560B46E033B7ABD798F828C39" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">11%</td>
|
|
<td id="655E9F7B908B78EFC2BB0D4FF49EB3CA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">33%</td>
|
|
<td id="EA93BA510D60A2376917C4C6960AB044" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">32%</td>
|
|
<td id="16EAE5E1558524034BC45E2FC52701A7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">93%</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="1910CE6B0802A8E92A08E978487DA877" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<td id="4C94C5D8B565CDCAEB52C93268B3558C" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C36A6B6CADBA0D5690E95C5B91E6B8FC" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Barschichthyidae" genus="Ruedersdorfia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ruedersdorfia berlinensis" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="berlinensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="336287E11979A67132B5233573D874F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Ruedersdorfia berlinensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (MB f. 19910)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="73C84CEDFC0439E1978F7AE0E42078E5" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">52%</td>
|
|
<td id="EF103F8A067892F4228C5775F3835C8B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">90%</td>
|
|
<td id="1B8BC55F53D4A7F63B7E2C90B578914E" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">7.7%</td>
|
|
<td id="02215888F3DD1FAE02AE35EE02D3C86F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">22%</td>
|
|
<td id="A19283807ECE5C1F12A049A4441DE2B4" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">86%</td>
|
|
<td id="87D6ACBC1512A897AD1A3FCB67E96791" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">34%</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr id="0C057A6A3967F0E4062414C0E42CE000" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<td id="E23D96A4AFA8B2963CA67A15FFFFAAA0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C81B595255246BE0904FA8B88FDF1BD1" genus="Seinstedtia" lsidName="Seinstedtia parva" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="parva">
|
|
<emphasis id="B1498DB7C2D24C8222824F421F8545CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Seinstedtia parva</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(MLU Sei.2010.76)
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td id="4037E4940F0A4590518E8FD8DA786A56" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">61%</td>
|
|
<td id="5EE6B7811FA822FD0998E05C653A80DF" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">63%</td>
|
|
<td id="BE7385F11386A6F1FA6334F71A813349" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">16.6%</td>
|
|
<td id="1065EAA6B0A4FDC86DA6C07D989CC700" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">40%</td>
|
|
<td id="6764BBDC70403564F7011B5B3C73E249" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">77%</td>
|
|
<td id="E1258A7EB303D85737756C537215D063" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">32.8%</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="EF78B02F2BDC73A20EFDF608DA1AAA51" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="34E0D380DEE76F0CB6C8CC67E44B20D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Derivatio nominis.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="379A9AF3A9E4F31C311C1A165C43EB72" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
The name refers to the similarity of the skull roof and serrations on bones and scales to the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="354B598A0BBB1584C542E9D7EC6DC919" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="03F3009DAC1B133875DD6B7488FBCF6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Norian of Italy.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5E686AB1F7D7713F98469E1A6CF71E85" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="type material">
|
|
<paragraph id="1FD5E26370662D7A939C5C867E1F94AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Type material.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C98F2C57E03E7DCCA2A91A7A20D5C678" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="E09D4C9E40D59C55F8EA98250FE8F306" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="7426784121446D282B31B9C3EBCF6B1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Holotype</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
MB. f. 18641, a well-preserved skull roof including sensory cephalic cranial system.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7D0256A70900C62D60B8C9FE618A3BDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="5F0DFC8A9192571806653F6D54375315" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="3B9B26D347B8D065E9CE57118CB780D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
MB. f. 19904, almost complete specimen (missing the anterior part of the head and distal tips of the caudal fin rays), relatively well preserved considering the hardness of the rock and problems cleaning the surface of bones without destroying them. MB. f. 19905 and 19906, skull roofs.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="72F0ECF55C6E1B73F3F65B29AF32E0CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="provenience">
|
|
<paragraph id="E8A0BBA7EEB8D14015D25AB6BA5105E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Provenience.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5D39EA0F3F45A0595B026B862077B8F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
Opencast mine in
|
|
<normalizedToken id="D003FC5C012E9A0F7E093E13B9660564" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 25 km east of the center of Berlin, Germany.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7593A4C26F32FDF581604DA99F553B4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="age">
