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<document id="8A9F39D49A668D1DEB22B85570305CCF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.208711" ID-GBIF-Dataset="28971d9a-5a48-4a42-adca-a6e3b6128eb0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="208711" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460484648105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Haas, Alexander, Hertwig, Stefan T., Krings, Wenke, Braskamp, Enzo, Dehling, Maximilian, Min, Pui Yong, Jankowski, André, Schweizer, Manuel &amp; Das, Indraneil" docDate="2012" docId="E4394C34D46FF32E8196C225C9863092" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03328p019.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3328" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhacophorus dulitensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="1800344CD46BF3248101C53BCB153118" masterDocTitle="Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698308820105" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C08ED2A5D1074861BAE2D5EF15D89EF9">Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D68095F6C013D816BC470999296194F">Haas, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B930772067BB7E3DCE6966463553D9C1">Hertwig, Stefan T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C701F4B6938C9A5A23716CD3A74E7F55">Krings, Wenke</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AA54E39382E6E57D001A6B73223B096">Braskamp, Enzo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="776FA1E223273B983039DCF6D7CF53D7">Dehling, Maximilian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4148FD9AF3479802EB49A0F37BF1073">Min, Pui Yong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6386BB0B49B3DF9A20FDA5F1C0D6990F">Jankowski, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32CC1AF8F50E28B5690A62ECB07C3EE0">Schweizer, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3BE19E8A48210F0A5BBA8BA45EA24DE6">Das, Indraneil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E9BF91E89E40841F8E488075D2586314">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="E4394C34D46FF32E8196C225C9863092" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658367" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119518057" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658367" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E4394C34D46FF32E8196C225C9863092" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E4394C34D46FF32E8196C225C9863092" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="248AAEA9D46FF32D8196C225CF3C3324" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46FF3208196C225CAB2362F" blockId="4.[151,423,1822,1847]" box="[151,423,1822,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="37674A4ED46FF3208196C225CAB2362F" bold="true" box="[151,423,1822,1847]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46FF3208196C225CAB2362F" box="[151,423,1822,1847]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46FF3208196C225CAB2362F" bold="true" box="[151,423,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rhacophorus dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46FF3208196C25ACF7736FD" blockId="4.[151,1436,1889,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46FF3208196C25ACA2D3662" bold="true" box="[151,312,1889,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colour in life</emphasis>
(Stage 38, ZMH A13093). The background colour of the body and the tail is ochre or buff brown (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D46FF320819EC2BECBF43685" box="[159,225,1925,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The pigmentation is diffuse and there are melanocytes on the dorsal and lateral body. In dorsal view there is a rhomboidal figure of melanocytes, starting anterior the eyes and reaching the posterior end of the head (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D46FF320846FC292CBB736FD" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B) where it transforms into a band posteriorly and terminating at the end of the trunk.
</paragraph>
<caption id="38EFADAAD46EF3218196C22ECA44369F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46EF3218196C22ECA44369F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1813,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46EF3218196C22ECA073632" bold="true" box="[151,274,1813,1836]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46EF3218019C22EC9133633" box="[280,518,1813,1835]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46EF3218019C22EC9133633" box="[280,518,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhacophorus dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46EF3218225C26FC8B73671" box="[804,930,1875,1897]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46EF3218225C26FC8B73671" box="[804,930,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">R. dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="38EFADAAD46DF3228196C028CAE234FA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208713/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1436,151,1284]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46DF3228196C028CAE234FA" blockId="6.[151,1436,1299,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF3228196C028CA003431" bold="true" box="[151,277,1299,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46DF322801CC02FC9353432" box="[285,544,1300,1322]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penanorum">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF322801CC02FC9353432" box="[285,544,1300,1322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rhacophorus penanorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, Stage 31 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH
<accessionNumber id="73C360C1D46DF32282ECC02FCF543432" box="[1005,1089,1300,1322]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/A10168" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">A10168</accessionNumber>
, 394Z). Note the black spots and oranges margins of tail fins. B, Same individual in dorsal view, showing colouration features such as the golden iridocyte field between eyes. C, Same specimen, ventral view. The cup-like oral sucker is attached to the glass of the aquarium. The ventral colouration pattern (opaque silvery abdominal pigmentation, medial
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF3228261C04ACF03349E" box="[864,1046,1392,1414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vena abdominalis</emphasis>
/streak visible, bright red gills visible through skin and partly covered by silvery iridocytes) has also been found in other Bornean rheophilous tadpoles within the genus and is not unique to
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46DF32280B0C095C95634DB" box="[433,579,1454,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penanorum">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF32280B0C095C95634DB" box="[433,579,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">R. penanorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UNIMAS 8954). D,
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46DF322822BC095C8AE34DB" box="[810,955,1454,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penanorum">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF322822BC095C8AE34DB" box="[810,955,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">R. penanorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult male, day colouration. E.
