156 lines
18 KiB
XML
156 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="9EAA4672B2C643FFA10C090B4C687A3C" ID-CLB-Dataset="45817" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3795.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5d999b1c-2e5e-42fa-84f3-69865ec9b200" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="250157" ID-ZooBank="0E4AE5C6-49E5-4683-AE65-DB42EC246067" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460418236479" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rousse, P. & Noort, S. Van" docDate="2014" docId="AE4D6350513CFF865E9AFD657E30F95B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03795p173.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3795 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cremastus Gravenhorst 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="168" masterDocId="52741B28513BFF815E0DFFD67D3DFF8F" masterDocTitle="Belesica madiba and Cremastus tutui (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), two entomological gems from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="173" masterPageNumber="161" pageNumber="168" updateTime="1732696438405" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BDA89F209A4EB5F8D3B4E5AE51DC72F4">Belesica madiba and Cremastus tutui (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), two entomological gems from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="287CB81BAE318E5A871A147B41532E1B">Rousse, P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2A3F28225307B100FAB1CF0ED33BFB31">Noort, S. Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3933C72FA131E7A4FED82496EAF64637">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6934E3785E7B772B2033F5217F9EF1EB">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D931794E0FFE8D6010A24D68E9116D3">3795</mods:number>
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<treatment id="AE4D6350513CFF865E9AFD657E30F95B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6144841" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6144841" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE4D6350513CFF865E9AFD657E30F95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE4D6350513CFF865E9AFD657E30F95B" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" scope_family="Ichneumonidae">
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<subSubSection id="6EFE81CD513CFF865E9AFD657F35FD41" box="[151,520,691,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865E9AFD657F35FD41" blockId="7.[151,520,691,718]" box="[151,520,691,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<heading id="7D13652A513CFF865E9AFD657F35FD41" bold="true" box="[151,520,691,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865E9AFD657F35FD41" ID-CoL="3VHM" ID-ENA="288213" authority="Gravenhorst, 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,520,691,718]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865E9AFD657F35FD41" bold="true" box="[151,520,691,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865E9AFD657C25FD42" bold="true" box="[151,280,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Cremastus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865F12FD627F35FD41" author="Gravenhorst" box="[287,520,692,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1829) Ichneumonologia Europaea. Pars I. aumtibus auctoris, Vratislaviae, 876 pp." type="book" year="1829">Gravenhorst, 1829</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6EFE81CD513CFF865E9AFD2D7CDBFCA0" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865E9AFD2D7CDBFCA0" blockId="7.[151,510,762,815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="06F4F568513CFF865E9AFD2D7CDBFCA0" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865E9AFD2D7CC3FC9F" authority="Cushman, 1917: 509" authorityName="Cushman" authorityPageNumber="509" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,510,762,784]" class="Insecta" genus="Neocremastus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865E9AFD2D7C18FC9F" box="[151,293,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Neocremastus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A745F457513CFF865F21FD2C7CC3FC9F" author="Cushman" box="[300,510,762,784]" page="509" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865F21FD2C7CF3FC9F" author="Cushman" box="[300,462,762,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Cushman, R. A. (1917) A revision of the Hymenopterous insects of the tribe Cremastini of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 53, 503 - 551. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.53 - 2219.503" type="journal article" year="1917">Cushman, 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 509
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865E9AFCCF7CDBFCA0" authority="Viereck, 1911: 294" authorityName="Viereck" authorityPageNumber="294" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,486,793,815]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Zaleptopygus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865E9AFCCF7C22FCA0" box="[151,287,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Zaleptopygus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A745F457513CFF865F28FCCF7CDBFCA0" author="Viereck" box="[293,486,793,815]" page="294" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865F28FCCF7C8AFCA0" author="Viereck" box="[293,439,793,815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Viereck, H. L. (1911) Descriptions of one new genus and three new species of Ichneumon flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 41, 293 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1859.293" type="journal article" year="1911">Viereck, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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: 294
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6EFE81CD513CFF865E9AFC8A7E9CFA1F" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865E9AFC8A7C02FA8F" blockId="7.[151,1437,860,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865E9AFC8A7C37FCFA" bold="true" box="[151,266,860,885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(updated from
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865FB2FC8B7F5DFCFB" author="Townes" box="[447,608,860,884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Townes, H. K. (1971) The genera of Ichneumonidae, part 4. Cremastinae to Diplazontinae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 17, 1 - 372." type="journal article" year="1971">Townes, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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). Fore wing
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<quantity id="E11C7FA3513CFF865CF5FC8A7E5EFCFA" box="[760,867,860,885]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" unit="mm" value="5.75" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–9mm</quantity>
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long; body slender; occipital carina mid-dorsally incomplete, the free upper ends down curved, ventrally joining oral carina near mandibular base; mandible of moderate length, usually subequal but sometimes one tooth slightly longer than other; maxillary and labial palpi of moderate length, with five and four segments respectively; scutellum weakly to moderately convex, often with a weak lateral carina; propodeal carination complete or nearly so; fore wing with marginal cell short, areolet open, rs-m opposite to basal to 2m-cuby 0.5x rs-m length, and Rs & M opposite or slightly basal to cu-a; hind wing with 1/Cu & cu-a usually intercepted near posterior 0.4, distal abscissa of Cu spectral to absent; hind femur simple; tergite 1 with long and shallow glymma, its lower edges separated and parallel, rarely almost touching; thyridium absent; epipleurum of tergite 2 narrow, separated by a crease and turned under; ovipositor sheath 1.4–3.8x longer than hind tibia; ovipositor tip straight, down-curved or weakly sinuate. Male: ocelli not enlarged; apex of gonosquama with a long ventral asymmetric lobe, lobe separated by a concave area from a dorsal tooth or short lobe near base.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865ECAFADA7E9CFA1F" blockId="7.[151,1437,860,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865ECAFADA7C74FAAA" bold="true" box="[199,329,1292,1317]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Phylogeny.</emphasis>