|
|
<paragraph id="D6AF3B2883825163E63F6CA1569EC526" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Age.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="130915254725C4321488C7AA42C36643" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Lower Middle Triassic, lower Anisian (middle Muschelkalk).</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="04B0B8224D9A04C0C10B3FF42CE987F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="959F4BC8C87494198CB028AE55910D47" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E61800101A6BAB4E7660BA319B9A76C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
This is a small species of about 55 mm total length and about 36 mm SL. Specimen MB. f. 19904, with the body and squamation preserved in situ, is a rare one in a locality where the fishes are usually preserved as disarticulated bones (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="370A8F8112BA5FB280D736AEA59D7D47" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 2. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). The anterior part of the head is missing, and since the body is slightly bent, it is not possible to estimate its body shape accurately; possibly, it was oblong, and the peduncle depth seems to be half of the predorsal depth. The pectoral fins are missing, and the pelvic fins are incompletely preserved. The dorsal fin is placed at about half the length of the fish, and the anal is placed posteriorly, very close to the ventral margin of the caudal fin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="04513B4B78F214CB4140FCF974A3FC60" doi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 2" startId="F3">
|
|
<paragraph id="FCBFD9AC83D870A2B2AA24359FC54F6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="A4AEDA9EA5A5300769821C0E03A99D62" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9E2B29ABBA0636B204C03143093E4B0" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8A2997D1CBD29651337E7A2CBC3C7F5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from
|
|
<normalizedToken id="2F4C178E9B4BA589493B3695CA2EA886" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
|
|
, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="F5E408FBF6C7102A855EB5DCCDCF8958" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="AD438E3BA13C7E7D86400C9F5BA7B68F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="FCC9B838392F785A78A45F8EF0514E81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Skull roof</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
The nicely preserved skull roof (8.3 mm long and 7.5 mm wide at the postorbital region) has all dermal bones fused into a large plate (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="38831120EDA5291A91409C47219D90E1" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3</figureCitation>
|
|
), with the exception of the rostral and nasal bones that are not preserved. The skull roof plate is almost triangular, being narrow anteriorly at the so-called triangular nasal region and expanding posteriad, reaching its maximum width at the supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic] level and ending in a straight line (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="99F4EDD32304CB8A73DEE87E4F8861C3" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3</figureCitation>
|
|
). A posterior process is absent in the posterior margin of the supratemporotabular region. The skull roof looks like a flat plate having a straight profile. Most of the skull roof is formed by the orbital region whose length is about 62% of the total length of the skull roof. The small triangular nasal region is short, and its length is about 11% of the skull roof length (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="6D44CA9504F2D1237B5BFD233688ADE7" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Approximate skull roof proportions in certain European stem teleosts with well-preserved skull roofs. The measured specimens are identified by their catalogue numbers. Abbreviations: NRL, nasal region; ORL, orbital region; ORW, orbital mid-region width; PORW, postorbital region: SRL, skull roof length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481">1</tableCitation>
|
|
). The lateral margins of the nasal region would articulate with the nasal bones that are not preserved, but considering the oblique position of both sutures for the nasal bones, it is assumed here that the rostral bone had an anterior position in front of the nasals. The orbital region is narrower than the postorbital region, with the width at its mid-region being ca. 33% of the postorbital region width (Table
|
|
<tableCitation id="96D0970D32459D3B339E8D08D59E602C" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Approximate skull roof proportions in certain European stem teleosts with well-preserved skull roofs. The measured specimens are identified by their catalogue numbers. Abbreviations: NRL, nasal region; ORL, orbital region; ORW, orbital mid-region width; PORW, postorbital region: SRL, skull roof length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481">1</tableCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="978F582FDD135A9A9E4CDA95A5D1A722" doi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 3" startId="F4">
|
|
<paragraph id="84E2A739318D54445370EC3C6DF000E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="86FAB8C33D586178389A6926656B1B2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F1B427F55CABC9AEC30AEBA51519A734" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="5686AF6A596C4C0722E86F99D789E8D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from
|
|
<normalizedToken id="8ACA4A60D5AD2FCCBED6F43DC8637C6F" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
|
|
, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin).
|
|
<emphasis id="07291DEF7EF296C5997209F4A0B7872A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A.</emphasis>
|
|
Photograph of skull roof.
|
|
<emphasis id="7BA150A41F924ED136469BC248AFF077" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">B.</emphasis>
|
|
Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a.pl, anterior pitline; m.pl, middle pitline; ot.c, otic canal; pa+ppa+asp+stt [= fr+pa+asp+dpt], parietal+postparietal+autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal+parietal+autosphenotic+dermopterotic]; ppa.b, postparietal branch; p.pl, posterior pitline; sor.c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (
|
|
<emphasis id="EE39C58861E7DCC32CF86B549BE83B79" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">A</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="5571E385EAF20621170B29BEC1048B85" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
The skull roof (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="F8F683E193D4F45DA2EA3F407A62EA86" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3</figureCitation>
|
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) does not show obvious sutures, but there is a slight median overgrowth in the region where both parietals [= frontals] would fuse, a tenuous, incomplete suture where both postparietals [= parietals] would meet, and a tenuous suture separating the short and small right supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]. According to this interpretation, the parietal region would be the largest component of the skull roof, forming the whole orbital region and extending into the postorbital region. There is no process at the lateral margin at the confluence of the nasal and orbital regions of the plate. The lateral margin of the plate, at the supratemporotabular region, shows an invagination that may be occupied by the dorsal margin of the suborbital or an accessory suborbital, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B476C537E80D987CBFC8765789579602" authorityName="Zambelli" authorityYear="1978" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus serianus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="652D026DD950291DE1F9B1DE26F303AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus serianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C7B8CC2325402C6838B8A4C613BD0D20" author="Zambelli, R" journalOrPublisher="Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, part" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="101 - 123" refId="B66" refString="Zambelli, R, 1977. Note sui Pholidophoriformes. II. Pholidoctenus serianus gen. n. sp. n. Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, part 5 (3): 101 - 123" title="Note sui Pholidophoriformes. II. Pholidoctenus serianus gen. n. sp. n." volume="5" year="1977">Zambelli 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="441E8502EDE87F7AD56CB9F96FF7CC35" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" author="Arratia, G" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Muenchen" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" refId="B9" refString="Arratia, G, 2013. Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 13, 33: 1-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" title="Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 13, 33: 1 - 138." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" year="2013">Arratia 2013</bibRefCitation>
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) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="63A38B02357B0C49AF490FDD1A1EE42E" lsidName="Ph. sanpellegrinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="sanpellegrinensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="77CA6D39A3F13B3DFDA059234346188B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Ph. sanpellegrinensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D8A23F65B3878FE3CA1EAEA391AA0DB5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" author="Arratia, G" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" refId="B11" refString="Arratia, G, 2017. New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(6): e131269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" title="New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): e 131269." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" year="2017">Arratia 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). There is no evidence of a supraoccipital bone and/or epiotics at the posterior region of the plate.
