treatments-xml/data/F0/CE/41/F0CE4184BFD945C730FFB247DD1C923D.xml

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<mods:title id="A1B2A84C4A2A7490D9D0CDEDBD06C4D1">Revision of the genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 from Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago), with descriptions of new recent and fossil taxa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Geomitridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A12E86106E3E12B84BA8DFC57C10232">Mattia, Willy De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="99A9074A06F2DE33385C646AE352C1EE">Neiber, Marco T.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="009D3D4E64158286738FB9560AB66A4D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8F0ABFDD9C29FBF7F24B3514013E7B5C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="FB7C03AA0D1453B7EDCB3541BDDDCDE3" ID-CoL="3P6HY" authority="R. T. Lowe, 1831" authorityName="R. T. Lowe" authorityYear="1831" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata (R. T. Lowe, 1831)</taxonomicName>
Figs 77-78, 79-82, 83-93, 94
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="162FB8D4BE5F78A6B4D78DE3E0D68DA0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="list of synonyms">
<paragraph id="DE2E03FC4692B26A3B1F9FD6341A51A5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<pageBreakToken id="63BD168B62646EAE4030EBB3A7226D85" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">List</pageBreakToken>
of synonyms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="323D29D117BA2B2966BBD51561C2DAE0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1831 
<taxonomicName id="7F930B86B955644580204111CAABED17" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe: 57, pl. 6 fig. 19.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D8058E038B7C8E7D3D3775A98D7614C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1846 
<taxonomicName id="8238F0F4087D48C1C5102BBDB59946FA" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
- L. Pfeiffer: 140, pl. 91 figs 1-4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BEE8347C98CDE51959BC55A47FB3DCC" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1847 
<taxonomicName id="C40A55A365C70734CF4E88F5E05D0284" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
- L. Pfeiffer in L. 
<bibRefCitation id="FE5B0874CEB22DA59CCF95ED6784D178" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pfeiffer 1847-1848</bibRefCitation>
: 190.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA3C47A4BDC167B8A1AFA37AFABD1692" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1854 
<taxonomicName id="E6EC6114536ADAEF29CC2C96D0954666" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Reeve in 
<bibRefCitation id="748A93D52ED74AA4A97DDB00CCC022EB" author="Reeve, LA" journalOrPublisher="Reeve, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" title="Monograph of the genus Helix. Conchologia Iconica: or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals." year="1851 - 1854">Reeve 1851-1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 142 figs 9-10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D61B4EFE67F3F221B39A557C64EE24B2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1854 
<taxonomicName id="8DDD96524DF1218D6FFB9342231F3538" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Albers: 36, pl. 9 figs 1-4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D002C41B68F0C0187A922B260DC8EB5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1855 
<taxonomicName id="26D4B880AB3427399D0BF0BDBA992374" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Helix</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="7C9E97B08AD379D216386825DCB4479E" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hystricella</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="B0AC0B338A5A80F25A41A41AC9129593" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicinidae" genus="Helicoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helicoidea echinulata" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">echinulata</taxonomicName>
- R. T. Lowe: 186.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13CBAA4C25223B41372B952D85504F48" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1867 
<taxonomicName id="FB4F9F0C48ED5401D834C03E37E76960" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Octephila) echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata" subGenus="Octephila">
Helix (Octephila) bicarinata var. 