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Monophyly of
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865FF1FADB7F4EFAAB" box="[508,627,1293,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865FF1FADB7F4EFAAB" box="[508,627,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Cremastus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as currently defined is debated with generic delimitation of
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865B28FADB78A1FAAB" box="[1317,1436,1293,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865B28FADB78A1FAAB" box="[1317,1436,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Cremastus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865EC8FAF97C18FAC7" box="[197,293,1327,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trathala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865EC8FAF97C18FAC7" box="[197,293,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Trathala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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unclear. The genus is mostly defined by the putative synapomorphy of the transformed male genitalia: females being mainly differentiated from
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865C72FA827FE2FAE2" box="[639,735,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trathala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865C72FA827FE2FAE2" box="[639,735,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Trathala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the mid-dorsal incompleteness of the occipital carina, a character state which, however, also occurs in some
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865CECFAA17E7FFA1F" box="[737,834,1399,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trathala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865CECFAA17E7FFA1F" box="[737,834,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Trathala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6EFE81CD513CFF865ECAFA4A7E30F95B" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865ECAFA4A7C4BFA57" blockId="7.[151,1437,860,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865ECAFA4A7C1AFA3A" bold="true" box="[199,295,1436,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Biology.</emphasis>
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The usual hosts are coleopteran stem borers or gall makers, but there are also records from lepidopteran larvae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865ECAFA327CFDF93F" blockId="7.[151,1437,860,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865ECAFA327F61FA72" bold="true" box="[199,604,1508,1533]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Species richness and distribution.</emphasis>
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This is a large genus of Holarctic distribution, with about 130 described species. Only two species are known in the Afrotropical region, of which one is restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="5EF392D6513CFF865AB7F9D1787CF9AF" box="[1210,1345,1543,1568]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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and the second is described here from
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<collectingCountry id="5EF392D6513CFF865C00F9FA7F9AF9CA" box="[525,679,1580,1605]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865CB5F9FA7E5FF9CA" author="Morley" box="[696,866,1580,1605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Morley, C. (1926) On some South African Ichneumonidae in the collection of the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 23, 435 - 481." type="journal article" year="1926">Morley (1926)</bibRefCitation>
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erroneously reported two males of
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865B1AF9FB7C55F9E7" authority="Gravenhorst, 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geminus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865B1AF9FB78A1F9CB" box="[1303,1436,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">C. geminus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865E9AF9997C55F9E7" author="Gravenhorst" box="[151,360,1615,1640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1829) Ichneumonologia Europaea. Pars I. aumtibus auctoris, Vratislaviae, 876 pp." type="book" year="1829">Gravenhorst, 1829</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="5EF392D6513CFF865FA2F9997F7EF9E7" box="[431,579,1615,1640]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, which were later identified as
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865DAAF9997935F9E7" box="[935,1032,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trathala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865DAAF9997935F9E7" box="[935,1032,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Trathala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. by
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865A51F98778A4F9E7" author="Townes" box="[1116,1433,1615,1640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Townes, H. K. & Townes, M. (1973) A catalogue and reclassification of the Ethiopian Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 19, 1 - 416." type="journal article" year="1973">Townes and Townes (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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. We also collected females of two other putatively new
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865D0CF9A37E45F903" box="[769,888,1653,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865D0CF9A37E45F903" box="[769,888,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Cremastus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="5EF392D6513CFF865D91F9A27912F902" box="[924,1071,1652,1677]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, but without associated males to confirm the genus affinity.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="265BD246513CFF865ECAF96A7E30F95B" blockId="7.[151,1437,860,1749]" box="[199,781,1724,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865ECAF96A7C7CF95A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1724,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Genotype.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E1E4A9C5513CFF865F45F96B7E35F95B" authority="Gravenhorst, 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" box="[328,776,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cremastus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spectator">
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<emphasis id="14900E54513CFF865F45F96B7F10F95B" box="[328,557,1725,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="168">Cremastus spectator</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4275AFB7513CFF865C38F96A7E35F95B" author="Gravenhorst" box="[565,776,1724,1749]" pageId="7" pageNumber="168" refString="Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1829) Ichneumonologia Europaea. Pars I. aumtibus auctoris, Vratislaviae, 876 pp." type="book" year="1829">Gravenhorst, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
||
</document> |