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|
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3DB846456C5AA6AEE298EC52AC3471E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
The preorbital region of the skull roof plate that is formed by the fusion of both parietals occupies a significant part of the plate (Table
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|
<tableCitation id="14A5B52C189006B0302777A240F62C25" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Approximate skull roof proportions in certain European stem teleosts with well-preserved skull roofs. The measured specimens are identified by their catalogue numbers. Abbreviations: NRL, nasal region; ORL, orbital region; ORW, orbital mid-region width; PORW, postorbital region: SRL, skull roof length." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" tableUuid="C1867BC69BEAE83A592072932B3AB481">1</tableCitation>
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). In contrast, the anteriormost narrow orbital region is about 30% of the postorbital region. This gives the skull roof characteristic proportions and shape (see section "Morphological comparisons and taxonomic assignments"). The anterior nasal region of the plate is triangular-shaped, and acting as sutural margins for the nasal bones, an interpretation based on other pholidophorids and teleosteomorphs with the bones in situ. Following such an outline and by comparisons with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0100C452839D7F0E3B5FCC22B02D371E" authorityName="Zambelli" authorityYear="1978" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus serianus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serianus">
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|
<emphasis id="B3C9C96C6851DBEA1AA5AB07C9BC7978" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus serianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4B27E0796BDFCC1E832C230BD621F975" lsidName="Ph. sanpellegrinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="sanpellegrinensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="BD3274F6F21BA175ED5315F0B1FE9D8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Ph. sanpellegrinensis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
, it is hypothesized here that both nasals were medially sutured in part of their medial contact surfaces. The posterolateral corner of the orbital region is the area corresponding to the autosphenotic or sphenotic, which in this case, is fused to the parietal laterally and supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic] posteriorly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C05417A52936E0CE3ACFFCE80F10B6EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">The surface of the skull roof is covered by a thin layer of smooth ganoine; small tubercles and ridges covering the whole skull roof are observed under high magnification.</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="1820E23BC0DC0C93B68910D41916614E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
The supraorbital sensory canal (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="39F0D6308EDB860033EDF0EE30AD2FC1" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3B</figureCitation>
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|
) is visible (on both sides) through the bone, with few small pores, irregularly placed and opening on the surface directly on the trajectory of the canal. The supraorbital sensory canal extends posteriad, ending in the postparietal branch, just anterior to the middle pitline. The supraorbital canal, nicely preserved, shows that there is not a lateral connection with the infraorbital canal, neither with the otic canal whose trajectory (and pores) is partially visible in the right supratemporotabular region of the plate. Three pitlines (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="04BFFB9B2BC02ADC1113B7869551496F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 3. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype MB. f. 18641) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). A. Photograph of skull roof. B. Interpretative drawing. Abbreviations: a. pl, anterior pitline; m. pl, middle pitline; ot. c, otic canal; pa + ppa + asp + stt [= fr + pa + asp + dpt], parietal + postparietal + autosphenotic + supratemporotabular [= frontal + parietal + autosphenotic + dermopterotic]; ppa. b, postparietal branch; p. pl, posterior pitline; sor. c, supraorbital canal; sp, pore of sensory canal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962007" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">3B</figureCitation>
|
|
) are clearly visible on the postorbital region. The longest one is the middle pitline that extends from near the mid-region of the plate to the lateral margin of the supratemporotabular region. The short anterior pitline is placed in continuation of the postparietal branch, and the posterior pitline, equally short, extends near the posterior margin of the skull roof plate.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3364DB12E286E6C83AC1CFF6C90BDFF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="323C3F354F4FD5F59650D7F30B4405AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="6E8CF49AE20DC94A83DB7C63BE392BA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Circumorbital bones and suborbital region</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Only the posterior part of the circumorbital ring is preserved (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="0D560FC05D8BCE3C409978FE86BAA1FE" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Drawing of cranium and pectoral girdle in lateral view. Hatched areas represent areas that are destroyed or too poorly preserved to allow a description. Arrows point to small serrations. Abbreviations: br. r, branchiostegal rays; b. sob, broken suborbital; b. stt [= dpt], broken supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]; cl, cleithrum;? exc,? extrascapula; op, opercle; pcl, postcleithra; pop, section of preopercle; scl, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962008" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4</figureCitation>
