179 lines
19 KiB
XML
179 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Crocidura trichura Dobson 1889" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="495" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="494" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870207" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870207" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="495" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<heading pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<subSubSection box="[1438,1520,3317,3363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[1435,2632,3317,3480]" box="[1438,1520,3317,3363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<figureCitation box="[1438,1520,3317,3363]" captionStart="Plate 21: Soricidae" captionStartId="95.[123,153,3098,3119]" captionTargetBox="[14,2740,16,3636]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="266. Phu Quoc White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura phuquocensis), 267. Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lanakae), 268. Phan Luong White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura phanluong), 269. Sokolov White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sokolouvi), 270. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura cranbrooki), 271. Hill's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hilliana), 272. Voracious White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura vorax), 273. Sa Pa White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sapaensis), 274. Annamite White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura annamitensis), 275. Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura guy), 276. Ke Go White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura kegoensis), 277. Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hispida), 278. Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis), 279. Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi), 280. Nicobar White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), 281. Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura trichura), 282. Siberian White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sibirica), 283. Shantung White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura shantungensts), 284. Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura gueldenstaedtii), 285. Lesser White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens), 286. Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura aleksandrisi), 287. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura zarudnyi), 288. Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura orii), 289. Batak White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura batakorum), 290. Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura musseri), 291. Temboan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura rhoditis), 292. Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lea), 293. Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura levicula), 294. Elongated White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura elongata), 295. North African White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura pachyura), 296. Greater White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula), 297. Serezkaya White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura serezkyensis), 298. Whitaker's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura whitakeri), 299. Flower’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura floweri), 300. Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura religiosa), 301. Bicolored White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura leucodon), 302. Saharan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura tarfayensis), 303. Arabian White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura arabica), 304. Dhofar White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura dhofarensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871921/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">281.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1531,2351,3317,3363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[1435,2632,3317,3480]" box="[1531,2351,3317,3363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<vernacularName box="[1531,2351,3317,3363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1442,1793,3359,3401]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[1435,2632,3317,3480]" box="[1442,1793,3359,3401]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1889" box="[1442,1793,3359,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="98" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trichura">
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<emphasis box="[1442,1793,3359,3401]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Crocidura trichura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="494" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[1435,2632,3317,3480]" box="[1437,2632,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1437,1511,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1519,1750,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Crocidure de Christmas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1771,1860,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1866,2230,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">\Weihnachtsinsel-Weif3zahnspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2251,2340,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2350,2632,3420,3441]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Musarana de Isla de Navidad</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="98.[1435,2632,3317,3480]" box="[1436,1931,3459,3480]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1436,1683,3459,3480]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1692,1931,3459,3480]" pageId="98" pageNumber="494">Christmas Island Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[725,1316,297,719]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[725,880,297,326]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Dobson" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1889" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="fuliginosa" subSpecies="trichura">Crocidura fuliginosa trichura Dobson in Thomas, 1889</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[725,1316,297,719]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<materialsCitation country="Australia" location="Christmas Island" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" specimenCount="1">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500:B031AD99A04B8727FBE4AA17114AFE6D" country="Australia" name="Christmas Island" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Christmas Island</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[803,930,371,404]" name="Australia" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Australia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[725,1316,297,719]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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Initially, O. Thomas in 1889 and C. W. An- drews in 1900 regarded
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1889" box="[1061,1161,454,483]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trichura">trichura</taxonomicName>
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as a variety or subspecies within
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[1025,1157,489,522]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
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. Other au- thors treated it as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[1195,1316,528,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">attenuata</taxonomicName>
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or synonymized it with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[1050,1172,568,601]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">attenuata</taxonomicName>
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. M. Ruedi in 1995 and R. Hutterer in 2005 raised
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1889" box="[728,828,647,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trichura">trichura</taxonomicName>
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to species rank, which was later confirmed in genetic studies by M. D. B.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Eldridge and others in 2009 Sgr and Results of these studies also indicate relationship to lawuana. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[112,627,810,839]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871522" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871522" box="[112,627,810,839]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871522/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" targetBox="[111,701,302,716]" targetPageId="99">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" box="[112,627,810,839]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,288,810,839]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Christmas I (Australia).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[112,362,853,878]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 65-82 mm, tail 63-80 mm, ear 7-11 mm, hindfoot 13— 17 mm; weight 4-5-6 g. Dense fur of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew varies from light or reddish brown to dark slate-gray. Snoutis clearly pointed. Hindfoot and tail, which can reach 88-114% of head-body length, are relatively long compared with the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1872" box="[669,834,1006,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="498" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attenuata">C. attenuata</taxonomicName>
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) and the Southeast Asian Whitetoothed Shrew (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[342,513,1041,1074]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="99" pageNumber="484" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">C. fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
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). Tail is very hairy, covered with fine long hairs and many long bristle hairs. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew resembles the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew in cranial and jaw features. Its skull is relatively narrow in anterior part (widths across maxillae at level of second molar 5-3-5-7 mm) but then wider in posterior part (post-glenoid breadths 6-1-6-5 mm). Greatest skull lengths are 19-1-20-9 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[114,225,1278,1311]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rainforests, using rock holes and tree roots as shelter. Records of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew are from high plateau forest with deep soils and terrace rainforest with flat soils. Records around human settlements are unknown, and it is not clear if it can adapt to secondary forests or other anthropogenic structures.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[114,383,1435,1468]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew seems to mainly eat small beetles.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[114,248,1514,1547]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Generation length of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is assumed to be two years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[113,347,1593,1626]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is diurnal and nocturnal. Andrews in 1900 mentioned calls being made at night, and one individual was found on a walking track in the afternoon during mild weather conditions.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[115,1053,1711,1744]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" box="[115,1053,1711,1744]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,814,1711,1744]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,465,1750,1783]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. In 1900, Andrews noted that the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew was very common, but by 1909, he noted that it was rare. Since then, only four specimens have been confirmed: two in 1958 and two in 1985. There were some unconfirmed reports between 1996 and 1998. Capture attempts with Longworth traps, hair tubes, and pitfall traps in 1997-1998 were unsuccessful. In 2004, a recovery plan for the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew was prepared, which included investigations on taxonomy, population status, distribution, development of a program for potential habitats outside Christmas Island National Park; control the spread of introduced yellow crazy ants (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[194,476,2109,2138]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anoplolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilipes">Anoplolepis gracilipes</taxonomicName>
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); establishment of captive breeding program; maintenance of remaining wild population; and identification of threats. Unfortunately, no specimens have been found in recent surveys. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is extremely rare or possibly extinct. In any case, there has been a sharp decline in population, which began shortly after the start of human settlement on the island. Possible causes could be diseases and introduction of invasive yellow crazy ants. Habitat loss, habitat alteration, and excessive predation by introduced (cats and black rats) and natural predators are also possible. K. B. Wyatt and others in 2008 identified pathogenic trypanosomes introduced by infected Roof Rats (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" box="[880,966,2420,2453]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
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rattus) as the cause of the collapse of the populations of Maclear’s Christmas Island Rat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" box="[991,1078,2459,2492]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="99" pageNumber="495" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rattus</taxonomicName>
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maclear), also an endemic species on Christmas Island. Nevertheless, they consider it unlikely that the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew has been infected because trypanosomes have a high degree of host specificity. They concluded that predation and competition were more likely reasons for the decline of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="495" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="99.[112,1320,726,2809]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[118,270,2669,2690]" pageId="99" pageNumber="495">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Andrews (1900, 1909), Corbet & Hill (1992), Eldridge, Johnson & Meek (2009), Eldridge, Meek & Johnson (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Jackson & Groves (2015), Jenkins (1976, 1982), Meek (2000), Ruedi (1995), Schulz (2004), Thomas (1889), Woinarski, Burbidge & Harrison (2014), Woinarski, Burbidge & Lumsden (2016), Wyatt et al. (2008).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |