131 lines
13 KiB
XML
131 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document id="92E42BE64E0EABB7A4CC27F4E59BA2C2" ID-CLB-Dataset="30483" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4397.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b44266be-2443-4676-abd8-015e1e069156" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1202783" ID-ZooBank="DAB14765-7C9C-41FF-9ECF-563B82B9D258" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1521441517859" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Amr, Zuhair S., Abu, Mohammad A., Qumsiyeh, Mazin & Eid, Ehab" docDate="2018" docId="C32887CBFFD1BA21FF3DF9E4FE02E8A7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4397.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4397 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rattus rattus rattus (Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="3F11FFB3FF90BA63FFAAFFF7FFEDEA22" masterDocTitle="Systematics, distribution and ecological analysis of rodents in Jordan" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1698532151927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="07D133ECBEF425BE30821C038296F920" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7E2CEABFC947A705BFF5A4E6D665332C">
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<mods:title id="39C7ACBC5A54CE9C10292706A96CA53A">Systematics, distribution and ecological analysis of rodents in Jordan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4EC98E21E68358903FE59EE2EB9CD408">Amr, Zuhair S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B6BC4E574A798494233044A589857FD">Abu, Mohammad A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6377A6BD2FA12E56A1D44C026DE6DB02">Qumsiyeh, Mazin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="09FB09C56EF3DD5CEAF7D96B0047FBD5">Eid, Ehab</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AA373C20B2B56F88C8C30E44BD4FD8A2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F4AECC75E8555985F3DE292C8C799041">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1D82749924933D08AFDDE36B81FA4A8E">2018-03-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FA8C46B39A3E7B5FCF0C2CE3E421C454">4397</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2CA8692AD61BF1F009C9ED24715C027E" type="CLB-Dataset">30483</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7B48E31EFF46A3D0423442B6F532D7D3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4397.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C32887CBFFD1BA21FF3DF9E4FE02E8A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5991860" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142340505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5991860" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C32887CBFFD1BA21FF3DF9E4FE02E8A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C32887CBFFD1BA21FF3DF9E4FE02E8A7" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection id="039B6556FFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FE26EC6C" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FDE7EC0F" blockId="65.[151,522,1555,1614]" box="[151,522,1555,1581]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="107681B1FFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FDE7EC0F" bold="true" box="[151,522,1555,1581]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8C814D5EFFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FDE7EC0F" ID-CoL="4RM6W" authority="rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="rattus (Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,522,1555,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FDE7EC0F" bold="true" box="[151,522,1555,1581]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF3DF9E4FEDFEC0F" bold="true" box="[151,306,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD1BA22FF3DF9C2FE26EC6C" blockId="65.[151,522,1555,1614]" box="[151,459,1589,1614]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF3DF9C2FEBAEC6C" bold="true" box="[151,343,1589,1614]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Common name:</emphasis>
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Black rat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="039B6556FFD1BA22FF3DF98AFC95ED6B" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD1BA22FF3DF98AFEBAED04" blockId="65.[151,1436,1661,2010]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF3DF98AFEE7ECB4" bold="true" box="[151,266,1661,1686]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: Ears large and rounded. Fur color very variable, ranging from blackish dorsally to grayish to brownish, with the underside being lighter (
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<figureCitation id="D3BA2A58FFD1BA22FDB3F956FD63EC98" box="[537,654,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="64.[151,250,2005,2027]" captionText="FIGURE 74. The black rat, Rattus rattus." pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figure 74</figureCitation>
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). Head-body length up to
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<quantity id="8C799B38FFD1BA22FC6BF955FBC9EC9B" box="[961,1060,1698,1722]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
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. Tail longer than head and body length. Little and short hair on tail. Large and well inflated tympanic bullae. Skull elongated in shape, with laterally curved tempoparietal ridges. Outer tubercles of upper molars well developed. First upper molar with anterolateral cusp (
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<figureCitation id="D3BA2A58FFD1BA22FF73F8FAFEA6ED04" box="[217,331,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 75" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,195,1431]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[264,1323,195,1431]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 75. A. Dorsal and B. Ventral views of the skull for Rattus rattus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1202923/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Figure 75</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD1BA22FF6DF8C6FC95ED6B" blockId="65.[151,1436,1661,2010]" box="[199,888,1841,1866]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF6DF8C6FEAEED68" bold="true" box="[199,323,1841,1866]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Localities:</emphasis>
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Found in all cities, villages and agricultural areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="039B6556FFD1BA22FF6DF8A2FD01EDFB" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD1BA22FF6DF8A2FD01EDFB" blockId="65.[151,1436,1661,2010]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD1BA22FF6DF8A2FEC1ED4C" bold="true" box="[199,300,1877,1902]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Habitat:</emphasis>
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This is common species occurring in cities, villages and farming areas. Its populations are increasing rapidly in association with urban and agricultural expansion. The black rat successfully invaded remote areas in the country. Now it is well-established in farms in the Badia and southern Jordan. This was facilitated by vehicles transporting animal feed and other agricultural crops.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="039B6556FFD2BA21FF6DFF60FDC0EAF7" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD2BA21FF6DFF60FDC0EAF7" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD2BA21FF6DFF60FECCEA92" bold="true" box="[199,289,151,176]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Biology</emphasis>
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: Breeding takes place between March and November; three to five litters can be produced in a year, each litter containing 1 to 16 young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="039B6556FFD2BA21FF6DFF28FE02E8A7" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD2BA21FF6DFF28FAD2EB47" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD2BA21FF6DFF28FED0EADA" bold="true" box="[199,317,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Remarks:</emphasis>
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After the construction of the sewer system in ‘
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<collectingRegion id="8945F83FFFD2BA21FCCCFF17FC28EADA" box="[870,965,224,248]" country="Jordan" name="'Amman" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Ammān</collectingRegion>
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in 1979, the black rat became a serious problem for health and municipality officers. It was recovered from toilets in buildings in the second and third floor. The sewer system was a breeding shelter for the rats. It was found in large densities in open dumping sites near
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<collectingRegion id="8945F83FFFD2BA21FF64FEBAFEE2EB46" box="[206,271,333,356]" country="Jordan" name="Az Zarqa'" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Zarqā</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="8945F83FFFD2BA21FEECFEBBFE91EB47" box="[326,380,332,357]" country="Jordan" name="Irbid" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Irbid</collectingRegion>
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area. Currently, this pest is under control using various compounds of anticoagulants.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B3E36DDFFD2BA21FF6DFE87FE02E8A7" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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Not only considered as a disgusting animal by the local, it is also an important reservoir for zoonotic diseases such as Leishmaniasis and bubonic plague. Historically, the
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<collectingCountry id="3396764DFFD2BA21FCF9FE63FC73EB8F" box="[851,926,404,429]" name="Jordan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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Valley was an endemic focus for the Black Death, especially during the Islamic expansion from Arabia. In the eight century "
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<emphasis id="79F5EACFFFD2BA21FBF2FE4FFB44EBED" box="[1112,1193,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Amwas</emphasis>
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Plague" took its toll among Muslim soldiers while in the
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<collectingCountry id="3396764DFFD2BA21FDEBFE2BFD61EBD7" box="[577,652,476,501]" name="Jordan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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Valley. Archeological surveys recovered thousands of skulls for the black rat from that area.The black rat is a serious pest causing extensive damage to grain storage areas, as well as to clothing, chicken farms and electrical wiring of buildings. We have witnessed severe loss in grain storage in northern
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<collectingCountry id="3396764DFFD2BA21FF57FDB0FEA6E842" box="[253,331,583,608]" name="Jordan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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. This species is capable of chewing electrical cables of
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in diameter, causing extensive losses. No direct threats are observed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |