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<mods:title id="4B220761C914EB333AAF5D5035A9A171">First description of the male of Volesusnigripennis Champion, 1899, with new records from Ecuador and Panama, taxonomical notes, and an updated key to the genera of Sphaeridopinae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9D4C75F5901E987B6779F18DD1899E41">R. Gil-Santana, Helcio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6D45B99B4AF07FA62E8499FAD814C06A">Oliveira, Jader</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157059589" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A6A58EA08810A1C35DE69B1014CB77A5" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<subSubSection id="D74C12393FF5561A4548DC0B700D4B9E" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1D7154EA3ED3114A5A18393B7404F8E3" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="AF243FCC1CB2039771684B5FF0BC9554" ID-CoL="5BP7W" authority="Champion, 1899" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis Champion, 1899</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-3, 4-8, 9-13, 14-19, 20-25, 26-28, 29-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-48, 49-52, 53-57
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B85F62A5BDFEE35814B690C50A1531" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="CE82A7905E2173A9009BE8159A9C56D0" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="6883F0EA8B3DBBB5712372A3173C0284" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
Champion, 1899: 296 [description], Tab. XVIII [Figure 14];
<bibRefCitation id="760A2B68F63FAED4D28CAF028D48B2A8" author="Costa Lima, A" journalOrPublisher="Rio de Janeiro, Escola Nacional de Agronomia" pageId="17" pageNumber="114" title="Insetos do Brasil. 2 ° Tomo. Capitulo XXII. Hemipteros." year="1940">Costa Lima 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 207 [citation],
<bibRefCitation id="F4E4BC29C68A1A6425A9C27FB8D25667" author="Wygodzinsky, P" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 102" title="Elenco sistematico de los reduviiformes americanos." volume="1" year="1949">Wygodzinsky 1949</bibRefCitation>
: 65 [catalog];
<bibRefCitation id="0EF84D029E523F6E18BD0DD7AE1A35B2" author="Maldonado, CJ" journalOrPublisher="1, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagueez" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" title="Systematic Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No." year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 490 [catalog];
<bibRefCitation id="ECAD5D6B5F64467183993909B7FABCCD" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 8" title="Redescricao do macho de Veserisrugosicollis (Stal, 1858) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="408" year="1999">Gil-Santana et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 2 [citation];
<bibRefCitation id="F6E8685B742C91F31255346E6C14E7E2" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Forero 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 164 [citation from Colombia], Figures 5.25, 5.103;
<bibRefCitation id="4B5106359713194E549855B073DCF081" author="Forero, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 47" title="New records of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Colombia and other Neotropical countries." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1107.1.1" volume="1107" year="2006">Forero 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 36 [new record from Colombia], Figures 56-57;
<bibRefCitation id="FDE28E18686B462470B6EEC3E2B2A05A" author="Gil-Santana, HR" editor="Panizzi, AR" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" title="Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht" url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7_12" year="2015">Gil-Santana et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 336 [citation].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="24D0FBAC9FF56998179FC3C2860AFE25" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" type="notes">
<paragraph id="EBC31E66E6FA1E2B96A304CFDCB749C0" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B685732A7F32B59240EB0DCA2377C84" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName id="425169A660CDBFE3C39586701B24C2C6" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
was described based on a female from Costa Rica (
<bibRefCitation id="E0AA632684F90245E8F265B467DBB09F" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
). The female holotype is deposited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), Stockholm, Sweden, and its photos are available on their website (Figs 1-3).
</paragraph>
<caption id="71C0B27CA0976D12F73465E5855580FA" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<paragraph id="95705509269659C037F6F2FB99AB1714" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
Figures 1-3.
<taxonomicName id="E8AF3DCFBF2BF85738A14C2BC71FE2A6" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, female, holotype deposited in NRM, catalog number NHRS-GULI000000089, photographed by Gunvi Lindberg, © 2018 Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Made available by the Swedish Museum of Natural History under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License, CC-BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. 1 dorsal view 2 ventral view 3 labels. Scale bar: 10 mm (1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CC0077C73A015CBEB4F7A6C5E9B88EDA" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
<bibRefCitation id="6C665F07F0283637E68C97B916D4A620" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Forero (2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4798D6FA81C5F76F140E53E376F785E0" author="Forero, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 47" title="New records of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Colombia and other Neotropical countries." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1107.1.1" volume="1107" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
) recorded this species from Colombia, based on a unique female. These two females have been the only specimens of
<taxonomicName id="BC7ECECAE0FE6A9D3DA10F837D9CF449" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
known so far.