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46DF322840AC095CE8934DB" box="[1291,1436,1454,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penanorum">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF322840AC095CE8934DB" box="[1291,1436,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">R. penanorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adult male, noctural colour morph.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46DF32281C8C331C88536ED" blockId="6.[151,1436,1545,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
In lateral view, the pigmentation of the trunk slightly decreases from dorsal to ventral and from anterior to posterior. Congregations of larger melanocytes can be found in some specimens in the infraorbital region and may also form a diffuse band from the anteroventral corner of the orbit to the snout, passing ventral to the naris. The epidermal layers covering the abdominal cavity superficially and laterally bear spindle-shaped epidermal melanocytes; the deeper abdominal lining also possesses melanocytes. The dark brown colouration in the lateral trunk region originates from the additive effect of both layers. The lungs are discernible through the skin in dorsal and lateral views as an arched line of spherical shiny shapes dorsal to the gut coil (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D46DF32282B4C3DAC8E037E1" box="[949,1013,1761,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A; Stage 38, ZMH A13093). The spiracular tube is translucent, but clearly visible against the almost black abdominal wall (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D46DF322855CC23ECF893605" box="[1117,1180,1797,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Few iridocytes can be present on the spiracular tube and the lateral trunk of some specimens. The hind limbs have a darker pigmentation on the dorsal side. The pigmentation of the muscular part of the tail and of the peripheral fin areas decreases from anterior to posterior, resulting in an almost transparent distal half of the tail. Dorsal and ventral fins are mostly unpigmented. Some specimens show 2–3 circles of assembled melanocytes on the anterior part of the tail, approximately along the horizontal septum of the tail musculature. Melanocytes in the tail are assembled to a line along the
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46DF3228196C2E5CA2536ED" box="[151,304,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">vena lateralis</emphasis>
, a line at the base of the myosepts of the musculature.
</paragraph>
<caption id="38EFADAAD46CF3238196C22BCE56367B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208714/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1436,213,1786]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D46CF3238196C22BCE56367B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1808,1892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46CF3238196C22BCA01363D" bold="true" box="[151,276,1808,1831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46CF323801AC22BCAE5363E" box="[283,496,1808,1830]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46CF323801AC22BCAE5363E" box="[283,496,1808,1830]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhacophorus rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, Stage 31 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH
<accessionNumber id="73C360C1D46CF32382B2C22BCF1D363E" box="[947,1032,1808,1830]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/A10167" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="EnaNcbi">A10167</accessionNumber>
). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin (small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils). D, Adult male
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D46CF32380EDC275C95B367B" box="[492,590,1869,1891]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D46CF32380EDC275C95B367B" box="[492,590,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UNIMAS MOS0028), same locality from where tadpoles were collected.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="38EFADAAD463F32C8196C134CAB2357A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208715/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1017]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32C8196C134CAB2357A" blockId="8.[151,1436,1039,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D463F32C8196C134CA03353D" bold="true" box="[151,278,1039,1062]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Minimum evolution tree of Bornean members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D463F32C829AC134CF37353D" box="[923,1058,1039,1061]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D463F32C829AC134CF37353D" box="[923,1058,1039,1061]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rhacophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Amphibia:
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D463F32C85ABC12BCFF8353D" box="[1194,1261,1040,1061]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D463F32C85FBC134CE80353D" box="[1274,1429,1039,1061]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
) based on the total alignment comprising 827 bp of 16S rDNA sequences. See text for details on methodology. Scale bar, bp changes per branch length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32C81C8C1B1CA063416" blockId="8.[151,1437,1162,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The eyes are black showing scattered golden pigmentation increasingly dense towards the iris and forming a golden ring around the pupil. Golden iridophores are present posteroventral to the eye (region of the cheek). The lateral line system and the nares are of a beige colour. This colour, albeit faded sometimes, is retained in preserved specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32C81C8C020CE3234DA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1162,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In ventral view, the skin of head, trunk, and tail is almost completely unpigmented and translucent. Scattered melanocytes may be present in the gular region and lateral edges of the buccal area. In the latter, some iridocytes can also be present. The red gill tufts and developing forelimbs are visible through the skin in ventral view. The gut coil is clearly visible in ventral view and the gut is dark pigmented (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D463F32C82A1C0BDC8F53486" box="[928,992,1414,1438]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). Iridocytes form a diffuse triangular shaped area that the anterior sector perimeter of the gut coil, right posterior to the heart region (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D463F32C85C3C091CE1434DA" box="[1218,1281,1450,1474]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32C81C8C0F5CF953782" blockId="8.[151,1437,1162,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D463F32C81C8C0F5C95F34FF" bold="true" box="[201,586,1486,1511]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">External morphological features</emphasis>
, shared by Stages 38–39 (ZMH A 10840). The body shape is depressed dorsoventrally, tapering to the snout. In dorsal view, the body contour is ovoid. The oral disc is subterminal in position and cannot be seen in dorsal view. The snout profile is rounded in lateral view with a characteristic elevation dorsal the nares and a bulge just dorsal to the oral disc (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D463F32C83C0C301C814374A" box="[705,769,1594,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). The tail fin rises abruptly at the trunk-tail transition so that the beginning of the tail is clearly marked in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D463F32C824AC365C89C376E" box="[843,905,1630,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). The tail contributes 60% of the total length, where earlier larval stages had relatively longer tails than late larval stages in our sample.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32C81C8C39DCF053656" blockId="8.[151,1437,1162,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The dorsal fin originates in the same level as the tail muscles, at the trunk-tail junction. The ventral fin connects broadly to the trunk. The height of the tail increases gradually, achieving its maximal extent at the level of mid-tail. The dorsal and ventral fin each make up for on third of the maximal tail height (MTH). Posteriorly the tail tapers gradually and terminates in a narrow tip. The muscular part of the tail is moderately high (50% of body depth). The width of the tail’s base equals 27–35% of the maximal trunk width.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D463F32D81C8C261CE0931CC" blockId="8.[151,1437,1162,2014]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The eyes are positioned dorsolaterally. They are placed at 20–26% of the distance between the anterior tip of the snout and the trunk-tail junction. The nares are oriented anterolaterally and are closer to the snout than to the eyes. The internarial distance (
<collectingCountry id="1487BDB2D463F32C80EFC299C93636A2" box="[494,547,1954,1978]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IND</collectingCountry>
) is 40–52% of the interorbital distance (IOD). The spiracle is sinistral. The spiracular tube is directed posteriorly and dorsally (approx. 27° in lateral view,
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D463F32C82F3C2FDCF2636C6" box="[1010,1075,1990,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), and opens laterally. Its medial part is fused to the abdominal wall (but forms a shallow rim); the lateral circumference of the orifice is free. The opening of the spiraculum is positioned at 60–66% of the head-trunk length. The anal siphon is dextral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D462F32D81D9C5E4CF90307C" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The oral disc is subterminal and can only be seen from the ventral aspect of body. The width of the oral disc is 41–54% of the maximal width of the trunk (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D839CC43FC9C93004" box="[669,732,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C). In lateral view and at rest, the lower lip sticks out ventrally at about 90° (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D802FC41CCA783027" box="[302,365,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
a). Papillation is present along the margin of the lower lip and lateral parts of the upper lip (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D846FC41CCBB3307C" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1598,1621]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of Rhacophorus dulitensis (ZMH A 13094; A, C, D: 481 – 3902; B: 481 – 3802) in ventral views. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. Note the presence of a 6 th tooth row on only one side of the oral disc. B, Close up of the right (of body) lateral mouth angle showing the serrated jaw sheath of the upper jaw (right in image); C, Keratodonts of row A 2. D, Keratodonts of row P 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
a). The marginal papillae are arranged mostly bi-serially; papillae are short and rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D462F32D81C8C454CF3C3324" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The labial ridges bear uniserial rows of spoon-shaped keratodonts showing fine incisions along their edges (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D819EC4AFCBF130B4" box="[159,228,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1598,1621]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of Rhacophorus dulitensis (ZMH A 13094; A, C, D: 481 – 3902; B: 481 – 3802) in ventral views. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. Note the presence of a 6 th tooth row on only one side of the oral disc. B, Close up of the right (of body) lateral mouth angle showing the serrated jaw sheath of the upper jaw (right in image); C, Keratodonts of row A 2. D, Keratodonts of row P 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The Labial Tooth Row Formula (LTRF) is 5(2–5)/3 to 6(2–6)/3. In the upper lip only keratodont row A-1 is continuous; five divided rows follow caudally. Three undivided keratodont rows are present on the lower lip. The size of the keratodonts decreases in the upper lip from anterior to posterior rows. In the lower lip the size decreases from posterior to anterior. The beaks are well-keratinized, black, and have sharp serrations (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D85B6C4C4CFE9330F" box="[1207,1276,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1598,1621]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,617,1584]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. SEM images of Rhacophorus dulitensis (ZMH A 13094; A, C, D: 481 – 3902; B: 481 – 3802) in ventral views. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. Note the presence of a 6 th tooth row on only one side of the oral disc. B, Close up of the right (of body) lateral mouth angle showing the serrated jaw sheath of the upper jaw (right in image); C, Keratodonts of row A 2. D, Keratodonts of row P 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B). The upper beak is broadly arched in ventral view, whereas the lower jaw sheath is V-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="38EFADAAD462F32D8196C305CF4037A8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208716/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,617,1584]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D462F32D8196C305CF4037A8" blockId="9.[151,1436,1598,1713]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D462F32D8196C305CA01374C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1598,1621]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
SEM images of
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D462F32D80C5C304C9A1374D" box="[452,692,1599,1621]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D462F32D80C5C304C9A1374D" box="[452,692,1599,1621]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rhacophorus dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZMH A13094; A, C, D: 481–3902; B: 481–3802) in ventral views. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. Note the presence of a 6th tooth row on only one side of the oral disc. B, Close up of the right (of body) lateral mouth angle showing the serrated jaw sheath of the upper jaw (right in image); C, Keratodonts of row A2. D, Keratodonts of row P3.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="248AAEA9D462F32E81D1C3E3C9863092" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D462F32D81D1C3E3CE6D36F4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1752,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D462F32D81D1C3E3CA2937E9" bold="true" box="[208,316,1752,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Variation</emphasis>
. In a total of
<specimenCount id="7A9636ABD462F32D80D1C3E3C97137E8" box="[464,612,1752,1776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">43 specimens</specimenCount>
(ZMH A10838, A10837, A13093, A13094; Stages 27 to 41), counts of the number of keratodont rows on the lower lip (P1–P3) were stable, whereas the keratodont row numbers on the upper lip varied: most specimens (47%) had 5(2–5)/3. Another 28% had an additional proximal interrupted row (A6), thus, 6(2–6)/3. Nine specimens (21%) had A6 only on the right or left side of the oral disc. Two specimens had only three (both sides; Stage 33) or four/five anterior rows (left/right; Stage 37). There was no clear correlation between stage and LTRF. Minor differences in pigment patterns were discerned in the samples: the dark band from the eye to the snout was inconspicuous in some (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D8314C28BC94736D0" box="[533,594,1968,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A), but more pronounced in other specimen, and the circular assemblages of melanocytes at the base of the tail can be present (
<figureCitation id="F4ABE1A7D462F32D83BBC2EFC9E236F4" box="[698,759,2004,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1813,1836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1789]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A 13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/208712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A) or absent. The density of iridocytes varies individually.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C2FFD22D461F32E81C8C5ACC9863092" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E81C8C5ACCA9E31A8" bold="true" box="[201,395,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ecological notes</emphasis>
. We found
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E8317C5A3C83431A8" box="[534,801,152,176]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E8317C5A3C83431A8" box="[534,801,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhacophorus dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae in bodies of standing water. Tadpoles were collected from sun-exposed ponds (
<quantity id="AB6850C7D461F32E8316C584C99B31CF" box="[535,654,191,215]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="50.0">50–150 m</quantity>
2, depth &lt;
<quantity id="AB6850C7D461F32E820EC584C84231CF" box="[783,855,191,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
), with muddy substrate. Adult
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E85CBC5FBCE4C31CF" box="[1226,1369,191,215]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E85CBC5FBCE4C31CF" box="[1226,1369,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were encountered at the edges of these ponds. At night, the tadpoles were seen to form schools and to feed at the bottom as well as from surfaces of leaves of macrophytes. Apart from adult
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E82AAC433CF223007" box="[939,1079,263,287]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dulitensis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E82AAC433CF223007" box="[939,1079,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. dulitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, frogs of the following species were encountered at these ponds:
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E8332C410CF5E305A" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[563,1099,298,323]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="appendiculatus">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E8332C410C894305B" box="[563,897,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Rhacophorus appendiculatus</emphasis>
(Günther, 1858)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E855FC417CE8D305A" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[1118,1432,298,323]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pardalis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E855FC417CFF5305B" box="[1118,1248,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R. pardalis</emphasis>
Günther, 1858
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E8196C474C91C307F" authority="Muller, 1836" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1836" box="[151,521,335,359]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Kaloula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baleata">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E8196C474CA44307F" box="[151,337,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kaloula baleata</emphasis>
(Müller, 1836)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E831AC46BCF0C307F" authority="Gravenhorst 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" box="[539,1049,335,359]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Fejervarya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limnocharis">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E831AC46BC83F307F" box="[539,810,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fejervarya limnocharis</emphasis>
(Gravenhorst 1829)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E852AC474CBCF3092" authority="Boie, 1829" authorityName="Boie" authorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E852AC474CE5E307F" box="[1067,1355,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Polypedates leucomystax</emphasis>
(Boie, 1829)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="AB9086A1D461F32E8014C448C9853092" authority="Peters, 1871" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1871" box="[277,656,370,395]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Hylarana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raniceps">
<emphasis id="5EE42130D461F32E8014C448CAFC3093" box="[277,489,371,395]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hylarana raniceps</emphasis>
(Peters, 1871)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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