<normalizedToken id="7A68BEBE0E6A1C1FB89C6DDDA55903D2" originalValue="α">α</normalizedToken>
echinulata
</taxonomicName>
- Paiva: 45.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07966CD3C9816835B74389717725E1F2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1878 
<taxonomicName id="73277BFDE219B9E78048A131B46C9683" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Hystricella) echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata" subGenus="Hystricella">Helix (Hystricella) echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Wollaston: 160-161.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E754CC54CF11132F96684158E73A59C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1950 
<taxonomicName id="69EA32A7D3636CFE8893B001BB5815FA" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata" subGenus="Hystricella">Discula (Hystricella) echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Mandahl-Barth: 31, 55.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A3E83D7300EAEF551FE02A82E97C390" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1983 
<taxonomicName id="8B4523234478752252409BD0142AF7C4" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata" subGenus="Hystricella">Discula (Hystricella) echinulata</taxonomicName>
- 
<normalizedToken id="045CEABD53EB5BC6A06A38DF9D4E47BF" originalValue="Waldén">Walden</normalizedToken>
: 267.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EFAFA00A2CAC6961F99BD428B4DA3EA" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
2002 
<taxonomicName id="BD285DEF92F905207B4E3E96E5567A21" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Geomitra echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Bank et al.: 124.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C839A442D04F52AFD10539617B1B53D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
2008 
<taxonomicName id="3BD9DBD4CA031729B10252CA5902B98C" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: 79, pl. 29 fig. D (and cf. E [under 
<taxonomicName id="4FE3BFA586BE3CD2ED7033CA75ABE66A" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
]), map 178.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CCF670F3F9C13C6A0A39E4645A1A14B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
2011 
<taxonomicName id="05D7AE571E9CA66D5A26977E090335B7" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: e.T6727A12801253.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5F716BC1FE0F94EC652EA80AC7F19E9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="type material">
<paragraph id="071240491D92A90DB681923674386E42" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="300E118C49E2C100D499EEF192012314" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
NHM 1968.586, lectotype (herewith designated) of 
<taxonomicName id="730EB77741825574BFA53D6CC61AA2F1" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 ex coll. R. T. Lowe. For the original figure of 
<taxonomicName id="BB9C9E7FAF5BB320E9D1A0C9794384D3" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 from R. T. 
<bibRefCitation id="1D90B1CAF38A0409D0445BB4E138BF38" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe (1831</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6 fig. 19) and the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName id="89ADA7D757EA7C79A2CCCF3E732879E6" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831, W = 4.9 mm, Phot. B. Faria, D RAM, see Figs 77 and 78.
</paragraph>
<caption id="855B291EA9349CB3E2F0323332CAC152" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<paragraph id="8C92712519D0AB564DE6F33AA60F9A85" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Figures 77-78. 77 original figure of 
<taxonomicName id="4B370A1531AF61D50BE51ABC0EA51815" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 from R. T. 
<bibRefCitation id="D066AE0530686B83CB2C33D9ABDA1515" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe (1831</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6 fig. 19) and 78 lectotype of 
<taxonomicName id="19F02B13CD20A821B85A05F7BA09EACE" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Helix echinulata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831, NMH 1968.586 ex coll. R. T. Lowe. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="864B9F5EBB6C378ABF9DEBAAB930475C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="FB1689FC99FA7D3599FA3968E6623646" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Further material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5674408622738521F4BD321E204F0411" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
All from Porto Santo, ANSP H 11829/1, Ribeiro do Pedregal, 
<geoCoordinate id="B8B237C9AF113EE9B941A4E3C6B33BC6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.102776">33°06'10&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="6A0A8AB21231FE89C512F9BC8CAE230A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323612">16°19'25&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 35 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 11 1983; ANSP H 11828/16, CKG/5, Pico do Ninho do Guincho, 
<geoCoordinate id="FA2FB0D1380B1D4DF6074AF934D5B6C3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.101944">33°06'07&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="5CB6AABDAFCB2EFDB758A2C0BFF9D44B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.314165">16°18'51&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 100 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 11 1983; CKG/1, Ribeiro do Golfeiras E Camacha, 
<geoCoordinate id="65242EC1F5A3302399DE0B826774D247" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.096386">33°05'47&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="54DA1F2680B65D0AC4C3EF15B07DB427" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325834">16°19'33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 170 m, leg. K. &amp; C. Groh, Oct. 25 1980; ANSP H 11831/3, CKG/1, CMN/1, SW slope of Lombo Branco, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="FDDB53615F141702418DB3433C0D7E5D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09611">33°05'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="5758593C0CCBCCC4A081D8CFA05E4042" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.312777">16°18'46&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="A11F12FB730F1B1DB25521E9D8F7A8B6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.093887">33°05'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="72DA57653C729AC05431851E1A563A6D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.30361">16°18'13&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 150-400 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 8 1983; ANSP H 11830/4, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="497D7F7A2774957AC06DEFBB8C25A5A2" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
, top, 
<geoCoordinate id="5417F8CDEB34104F8B13F1B2162074F5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09611">33°05'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="BA36D80B5EA3F39D6B752A77FCF4876E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.303888">16°18'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 360 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 14 1985; CFW 11162/5, Pico Branco, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="3F751DFC90CF06D8F378B9A75054D3B8" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
(350 m E of Pico Branco), 
<geoCoordinate id="891CE869B490831F8A563C15CAC661F7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.094166">33°05'39&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="73C34985B3DBD890F48F53C1AAD53ACC" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.299444">16°17'58&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 340 m, leg. F. Walther, Mar. 31 2017; CWDM/19, CMN/5, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="FE21FF017025DAB08A5B31E5E29A3846" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
, near the &quot;Casa Forestal&quot;, under stones in pine wood. 33°05&quot;39&quot;N/ 
<geoCoordinate id="FDB1F705FE19F0EED5FC007BDFDC4F94" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.333334">16°20'00&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 340 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 2014; CWDM/6, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="A03A0B212C84E1BF972F03CDE0681839" originalValue="Chã-Pico">Cha-Pico</normalizedToken>
Branco ridge, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="B4D92088A602DE6B4CC689B10971BC96" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.093887">33°05'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="E769F27995D5E8B3F90C21EAAB6E8E2B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.300278">16°18'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 335 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 2015; ANSP H 11833/3, summit of Pico Branco, 
<geoCoordinate id="83F78CA8AB884FC4C87ABBFE800E35AA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.093887">33°05'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="BFE03B8183FDDC0FC980F5400FAC1F0F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.303888">16°18'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 450 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 8 1983; ANSP H 11836/15 [sub 
<taxonomicName id="8D9E4A95DBECC5830FCF4218D1FED1FF" lsidName="H. leacockiana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="leacockiana">H. leacockiana</taxonomicName>
], Pico Branco, 
<geoCoordinate id="C2A037A1911AC7887AF81B6025CCAC04" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.093887">33°05'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="18F9A34F20EF4FEE8A1EBAC8C5AB4AA8" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.303888">16°18'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, above 350 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 14 1985; CKG/16, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="46A1AD5D172CF3833E42B0402B241335" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
, top, 
<geoCoordinate id="8CFB2AF8C2F9A7453BD5BA6DAB63FCFB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09333">33°05'36&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="3FD6ED95B86F3784FE4E4A0FA6AFE60F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.303888">16°18'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 360 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 14 1985; CKG/2, Terra 
<normalizedToken id="60C59E42DFB90BDE34C181226D36553C" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="228192085CAD6E77DFF427F45C34B1DD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09194">33°05'31&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="2A3AAE6FB2A786D6E8B6030F3A67ECD9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.304443">16°18'16&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="DDD4E668847E038F92A2FEA3AF07A036" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.093887">33°05'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="18DE654DC21CD243DED19C55EA25C7DF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.30361">16°18'13&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 320-400 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 8 1983; CWDM/14, path to Pico Branco, eastern steep part of path to Pico Branco, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="219A995C0BED49FDC3AF91B5BBC77720" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09139">33°05'29&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="6ECC54DD96A97B10F18B4E335918C10A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.303888">16°18'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 320 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 2014; CFW 11148/&lt;10, SW slope of Pico Branco ca. 250 m SW of the top, 
<geoCoordinate id="BA58BA36D52F853B2A8836981635B987" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09139">33°05'29&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="3DBB97F3957BE8F0AAD9DAE26185241E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.30361">16°18'13&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 310 m, leg. F. Walther &amp; E. M. Gryl, Mar. 31 2017; ANSP H 11826/7, approx. 1 km N Serra de Dentro, 
<geoCoordinate id="354D19C77DA808D95E52AB9D8DAAA576" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09">33°05'24&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="0767F378160B508FE053F3B037048C81" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.307499">16°18'27&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 165 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 6 1981; ZMH 24292/1, Madeira Archipelago, without exact locality data, ex coll. Altonaer Museum, ex coll. O. Semper, ex coll. Dohrn; ZMH 24291/1, Porto Santo, without exact locality data, ex coll. Museum Klagenfurt.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C062FAF960169E18E9FD7436ADA1DFD1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="locus typicus">
<paragraph id="B25E1E0BA3DB840C3A5CCEB37C6FBAF4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<pageBreakToken id="2D8A03E85D39BA519DB93B178C04D6A0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Locus</pageBreakToken>
typicus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38A534EDAC3C514E4EAD67AED11AAC2F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hab. in monte &quot;Pico Branco&quot; dicto Insulae Portus Sti.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="62B326F443EC8969247C72C55B8EFE5E" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="C824F332A737C774A68A60DCFC28F9A4" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Original description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F3CB7E0CAAE6A63B221FCF563E036442" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
From 
<bibRefCitation id="38B875D7A9B0DA57FF83E896C086330E" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe 1831</bibRefCitation>
: H. testa parvula, conoidea, sub-pyramidata, depressiuscula, supra planulata, perforata, carinata, tota scaberrima, fusca, 
<normalizedToken id="4DA2FF7A31DD5B31AE85BE86C6913929" originalValue="suprà">supra</normalizedToken>
fasciata: spira pyramidata elevata; sutura distincta, impressa; anfractibus convexis; ultimi carina acuta, distincta, supra marginata sc. sulco expressa vel exarata; omnibus granulis distinctissimis, conferitis, asperrimis scobinatis et quasi echinulatis; umbilicus parvo, sub-spirali, aperto; apertura rotundata; peristomate continuo, circinato, disjuncto, reflexo. Axis 2 lin. Diam. 
<normalizedToken id="D2B107A5663E8E7ACD496D277E1E31E3" originalValue="2½">21/2</normalizedToken>
. Anfr. 6.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61D5CD961759DD21D36EDE953EEC17E5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnostic features of the shell">
<paragraph id="D46298A25FE893F0E9C970E5D266DED9" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnostic features of the shell.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82456C523FF0687646C7432F3BCEAF11" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Shell as in the genus description. The main diagnostic feature is the presence of only one keel along the body whorl. The overall shape of the shell of 
<taxonomicName id="4923AC8B02F187625B4C092341F0845F" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
is always conical but not scalariform as in 
<taxonomicName id="B58068BCCC63D237EB79ED7E2DDECFD1" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. The whorls are rounded and lack the typical 
<normalizedToken id="892CA878C18AFCFF9FB75208AD0BC7BD" originalValue="“shoulder”">&quot;shoulder&quot;</normalizedToken>
. The sutures are deep, but less deeply marked than in 
<taxonomicName id="08AF3959A32A6173C9D289FD95176B64" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
(see Figs 79-82).
</paragraph>
<caption id="36D23B47A1D8999FC01495F24ACAEAE0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<paragraph id="6E05A0DBCE14147F91A5FBE0AA46A104" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Figures 79-82. Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="8B6808C7E44C922F4CA58E790360A495" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
. 79-80 Terra 
<normalizedToken id="CDED7C0A5ADF44F1C43C4C5D356FE2C8" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
81 S slope of Pico Banco 82 steep path from Pico Branco to Terra 
<normalizedToken id="DB4D40E10BD20FFE3A72DFCBA609075C" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1AE7AB9BAD87D72BAD1887C875F88C3F" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="87E93CF416393F9DEAF7002C9032F439" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<pageBreakToken id="6AA177CCA86F18DD3650D57941C6F6B7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">Measurements</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AAC253677E0458338DBDE2DE3CA4EACB" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
D 5.2 
<normalizedToken id="1ADD19507D6626E492C9C87E6F8DF21F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.3 mm (range 4.6-5.8 mm); H 4.8 
<normalizedToken id="7CF1B48A2783713A925E485B74EE74EF" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.5 mm (range 4.3-5.0 mm); FW 2.5 
<normalizedToken id="813D5672F18068330E4C156FF3851B9C" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm; PA 42.6 
<normalizedToken id="94E9B8E646824A3516FAD9F7C87CA86F" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
8.3; DU 0.5 
<normalizedToken id="2F3CE73F91A61C48AF88FE5AFFEFB00A" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.08 mm; NT 23 
<normalizedToken id="C283459AC617B9606C2741EDF52B4533" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
9; NW 5.6 
<normalizedToken id="95B078101CB9A02F0ACDA3822B2742E9" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.1 (n = 40). Ratio D/H 1.1; ratio FW/H 0.5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1AFED13F5B7E576B92C42DFBC962CDB" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="body">
<paragraph id="D354BADA6AFB8581138188E39286638F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<pageBreakToken id="17D90D29D7EF8EE04B96B42FC851217A" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" start="start">Body</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D32884680E575DAD9985215D2A35786D" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Body as in the genus description. The colour of the head and the neck is somewhat darker than in 
<taxonomicName id="97435F8874B8BBA12550FF4242D45386" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D46BA7DE090571397ED94E9EAF2C3B22" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="genital anatomy">
<paragraph id="DE50414951BA876C26A79141B4E6FB18" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Genital anatomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ACA709549F9E2080EDFF638AFC9E8D35" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">As in the genus description. Main diagnostic features are as follows. The free oviduct is usually very short and four times shorter than the vagina. The penial flagellum is usually as long as the epiphallus. It has a remarkably cylindrical shape and a blunt apex. Its internal walls are completely smooth, without any papillae. The genital atrium is always elongated. See Figs 83-93.</paragraph>
<caption id="9BB5931DE2D9A2D0D7FBB008A998A4C7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<paragraph id="597394D5821954888F42EA89CDA5646F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Figures 83-93. Anatomy and genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="328E31F28C4AD955EB43549FCDC9E1CC" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
. Terra 
<normalizedToken id="039CCB349C5508F7DEA432A6A54A2B4F" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
: 83 whole genitalia excluding gonads 84 ornamentation of the inner walls of the distal penis, the distal vagina and the genital atrium 85 ornamentation of the inner walls of the flagellum, the penial complex, the vagina and the genital atrium 86 penial papilla 87 whole genitalia excluding part of OSD, AG and gonads 89 penial papilla and ornamentation of the inner walls of the flagellum 91 mantle border 92 section of penial papilla. Faja Pequena: 88 section of vagina 90 jaw 93 whole genitalia excluding gonads. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60A01B92176752FA6DA9A26A05F1FE30" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="33FE8FA9BB9495D90D69F1D2BE7E6287" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="605B54497036D472D222FD72984CC971" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="9F491D9393F274841EE76FF462F6D50B" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
is recorded from low (20 m a.s.l.) to relatively high altitudes (450 m a.s.l.). Except for the slightly higher altitudinal range, this species shares the same ecology as 
<taxonomicName id="2EDC0F3FBF45EE30FC02FD451F7B9EA1" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
; it is commonly found under volcanic rocks scattered on grassland in open fields that are usually sloping. It has also been found in cracks and crevices or among scree on steep slopes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F762B3158692EC2963D93A9364FC8467" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C8FA7981619A3792660635D1D9860F9F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00A613D9193AA5A3C7C697011C5E4462" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="F3229DE0DE4FAE66E2EBFDD29A5B402B" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the island of Porto Santo (Madeiran Archipelago, Portugal). The species is restricted to the northeastern, mountainous part of the island and present only in the Pico Branco-Terra 
<normalizedToken id="EB70CE4784F6CCCD44CA5424552B9363" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
massif area. It is commonly found along Faja Pequena and the ridge and the south-exposed slope eastwards of Terra 
<normalizedToken id="E7C2D0956B27A14F2A56564FFDBC7BFD" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
(Fig. 94). No populations are known from the offshore islets.
</paragraph>
<caption id="32D930A99A940C919B4D518B5DDC95CD" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<paragraph id="D1DF76D008A7589583C8FDFE470F28ED" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Figure 94. Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="E9BB172367D2CDBD4B71B4B87C4F746C" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella echinulata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="echinulata">Hystricella echinulata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E87D651C2D2BB3CC37A82D2AA20D244F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="B6AF26EEC03DF61219835E0961639D08" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Comparison and comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="620142D94DF6DE913D95F510EDA69B7A" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
See under 
<taxonomicName id="DA115EB4EEB38425488E02D34EBF26E4" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
and/or the section on putative hybrids of 
<taxonomicName id="6B122E5D1C3F0D0915D8EFD61F201491" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="413D899FE96BA8B393CB3CFA28812601" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CA8D66986B9C661ABAECB592EFDBA77" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="status and conservation">
<paragraph id="2F2412FB9ABB37F09B6C920626DCB9F3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Status and conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D987D6140950CC99965D18EFC613B753" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="56AC272BBF9C637014757B796B2A3CC0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Seddon (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
the species is Least Concern (LC), but in our opinion, the species should be considered as Endangered (EN B1a, b(i, ii, iv), 2a, b(i, ii, iv)) because its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence is less than 8 km2 and because it is mostly restricted to the highest elevations in the north-eastern part of Porto Santo and only occurs at scattered and isolated places with suitably humid microclimates. Mayor threats to the species include an observed decline of suitable habitats, extent of occurrence and area of occupancy over the past 30 years, i.e. as the result of longer drought periods which are possibly associated with effects of climate change, an increase of fire incidents, grazing by goats and to a lesser extent also hiking as tourism is increasing on Porto Santo. As most of the known localities are concentrated in the Pico Branco-Terra 
<normalizedToken id="763FED336E53C28C0CB001612D5A61EA" originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
area in the north-easternmost part of Porto Santo (Fig. 94), we consider that the species is not present at more than five locations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>