<bibRefCitation id="88EA2197EDF4069FB3433915B4344323" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">Forero (2004)</bibRefCitation>
argued that the knowledge of the male of the species would be useful to a definition in relation to other members of
<taxonomicName id="7179CF220FB30ECCD36392C1AC5A88B5" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Sphaeridopinae">Sphaeridopinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDC092AB89E36A9071D3723D569945E4" pageId="6" pageNumber="103">
Additionally, a female specimen of
<taxonomicName id="C5369723ADA08F14105E4A27AEC38338" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="6" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
from Panama was located in the collection of the NMNH. Upon our request, Dr Silvia A. Justi (WRBU) examined the specimen, sent us photos of it and provided the data on the labels, which are transcribed below. The specimen was identified by the Late P. Wygodzinsky. Although it had been previously coated with metal for electronic microscopy, the identification of the specimen is still possible and represents a new record of this species for Panama.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9B1AEA343DA5A60EF805A69E6A929FC" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="542265D64CE2478212F610C3F1F2938D" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<pageBreakToken id="21A63E0DC3E92ACD17008E190CC24B14" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" start="start">Material</pageBreakToken>
examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68058F276C078959BCD0DF9BD20A8D84" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="E821B9B19B30980FCDB523377F02CCBB" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
. ECUADOR, Esmeraldas, Tundaloma Lodge, near
<normalizedToken id="7785EE6C59DA4DC43248A37655591142" originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
, 01.18277N, 078.75259W (
<geoCoordinate id="914F148A0509E127B2330AEDAEE53DDB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.1825">01°10'57&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="AB9C1BA0D6C89CB9A28DF6B347E7E479" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-78.7525">78°45'09&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 55m a.s.l., 8-9.ii.2014, A. Kury &amp; A. Giupponi leg., 1 male (CEIOC), 1 male (CTJMSB).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67438B6B511FDBFA4DE709F8D2C425DF" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" type="additional specimen">
<paragraph id="489AD5B70EDCFC072D9CF1361AAB45E4" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">Additional specimen.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78EFBA779FB2D2F862D4922739E6CA52" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<taxonomicName id="CC24A137AFEE5DBB06180D198A8DA938" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
. PANAMA: Escobal Road / Atl. Canal Zone / 24 VI [19]74 [handwritten] / Col: D. Engleman // Drake Colln. ex / J. Maldonado C. / Coll 1996 [characters partially cut off at the bottom of the label] //
<taxonomicName id="B936977F3A23B0FC3FA963EFE599B4AF" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volesus</taxonomicName>
[handwritten] /
<taxonomicName id="1F00FB5ED7680BE1ED43CC7197CC0E76" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Heteroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteroptera nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">nigripennis</taxonomicName>
[handwritten] / Champion [handwritten] / Wygodzinsky [det.], 1 female (NMNH).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1B35056CF9C57A34B425FEFD0CF5B994" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" type="description">
<paragraph id="30692723E211CF0FC67803DEE9D329F3" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C5752A3F9B0483DB439F0705BD5A550" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">Male. (Figs 4-57). Measurements: total length to tip of abdomen: 16.9-17.3; to tip of forewings: 16.1-16.5; head (excluding neck, measured in lateral view) length: 2.2; length of anteocular portion (measured in lateral view): 0.5; length of postocular portion (measured in lateral view): 0.7; width across eyes: 1.8; interocular distance, dorsal view: 0.9, ventral view: 0.5-0.6; width of eye, dorsal view: 0.5; ventral view: 0.6; length of eye: 0.6-0.7; distance between external margin of ocelli: 0.7-0.8; distance between ocelli: 0.25; maximum width of ocellus: 0.2-0.25; length of antennifer: 0.7; lengths of antennal segments: I: 2.5; II: 3.8; III: 1.5; IV: 0.9; lengths of labial segments, first visible: 0.3; second visible: 1.7-1.8. Thorax: pronotum: fore lobe, length: 0.8; maximum width: 3.2; hind lobe: length 3.0; maximum width: 5.9; scutellum, length: 2.3; width: 2.7; length of process: 1.1-1.2; length of hemelytra: 12.5. Fore legs: length of femur: 3.8; length of tibia: 4.8-4.7; length of spongy fossa: 0.25; length of tarsus: 1.2-1.3; middle legs, length of femur: 4.5-4.6; length of tibia: 4.8-5.1; length of spongy fossa: 0.25; length of tarsus: 1.2-1.3; hind legs: length of femur: 5.2-5.3; length of tibia: 6.3-6.7; length of tarsus: 1.3. Abdomen, length: 12.5; maximum width: 7.7-7.8.</paragraph>
<caption id="3C7D7D20D7238D8DB1A2DB1AED7AA096" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
<paragraph id="3A14E7CD5BAA7B4E04E02CA71BE359DC" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
Figures 4-8.
<taxonomicName id="BDB6D365C88B813859C4DBF042BFE712" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 4-5 dorsal view 6-8 head 6-7 dorsal view 8 except distal half of second visible labial segment, lateral view. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (4-5); 1.0 mm (6); 0.5 mm (7-8).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EB6B8728C52CF9E095CC0E60B1F50CF1" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="7" pageNumber="104">
Coloration: general coloration blackish with reddish markings (Figs 4-5, 14, 20, 26, 28, 35). Head generally blackish; neck mostly reddish; apices of antenniferous tubercles pale; antennal segment II brownish black; antennal segments
<normalizedToken id="3A48DC4CA7CA67466089A515E82FFF12" originalValue="III–IV">III-IV</normalizedToken>
brownish; labium brownish (Figs 4-6, 9-11, 14, 20). Thorax blackish, brownish black on meso- and metasternum, with the following reddish thoracic markings: on anterior collar and their projections; on lateral and posterior margins of pronotum; on most of fore lobe of pronotum, except its median portion; on hind lobe of pronotum, a median and a pair of lateral converging bands, which are continuous with reddish posterior margin, ending approximately at mid and anterior thirds of hind lobe, respectively; and on postero-superior portion (approximately) of propleura and process of scutellum (Figs 4-6, 14, 16, 20, 26, 28). Legs generally blackish; spongy fossa on fore and mid tibiae somewhat paler (Figs 4-5, 20, 24-25). Hemelytra black, somewhat paler, brownish, on approximately distal half of clavus, medially and about distal half of the membrane, except veins and area just surrounding them (Figs 4-5, 26). Hind wing generally brownish, with veins darkened (Fig. 27). Abdomen blackish to blackish brown; tergite VI with a median reddish spot just below anterior margin; tergite VII almost completely reddish, blackish on and just below anterior margin and with a pair of rounded blackish spots on mid-lateral portion (Fig. 28). Connexivum reddish on: extreme base of segment II, approximately basal third of segments
<normalizedToken id="B76D4A7450A9C7920A1B1109E63A6741" originalValue="III–V">III-V</normalizedToken>
, and somewhat less than basal half of segment VI; connexival portion of segment VII almost entirely reddish
<pageBreakToken id="66FC9DDF9556D0513BCD82B6EC8A42BC" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
only posterior border of approximately distal half darkened; ventrally, marking on segment II is a small spot on external margin; on segments
<normalizedToken id="BF4982161021B9867E6E63DC803C8ED8" originalValue="III–VI">III-VI</normalizedToken>
connexival reddish markings are prolonged dorsally to a short distance on lateral portion of respective tergite as a subtriangular marking, and ventrally, as a somewhat curved lateral marking, directed backwards, reaching spiracles, which are surrounded by reddish posterior margin; sternite II with anterior margin and median portion, on approximately distal half reddish to reddish brown; transverse median bands, on sternites
<normalizedToken id="F3779DD184F2BFB72751F0813D8D9932" originalValue="III–VII">III-VII</normalizedToken>
, progressively larger, reddish brown in one specimen and pale brownish in other, joining lateral reddish markings described above in sternites
<normalizedToken id="3A545B595A7018476DC7740FCDD58867" originalValue="V–VII">V-VII</normalizedToken>
, the latter almost completely reddish, with dark coloration restricted to anterior margin and adjacent to genital capsule (Figs 4-5, 26, 28, 35). Exposed portion of pygophore and parameres blackish (Fig. 35).
</paragraph>
<caption id="730CCBF3AD507CECC4466DDF5D5D4144" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<paragraph id="F98A7923BB73B3070EC2FADECC5AB2DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Figures 9-13.
<taxonomicName id="3285D6366B2A8DA90573CAF431AE820C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 9 head and left antenna, dorsal view 10 left antenna, ventral view 11 head and fore lobe of pronotum, lateral view (black arrow points to prosternal process; first and second visible labial segments indicated by white arrows) 12, 13 ventral view 12 head, except antenniferous, and most part of prosternum (arrows point to first and second visible labial segments) 13 head, except distal half of second visible labial segment. (1 first 2 second visible labial segments). Scale bars: 1.0 mm (9-11); 0.5 mm (12, 13).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="90FC95B156932BD09B10295CEF54FE9C" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<paragraph id="739DF7217947B9CD88387BCB8FBD2177" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Figures 14-19.
<taxonomicName id="D61706939DF667EF26869F212734B48E" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male, dorsal view 14 head, pronotum, scutellum and basal portions of hemelytra and connexivum 15-18 pronotum 15 median portion 16-17 fore lobe and basal portion of hind lobe 17 left side and midline 18 lateral right portion, including humeral angle 19 scutellum. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (14); 0.5 mm (15-17, 19); 0.3 mm (18).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E71E00C7792CC61883995A28623DCDC7" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<paragraph id="02E0D586ED8FDC4D94584B333D8A8FD1" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Figures 20-25.
<taxonomicName id="6AFAF32AFA1DB7A91C0CF7D748251845" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 20-23 ventral view 20 head and thorax 21 prothorax, arrow points to prosternal process 22 prothorax and mesosternum 23 metasternum, middle and hind coxae, and median portion of base of abdomen 24, 25 apices of tibiae, arrow points to spongy fossa 24 fore tibia, ventral view 24 middle tibia, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (20, 23-25) 0.5 mm (21, 22).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E00B8E9EF97ED7CD31A96D54AE29F658" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
<paragraph id="45EF7BBE94CE77E1A4573527F7AAF42D" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Figures 26-28.
<taxonomicName id="CF7AB9A6BDA14016ED36AD17829E9C89" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male, dorsal view 26 distal portion of pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra and connexivum, arrow points to a small additional cell at approximately apical fourth of the cubital vein 27 left hind wing 28 distal portion of thorax and abdomen (wings moved away). Scale bar: 2.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9488BEBEB1D99D4E34180EF9A0BA7244" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Vestiture: body generally covered by sparse short, somewhat curved, adpressed, thin, golden to brownish setae. Head: eyes, ocelli and neck glabrous; region adjacent to insertion of labium with more numerous and somewhat longer setae; ventral surface of first visible labial segment and basal portion of second visible labial segment moderately setose, dorsal surface of correspondent portions with fewer setae; additionally, some sparse setae scattered on the proximal third of second visible segment, remainder glabrous. Antenna: segment I sparsely covered with setae similar to those of general vestiture but slightly longer, more numerous at apex; segments
<normalizedToken id="E8868F56F36C4E677E4B094B18DE2093" originalValue="II–IV">II-IV</normalizedToken>
densely setose, covered with scattered longer, somewhat curved, brownish setae and much more numerous shorter, thinner, whitish setae (Figs 9, 10). Thorax. Some longer straight thin setae on posterior margin of pronotum adjacent to lateral portion of scutellar base; setae are sparser on ventral surface; smooth lateral areas of mesosternum glabrous. Hemelytra: small adpressed setae sparsely scattered on corium, more numerous at its apex; apical two thirds of clavus, respective adjacent area of corium and membrane glabrous. Legs generally with similar vestiture of the body; setae longer and thicker on tibiae, becoming more numerous towards apex; tarsi with stiff, pale, yellowish to golden-yellowish, oblique to curved setae, with variable lengths. Abdomen: tergites
<normalizedToken id="94D60A9B797AE65A4E6D493C4EAD0F8B" originalValue="I–V">I-V</normalizedToken>
almost completely glabrous, with some scattered small darkened or pale setae, almost imperceptible; tergite VI with some more numerous pale setae; tergite VII with scattered longer golden setae. Connexivum: lateral margins with numerous adpressed short curved darkened setae, forming a few irregular rows; these setae become somewhat longer and paler on distal margin of segment VII; segments
<normalizedToken id="F1CFAEE9F3A3D2151B63DF89D00470B3" originalValue="II–VI">II-VI</normalizedToken>
dorsally glabrous; some sparse setae on dorsal surface of distal third of segment VII. Sternites generally covered with sparse thin golden to pale setae; somewhat longer and more numerous setae on median portion of segments
<normalizedToken id="7128D925B01B4ADF93FE3AA8149EABD3" originalValue="VI–VII">VI-VII</normalizedToken>
and on pygophore, except its middle portion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="263633110CEE120FBE865CFB2B183121" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="8" pageNumber="105">
Structure: Head. Anteocular portion slightly shorter than postocular portion (in lateral view); ocelli separated by a distance slightly larger than transverse width of each ocellus, positioned medially to level of inner posterior angle of eyes and close to transverse sulcus; antenniferous large; first antennal segment slightly longer than head, stout, somewhat curved, its approximately basal fourth slightly thinner; remaining
<pageBreakToken id="8777FB907EB551F0DCFCD7202726FEF0" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" start="start">antennal</pageBreakToken>
segments progressively thinner, cylindrical; labium reaching or surpassing the mid third of stridulitrum (Figs 6-14, 20-22). Thorax. Anterior collar inconspicuous; anterolateral angles rounded and small (Figs 15, 16); fore lobe with irregular areas with smooth and whitish integument; a median transverse depression on fore lobe present between medial margins of longer curved smooth areas (Figs 14-17); humeral angles acute, slightly prominent (Figs 14, 18); posterior margin of hind lobe slightly curved on middle third (Figs 14, 15). Scutellum sculptured, median depression shallow, process stout, horizontal, apex rounded (Figs 14, 19). Distance between acute prosternal processes: 0.7. Hemelytra generally dull; on extreme base of dorsal surface, laterally, and on lateral portion, basally, moderately shiny; not reaching tip of abdomen, ending somewhat apically to level of the mid third of seventh tergite (Figs 4-5, 26); in one specimen, the membrane has a small additional cell at approximately apical fourth of cubital vein (Fig. 26). Abdomen. Integument generally also rugose (Figs 28-34), except on median portions of sternites
<normalizedToken id="223C73D8543ED310898D6EF12D2DA52A" originalValue="IV–VII">IV-VII</normalizedToken>
, in which it is mostly smooth (Figs 34-38). Connexivum largely exposed, laterally to hemelytra (Figs 4-5); anterior margin of tergite I carinulate (Figs 29-31); tergite II with a mid-longitudinal keel and median third of posterior margin curved backwards (Figs 28-31). Sternites carinulate on anterior margin of segments
<normalizedToken id="F8D27D2EABCE75FABB6945C7AACA3FA5" originalValue="III–V">III-V</normalizedToken>
in one specimen and also on segment VI in the other; on sternite III, canaliculae are somewhat larger and extend more towards lateral portion, occupying approximately two thirds of anterior margin, except midline; on following segments canaliculae become progressively slightly smaller and occupy approximately median third of anterior margin, except midline; a median shallow keel on distal two thirds of segment II and somewhat more elevated in sternites
<normalizedToken id="7E7C528BDD700248E8CD63FD7DDC56E4" originalValue="III–VI">III-VI</normalizedToken>
(Figs 35-38). Segment VIII not visible externally, sclerotized on ventral portion, which becomes somewhat wider towards posterior margin; latter almost straight and with a few short setae; dorsal portion membranous and narrower; spiracles on dorsal margin of ventral portion (Figs 39-41).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4B3B3791B6CFC5445ACFA836FD925CFC" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<paragraph id="4D7588D45D107ADF0F3D5E68D2857F11" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
Figures 29-34.
<taxonomicName id="499AC1ADDF17931F16F1DC81DCECD139" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 29-33 dorsal view 29 process of scutellum, median portions of tergites
<normalizedToken id="E032606ED8917957E4C27AD796046F58" originalValue="I–II">I-II</normalizedToken>
and basal half of tergite III, arrow points to midlongitudinal keel of tergite II 30-31 mediolateral portions of tergites
<normalizedToken id="35AB49AB2960277B975A45D2A3B0BA37" originalValue="I–III">I-III</normalizedToken>
30 arrow points to first (dorsal) abdominal spiracle 31 arrow points to the dag on tergite IV 32 lateral portions of tergites III (distal part),
<normalizedToken id="61253DD3FA137DF85CC4E184B28AB5F4" originalValue="IV–V">IV-V</normalizedToken>
33 mediolateral portions of distal part of tergite IV, tergite V and basal part of tergite VI, arrows point to the dag on tergites V and VI 34 abdominal segments III-IV, lateral view, arrows point to the vertical sclerite of connexivum. (dag scar of dorsal abdominal gland opening). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="3A394AFD48ED31C9DD6C200A7A4D1F07" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<paragraph id="905FE0DE2EDE7C7C1DCE6AB12DC087F2" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
Figures 35-39.
<taxonomicName id="129572F17C692A0DB414AC83FC9CF6C0" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 35 abdomen, lateroventral view 36-39 ventral view 36 hind coxa, median portions of sternites
<normalizedToken id="C67A7FC5E1C54AD17CA819A88E262DD4" originalValue="II–III">II-III</normalizedToken>
and basal portion of sternite IV 37 median portion of distal margin of sternite III, sternites
<normalizedToken id="98F5561CCEBEA35FE4F985D0CAB0F08B" originalValue="IV–V">IV-V</normalizedToken>
and anterior margin of sternite VI 38 mediolateral portions of distal half of sternite III and sternites
<normalizedToken id="BC6A7FA7D0FFCCC427D74285551BEFBA" originalValue="IV–V">IV-V</normalizedToken>
, except lateroposterior angle of the latter 39 segment VIII and genital capsule detached from abdomen. Scale bars: 2.0 mm (35); 1.0 mm (36-39).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1E1EE0EB28BDFF398A3D1C9BEE56C3EF" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
<paragraph id="79B76DF2D4814D1EFD5F8C04AB7965BE" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
Figures 40-44.
<taxonomicName id="901EBB1B175CD0ABCB4BAD367CB1043C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male 40 distal half of segment VIII and genital capsule, dorsal view (d dorsal portion of segment VIII; pct proctiger; pdm posterior dorsal margin of pygophore; psp medial prolongation of the socket of the insertion of the paramere; spi spiracle of segment VIII) 41 segment VIII, ventral view 42, 43 genital capsule, lateral view 44 pygophore, ventral view. (mpp median process of pygophore; pa paramere; pm posterior margin of pygophore; sp socket of the insertion of the paramere. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (40, 41); 1.0 mm (42-44).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="249AEE5F8B9392385572FEDD12805D73" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="9" pageNumber="106">
Male genitalia (Figs 35, 39-40, 42-57): genital capsule, in ventral and lateral views: exposed portion of pygophore hemispherical, posterior margin (pm) flattened, integument rugose and setose; non-exposed portion of pygophore less pigmented and less sclerotized, integument smooth and glabrous (Figs 39, 42-44); in dorsal view: between anterior and posterior genital openings, a very well-sclerotized dorsal (transverse) somewhat curved bridge; socket of insertion of paramere (sp) approximately in mid portion of pygophore, with a conspicuous medial prolongation obliquely directed posteriorly (psp); numerous, somewhat long, erect setae inserted on inner surface of basal portion of this prolongation; membranous areas of genital opening smooth; proctiger (pct) somewhat enlarged toward apex, with numerous long setae on distal half; posterior dorsal margin of pygophore (pdm) large, forming a horizontal extension of pygophore wall, with some scattered setae on inner margin and more numerous and somewhat shorter elements on median portion (Fig. 40). Median process of pygophore (mpp) only visible in dorsal and lateral views of pygophore, directed upwards, situated some distance from posterior margin, somewhat enlarged, almost straight and subsquared in dorsal and anterior views, respectively (Figs 40, 42-43, 47). Paramere apices in contact in resting position (Fig. 35); parameres (pa) (Figs 40, 42-43) symmetrical,
<pageBreakToken id="C340077358F68F9D0A6A812F5D8E3225" pageId="10" pageNumber="107" start="start">elongated</pageBreakToken>
, with a lateral rounded enlargement just above inserted portion, moderately and strongly curved inwards at mid and apical portions, respectively, narrowing towards tip, which is somewhat rounded (Fig. 45) to acute (Fig. 46); with straight to moderately curved setae, more numerous towards apical portion; setae absent on
<pageBreakToken id="051DBAECE509C3163AD0DA755D10FFB4" pageId="11" pageNumber="108" start="start">basal</pageBreakToken>
(inserted) portion and on inner surface of approximately basal fourth of the not inserted portion (Figs 40, 43, 45-46). Articulatory apparatus with moderately short basal plate arms (bpa); basal arms and basal plate bridge (bpb) forming a subtriangular set (Fig. 50); basal plate bridge (bpb) slightly bent ventrally (Fig. 50); pedicel (pd) elongated, somewhat enlarged at midportion, curved in lateral view (Figs 48, 49, 51, 52). Before inflation of the endosoma, a lateral oval area (loa) somewhat more
<pageBreakToken id="30D76CA410B2E3C0C2C15DA264E3DF32" pageId="12" pageNumber="109" start="start">sclerotized</pageBreakToken>
on endosoma wall is evident (Figs 48-50) as well as a conspicuous dorsal pair of membranous lobes on endosoma (mle), united at their basal median portion which is inserted just above apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) (Fig. 50). Each membranous lobe on endosoma (mle) is flattened, elongated, apex rounded, directed outwards, laterally to dorsal phallothecal sclerite (Figs 48, 50-52, 55). Dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) elongated, thrice curved in lateral view (Figs 51, 54); in dorsal
<pageBreakToken id="22366DB0A072F3607F959A2CF837BFF0" pageId="13" pageNumber="110" start="start">view</pageBreakToken>
, it is narrower at approximately midportion and towards apical portion (Fig. 53); apical margin almost straight (Figs 50, 52, 53, 56); at its subapical enlarged portion there is a pair of symmetrical rounded flat lateral expansions (fle) (Figs 50, 52, 53). After inflation of endosoma, endosoma wall is smooth to longitudinally and transversely finely striated at approximately basal two thirds and coarsely rugose at distal third, with some areas in which the rugosities are more sclerotized (ars) (Figs 56, 57); endosoma wall forming three apical expansions: a median subrounded flat expansion (mfe) and a pair of lateral tubular short expansions (lte), each of the latter with a more sclerotized
<pageBreakToken id="A58A7DAF35648717034F5D755145D7E5" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" start="start">thin</pageBreakToken>
longitudinal line along its length (lsl) (Figs 52, 57). Endosoma with the following processes: a pair of flat, somewhat sclerotized, asymmetrical and striated processes (stp) between apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite and subapical process (sbp) (Fig. 56). The subapical process (sbp) provided with a pair of sclerotized arms, in which basal halves are shorter, diverge more and are formed by stronger sclerotizations of rugosities of wall, while distal half is somewhat longer, less diverging and formed by linear and aggregate thickenings (Figs 51, 52, 56, 57).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BA657584CEDADCC445E1181E700F434C" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<paragraph id="3AAA608F2185522071448C5A9D300878" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Figures 45-48.
<taxonomicName id="A2F38951513612842568EA2B8DD0F4D8" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male genitalia 45, 46 apical portion of paramere, lateral view 47 apical portion of pygophore, anterior view (setae omitted). (mpp median process of pygophore) 48 phallus not inflated, lateral view. (bpa basal plate arm; dps dorsal phallothecal sclerite; loa lateral oval area; mle membranous lobe on endosoma; pd pedicel). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (45); 0.1 mm (46); 0.5 mm (47, 48).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9BAAB05310694586A0B69886886DED7F" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<paragraph id="EBE847E1027C92BAF2251F6CFE6D2A99" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Figures 49-52.
<taxonomicName id="242C873F473F1E7F28BA92DBB808EEE5" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male genitalia, phallus 49, 50 not inflated 49 ventral view 50 dorsal view 51, 52 inflated 51 lateral view 52 laterodorsal view. (adps apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite; bpa basal plate arm; bpb basal plate bridge; dps dorsal phallothecal sclerite; fle flat lateral expansion; loa lateral oval area; lte lateral tubular short expansion; mle membranous lobe on endosoma; pd pedicel; sbp subapical process). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8A1F9E7166A7B17DEDDDFC1E3E5BD7B3" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<paragraph id="B2D306D2C603A6C605ABF75EB50B2230" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Figures 53-57.
<taxonomicName id="2AC054FE26AEE529D3E54ED43D9C313C" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, male genitalia 53, 55-57 dorsal view 54 lateral view 53, 54 dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps). (apd apex of pedicel; fle flat lateral expansion). 55 subapical enlarged portion of dorsal phallothecal sclerite (dps) and membranous lobe on endosoma (mle), indicated by arrows 56, 57 endosoma portions 56 subapical 57 apical. (adps apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite; ars area with rugosities more sclerotized; mfe median subrounded flat expansion; lsl longitudinal sclerotized line; lte lateral tubular short expansion; sbp subapical process; stp flat, somewhat sclerotized, striated processes). Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1BC17347A0C84AC693BD3579575C33E9" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AF0E46DAA6A1102DED255D69F0F09F81" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E560C8CEC6671FF7463AB1F8EE147FC" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador (new record), Panama (new record).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55B56F9F41921C1E464ADC1E86C4A1BE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" type="comments">
<paragraph id="C2BF5EE419EF41345B0DFFE8D73182C2" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3CB0E9064C3682C561A0661AE126C53" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="5F914C7DBD84BF5234BDFB31670EDCE7" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Volesus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volesus nigripennis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">Volesus nigripennis</taxonomicName>
is the first
<taxonomicName id="6165491F24C029E35667C1E2B5877041" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Sphaeridopinae">Sphaeridopinae</taxonomicName>
recorded for Ecuador and Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="685DCDEB1BF4CDD8FBBEF343448497A4" author="Froeschner, RC" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 147" title="Heteroptera or true bugs of Ecuador: a partial catalog." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.322" volume="322" year="1981">Froeschner 1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="CFE0098754CF21CD462A4357EF2DFA84" author="Froeschner, RC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute," pageId="17" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 393" title="True bugs (Heteroptera) of Panama: a synoptic catalogue as a contribution to the study of Panamanian biodiversity." volume="61" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="06DD119720AC1617A5287D4EAD9F4987" author="Maldonado, CJ" journalOrPublisher="1, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagueez" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" title="Systematic Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No." year="1990">Maldonado 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2D2F2F19672843F4A28285EDAFF9AC0" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
The male specimens (Figs 4, 5, 20, 35) described here seem to be generally similar to the female of the species in structure and coloration (
<bibRefCitation id="4DF501D44FD9233F80ADBDAB8E483C8A" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Champion 1899</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3D1E39ACA4F316B84C40D82B3472BC71" author="Forero, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 47" title="New records of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Colombia and other Neotropical countries." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1107.1.1" volume="1107" year="2006">Forero 2006</bibRefCitation>
; Figs 1, 2). However, only the examination of more specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2D03665C103EEAD4A433688151B9BD4F" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
will make it possible to ascertain whether there is sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD2535B95ED0061466A66B7FAFF65006" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Smooth areas on the fore lobe of pronotum were recorded here in
<taxonomicName id="E9B9CE6570121CADDB570315618158F4" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
(Figs 6, 15-17) but it was not possible to distinguish a paired sensory organ similar to that described in
<taxonomicName id="46C51C04D9F07B6B330815E9D2201714" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sphaeridops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeridops eulus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eulus">Sphaeridops eulus</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="E0EC3231FCC1ECA42DD623E96C0B5678" author="Maldonado, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="508 - 511" title="A new species of the Neotropical genus Sphaeridops Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843 (Sphaeridopinae: Reduviidae)." volume="94" year="1992">Maldonado and Santiago-Blay (1992</bibRefCitation>
: figs 13, 14). These authors emphasized that the nature of the sensory organ of these areas could be seen in their SEM images. However, judging by the SEM images obtained in the present study (Figs 15, 17), it is possible that the supposed sensory organ, also mentioned as present in both species of
<taxonomicName id="119126AA71734F00EEBB08EA745667C9" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Veseris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Veseris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Veseris</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5EF71E0926D71B46007A7D2F6FFB0E33" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 8" title="Redescricao do macho de Veserisrugosicollis (Stal, 1858) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="408" year="1999">Gil-Santana et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="807D0C06CB36047644775DB40E6E26B1" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia y Vectores" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="95 - 104" title="Sobre o genero Veseris Stal, 1865, com Eurylochus Torre Bueno, 1914, como sinonimo novo e chaves para identificacao (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="8" year="2001">Gil-Santana and Alencar 2001</bibRefCitation>
) may be in fact a portion of these smooth areas. Only future studies, preferably employing histological techniques will allow the evaluation of the existence and/or possible sensory functions of such portions in these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="591D40C83B4E4F0B61FC8C30383A1DF5" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="9A554EA670EE52CC7544AD3D746F95A3" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">Champion (1899)</bibRefCitation>
had described that the labium would have the second and third visible labial segments equal in length, our studies, including the SEM images, made it clear that the labium is formed by only two visible segments, with the first visible segment short and enlarged and the other long, thin and straight (Figs 11, 12). It is opportune to mention that, according to our request, Dr Dimitri Forero kindly reexamined the female recorded by him from Colombia, sent us photos and confirmed these same features on the labial segments. Similarly, Dr Silvia A. Justi, when examining the female specimen from Panama, also verified that it had only two visible labial segments, with the same characteristics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="549EE8EFE3597EC79F175665A6B2EFC1" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
Some of the portions of the male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="37898E5474CBC0DCF87CC0221EE65D83" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
, such as the parameres and articulatory apparatus, including a basal plate bridge bent ventrally (Figs 40, 45, 46, 50) seem similar to those recorded for species of
<taxonomicName id="FE806DDD95CFB2FF543196715CD91842" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Veseris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Veseris" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Veseris</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B44704766F8E92BD8A3480979048ED87" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 8" title="Redescricao do macho de Veserisrugosicollis (Stal, 1858) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="408" year="1999">Gil-Santana et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="75DD992B54BF11275567931EA2C5A6F4" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia y Vectores" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="95 - 104" title="Sobre o genero Veseris Stal, 1865, com Eurylochus Torre Bueno, 1914, como sinonimo novo e chaves para identificacao (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="8" year="2001">Gil-Santana and Alencar 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC6B73715CFB258B1C8704645D64810A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="14" pageNumber="111">
<bibRefCitation id="86A473E89F91FA798C29E8F0A93F5CA4" author="Weirauch, C" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="229 - 274" title="Cladistic analysis of Reduviidae (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) based on morphological characters." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00417.x" volume="33" year="2008">Weirauch (2008)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the presence of the basal plate bridge (=ponticulus basilaris) bent ventrad and a pair of membranous lobes on endosoma, lateral to the dorsal phallothecal sclerite in
<taxonomicName id="B053B8939D47B3EB4B74572B2A29F5E6" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sphaeridops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeridops amoenus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amoenus">Sphaeridops amoenus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D497C1D3C709F1FF8A6ECB1642672EAD" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Salyavata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salyavata nigrofasciata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrofasciata">Salyavata nigrofasciata</taxonomicName>
Costa Lima, 1935 (
<taxonomicName id="5BC27135E0CC1CFB6886DA3B8CC7ABFF" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Salyavatinae">Salyavatinae</taxonomicName>
). Judging by her drawings, these lobes are smaller in
<taxonomicName id="E5142CF1E81E2B1D096E929540553309" lsidName="S. amoenus" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="amoenus">S. amoenus</taxonomicName>
and somewhat larger but shorter in
<taxonomicName id="37ED9A4C5F81A39EB91BFFC37A13CDDD" lsidName="S. nigrofasciata" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="nigrofasciata">S. nigrofasciata</taxonomicName>
, respectively, than those recorded here in
<taxonomicName id="6F2F1970DB8717420139B9D7CF4079B6" lsidName="V. nigripennis" pageId="14" pageNumber="111" rank="species" species="nigripennis">V. nigripennis</taxonomicName>
(Figs 50-52). It is noteworthy that
<bibRefCitation id="B9D400C5C23D00DCEF5FEFD21FD5DA3F" author="Weirauch, C" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="229 - 274" title="Cladistic analysis of Reduviidae (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) based on morphological characters." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00417.x" volume="33" year="2008">Weirauch (2008)</bibRefCitation>
considered both
<pageBreakToken id="F274B3DD48B1D7325A91761A4A44497E" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" start="start">characteristics</pageBreakToken>
(a basal bridge bent ventrad and the pair or membranous lobes on the endosoma) as synamoporphies of the clade
<taxonomicName id="72A8C3F13867418312224AC1BF101803" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Salyavatinae">Salyavatinae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="718E844466BA4731AC969B3849FF85C8" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Sphaeridopinae">Sphaeridopinae</taxonomicName>
obtained in her cladistic analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4ED01433CA3D7D120AB82F8367776DAC" pageId="15" pageNumber="112">
On the other hand, because all other structures, such as those of phallus and endosoma, were not adequately recorded by the above-mentioned authors, nor by others who included just partial or incomplete descriptions of the male genitalia of species of
<taxonomicName id="45F6C88599BE44E2CB4982B8FDB45F18" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sphaeridops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphaeridops" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphaeridops</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="4F8A2B0D21A40DEAC288A22FCA0C8478" author="Maldonado, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="508 - 511" title="A new species of the Neotropical genus Sphaeridops Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843 (Sphaeridopinae: Reduviidae)." volume="94" year="1992">Maldonado and Santiago-Blay 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="5F872CD9AF316E8487698CEFCB0CBFF5" author="Gil-Santana, HR" journalOrPublisher="Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie, Zoologia" pageId="18" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 6" title="Especie nova de Sphaeridops Amyot &amp; Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Sphaeridopinae)." volume="423" year="2000">Gil-Santana et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), only future comprehensive studies of these structures among
<taxonomicName id="7E847962F1C2E60D5BB2EDCD68AD47DC" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="112" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Sphaeridopinae">Sphaeridopinae</taxonomicName>
will allow useful comparisons with the results obtained here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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