|
|
) and includes the dermosphenotic and two partially preserved dorsoposterior infraorbitals that probably correspond to infraorbitals 4 and 5. The suborbital region, placed between the dorsoposterior infraorbitals anteriorly and the opercle and preopercle posteriorly, is unclear. It could include one large suborbital or two suborbitals.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="9892069AE87628C250D99DDE7B04F799" doi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962008" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 4" startId="F5">
|
|
<paragraph id="2DA6D9DD2BC2B7B64B8CCF2B7A2C44FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="077D3E2AD3844CD78A7EC162F822ACBA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="55B2DDC9988C0C1942B050583B110165" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="F74F583FF45B3CF9F73487579FC6863E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from
|
|
<normalizedToken id="24EC0AA128908BCF3FC85A9C51C568DF" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
|
|
, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Drawing of cranium and pectoral girdle in lateral view. Hatched areas represent areas that are destroyed or too poorly preserved to allow a description. Arrows point to small serrations. Abbreviations: br.r, branchiostegal rays; b.sob, broken suborbital; b.stt [= dpt], broken supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]; cl, cleithrum;?exc,?extrascapula; op, opercle; pcl, postcleithra; pop, section of preopercle; scl, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="2F350C07577A5CE4AE34A2A56B20F2BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="18B432D5807BEA46962D69C66FE26A1E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="F250B28E5754AFD18BC441B59CDF622E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Opercular bones</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
The opercle and subopercle, and a small fragment of the preopercle (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="719D27255DCBF7D5C283014BEA424A45" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Drawing of cranium and pectoral girdle in lateral view. Hatched areas represent areas that are destroyed or too poorly preserved to allow a description. Arrows point to small serrations. Abbreviations: br. r, branchiostegal rays; b. sob, broken suborbital; b. stt [= dpt], broken supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]; cl, cleithrum;? exc,? extrascapula; op, opercle; pcl, postcleithra; pop, section of preopercle; scl, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962008" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4</figureCitation>
|
|
) are preserved. The opercle is a large bone, almost five times deeper than the subopercle. It is almost oval-shaped dorsally, expanding slightly at its mid-region and suturing with the subopercle throughout a slightly oblique suture. One small serration is preserved at the posterior margin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C681F96263E31CE979DAE6CBE69015B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">The small subopercle has an oval-shaped ventral contour; its short anterodorsal process is at the confluence of the preopercle, opercle, and subopercle. The three opercular bones have smooth exposed surfaces. The posterior section of three narrow branchiostegal bones are preserved below the subopercle.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AAB00F5BAE355D0FDEE481F5168944CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="D16CA0A4C2F31409F8F20D44A144809B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="9B23D88541EABFD9FA7FEC6160183114" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Paired girdles and fins</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
A section of a stout, long and narrow lower arm of the cleithrum (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="1E9E21CCA411E580227A0AF225E91C27" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Drawing of cranium and pectoral girdle in lateral view. Hatched areas represent areas that are destroyed or too poorly preserved to allow a description. Arrows point to small serrations. Abbreviations: br. r, branchiostegal rays; b. sob, broken suborbital; b. stt [= dpt], broken supratemporotabular [= dermopterotic]; cl, cleithrum;? exc,? extrascapula; op, opercle; pcl, postcleithra; pop, section of preopercle; scl, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962008" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">4</figureCitation>
|
|
) is preserved; the angle of the lower arm is characteristically shaped and implies that the upper section of the cleithrum was short. An elongate and moderately broad supracleithrum is posterior to the opercle and dorsal part of the cleithrum. The trajectory of the lateral line canal is not visible. Three approximately rectangular-shaped elements, scale-like, are positioned posterior to the supracleithrum and cleithrum and are interpreted here as postcleithra. Postcleithra 2 and 3 are slightly displaced and partially covering each other. There is no information on other pectoral girdle bones or pectoral rays.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4FC21121FF7CC77133F9445115E06C16" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">The pelvic basipterygium is covered by scales so that information is not available, and the fin is represented by a few, incomplete preserved pelvic rays.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4A2DE3EDF4BDE26D6CBBD1D92DB2722A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="8C32732BBB0E5099CD28FACEBBEC1A62" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="3CE84ACDD8D3860C769EE60856FE4BDA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Dorsal and anal fin</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
An incompletely preserved dorsal fin (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="6E614F7D7642553FDF347AF00DE86100" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 5. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Dorsal fin and surrounding scales. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; sc, scales; 1 st. dr, first principal dorsal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962009" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5</figureCitation>
|
|
) is placed slightly anterior to the mid-length of the body trunk, slightly posterior to the incompletely preserved pelvic rays, and it does not oppose the anal fin (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="AB3BFDD76048CCF49C60B47FF7C779D8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 2. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). A broad, slightly oval and short scute precedes four paired basal fulcra that are leaf-like and are followed by at least nine dorsal rays, seven with broken bases and two that are displaced. An elongate and broad fringing fulcrum is placed between the last basal fulcrum and the first principal ray, and it is followed by a series of elongated fringing fulcra that decrease in size distally. The first principal ray, only segmented and not branched, has a long base; the following principal rays have also long bases that become thinner posteriad. The bases of the dorsal rays are surrounded by enlarged, thick scales (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="0516D789C1F74C9D900FA630FBB3A9E3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 5. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Dorsal fin and surrounding scales. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; sc, scales; 1 st. dr, first principal dorsal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962009" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EAA282653ABB08C4EA654D4B28F34925" doi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962009" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 5" startId="F6">
|
|
<paragraph id="47AF03D5531B1F4F5623B832A694EA66" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="DA1190882C997302A1671A1922EB02D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AC3BA1129ED58ACCF662B9518652713C" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="34BB0A25591056A1B8DCF2C5B8AE17EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from
|
|
<normalizedToken id="FC44315059C60B43E6FCA86F64CAD65B" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
|
|
, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Dorsal fin and surrounding scales. Abbreviations: b.fu, basal fulcra; f.fr, fringing fulcra; sc, scales; 1st.dr, first principal dorsal ray.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="716D2A30E8013ABE2031F5A76A20833E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
Remains of anal rays (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="6DCBAB4EFEB3BF39DF4C6C6FD3B58EB8" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 6. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Posterior part of body illustrating squamation and caudal and anal fins. Arrows point to serrations. Abbreviations: a. fr, anal fin rays; e. bfu, epaxial basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; h. bfu, hypaxial basal fulcrum; r. ry, rudimentary ray; L. PR, last principal ray; scu, scutes or enlarged scales; 1 st. PR, first principal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6</figureCitation>
|
|
) are preserved posteriorly in the body. Remnants of five anal rays, incompletely preserved, almost reach the anterior margin of the hypaxial lobe of the caudal fin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="913B616929B1D2F4E3EB0BCE56A0DAF7" doi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" start="Figure 6" startId="F7">
|
|
<paragraph id="22F54696B044B799475C71581342B158" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="7A97BD20C840F4925D8E0000E8FFEFD1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4E92F0F2B1A5F8F043569F70539E9A46" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pseudopholidoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="germanicus">
|
|
<emphasis id="1D9844C93904B1E02192384660027423" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from
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<normalizedToken id="EDAE5FA32686A247CCCCD4087954CD7C" originalValue="Rüdersdorf">Ruedersdorf</normalizedToken>
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, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Posterior part of body illustrating squamation and caudal and anal fins. Arrows point to serrations. Abbreviations: a.fr, anal fin rays; e.bfu, epaxial basal fulcra; f.fr, fringing fulcra; h.bfu, hypaxial basal fulcrum; r.ry, rudimentary ray; L.PR, last principal ray; scu, scutes or enlarged scales; 1st.PR, first principal ray.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="FBDA03103582351245C1C4B05937F0C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="6C69A33A3C7D5260FD78628242923FC3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="F480AE144FEEBFE59F272D2265C7CDF0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Caudal fin</emphasis>
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|
.
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</emphasis>
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The fin lacks its middle-posterior part; it seems to be hemiheterocercal, with an abbreviated dorsal scaly lobe (Fig.
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|
<figureCitation id="474169893DF2F57248EF228378860A59" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 6. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Posterior part of body illustrating squamation and caudal and anal fins. Arrows point to serrations. Abbreviations: a. fr, anal fin rays; e. bfu, epaxial basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; h. bfu, hypaxial basal fulcrum; r. ry, rudimentary ray; L. PR, last principal ray; scu, scutes or enlarged scales; 1 st. PR, first principal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6</figureCitation>
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). Preceding the dorso-anterior margin of the fin is a series of scutes that apparently were in continuation with the posterior part of the dorsal fin, which is missing. The series of scutes is in continuation with three basal fulcra that are lanceolate in shape with their median posterior margin bifurcated. An incomplete series of elongate fringing fulcra follows. The fin seems to have few principal rays; 14 rays are preserved, and apparently there are not more; their segmentation is mainly straight. The number of principal rays is fewer than in the Italian genus
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|
<taxonomicName id="287E62244A553AA0337130D7230DCBCF" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C1C5BDD8EC2A538A74669D2613FBD9D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
with 18 to 22 principal rays (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="6517DBB7DE7C6ED37930946F52D8A562" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" author="Arratia, G" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Muenchen" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" refId="B9" refString="Arratia, G, 2013. Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 13, 33: 1-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" title="Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of Triassic pholidophorid fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir 13, 33: 1 - 138." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.835642" year="2013">Arratia 2013</bibRefCitation>
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,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="948DD2D92505A8DA5734983AB6953FBF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" author="Arratia, G" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" refId="B11" refString="Arratia, G, 2017. New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(6): e131269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" title="New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): e 131269." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1312690" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
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). Remains of one hypaxial basal fulcrum is preserved; this fulcrum is followed by a series of elongate fringing fulcra. According to the preservation, procurrent rays are absent in the hypaxial lobe of the caudal fin, which is another major difference with species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3E8AB7C6F69910F0D2F4484BCE7D1D1D" authorityName="Arratia & Schultze" authorityYear="2024" family="Pholidophoridae" genus="Pholidoctenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidoctenus" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="CCFB76AACC6431DD80489F77BE81F3C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Pholidoctenus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A16A5EAA890336D5331F840C44DBEFE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="9C77281F449F1A6AD8B563E33D13F196" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="E0075E910231356220DC37AD8C480C62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Scales and scutes</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
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|
Ganoid scales of lepisosteid-type of different sizes and shapes cover the body. Most scales of the dorsal and ventral rows of the flank are rhombic, rectangular or even square-shaped, with a variable number of small serrations at their posterior margin. Apparently, the three main rows of the flank, just posterior to the upper half of the opercle, are deeper and larger than other posterior scales (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="4E2F7D85A877D36BBC87CA83F0D6AA38" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 2. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">2</figureCitation>
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|
). The scales decrease in size posteriad and have different shapes, but they are not preserved well enough for a detailed description.
|
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</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E299EA9583C737FABB8597CD8D22C3D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
The scales at the posterior region of the dorsal margin anterior to the dorsal fin seem to be enlarged in comparison to dorsolateral scales (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation id="75368B4E4FCD2E66E08BBACBFECDEA34" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 2. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962006" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">2</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation id="C01C24B3629BC3EC38635ACC4E431909" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 5. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Dorsal fin and surrounding scales. Abbreviations: b. fu, basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; sc, scales; 1 st. dr, first principal dorsal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962009" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">5</figureCitation>
|
|
). The median scales placed posterior to the dorsal fin are incompletely preserved, but there are at least four large, square-shaped scales preceding the epaxial basal fulcra (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation id="0F09F5BC183C2D8900D680FF392348A7" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 6. Pseudopholidoctenus germanicus gen. et sp. nov. (MB. f. 19904) from Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, Germany (central European Basin; Germanic Basin). Posterior part of body illustrating squamation and caudal and anal fins. Arrows point to serrations. Abbreviations: a. fr, anal fin rays; e. bfu, epaxial basal fulcra; f. fr, fringing fulcra; h. bfu, hypaxial basal fulcrum; r. ry, rudimentary ray; L. PR, last principal ray; scu, scutes or enlarged scales; 1 st. PR, first principal ray." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.115970.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/962010" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">6</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8D5A0F76767A6EDA1E492A3076363D4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<emphasis id="3D69E68FA09B12679914B3D1F5D340BA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="429D7B721B262703DE0F791ECDFA4A76" family="Barschichthyidae" genus="Teleosteomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Pholidophoriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Teleosteomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
|
Arratia, 2001
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
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</document> |