184 lines
19 KiB
XML
184 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sorex arcticus Kerr 1792" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="404" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="403" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869629" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869629" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<heading pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<subSubSection box="[1408,1465,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1406,2349,805,922]" box="[1408,1465,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<figureCitation box="[1408,1465,805,843]" captionStart="Plate 15: Soricidae" captionStartId="2.[139,168,3219,3244]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="0. Radde’s Shrew (Sorex raddei), 1. Alpine Shrew (Sorex alpinus), 2. Ussuri Shrew (Sorex mwrabilis), 3. Chinese Highland Shrew (Sorex excelsus), 4. Greater Striped Shrew (Sorex cylindricauda), 5. Lesser Striped Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae), 7. Flat-skulled Shrew (Sorex roboratus), 8. Eurasian Least Shrew (Sorex munutissimus), 9. Azumi Shrew (Sorex hosonoi), 10. Slender Shrew (Sorex gracillimus), 11. Laxmann’s Shrew (Sorex caecutiens), 12. Shinto Shrew (Sorex shinto), 13. Taiga Shrew (Sorex isodon), 14. Long-clawed Shrew (Sorex unguiculatus), 15. Chinese Shrew (Sorex sinalis), 16. Common Shrew (Sorex araneus), 17. Iberian Shrew (Sorex granarius), 18. Valais Shrew (Sorex antinorn), 19. Crowned Shrew (Sorex coronatus), 20. Caucasian Shrew (Sorex satunin), 21. Siberian Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), 22. Gansu Shrew (Sorex cansulus), 23. Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis), 24. Tian Shan Shrew (Sorex asper), 25. Apennine Shrew (Sorex samniticus), 26. Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus), 27. Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis), 28. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus), 29. Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex volnuchini), 30. Buchara Shrew (Sorex buchariensis), 31. Tibetan Shrew (Sorex thibetanus), 32. Kashmir Shrew (Sorex planiceps), 33. Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgu), 34. Arizona Shrew (Sorex arizonae), 35. Merriam’s Shrew (Sorex merriami), 36. Alto Shrew (Sorex altoensis), 37. Jalisco Shrew (Sorex mediopua), 38. Saussure’s Shrew (Sorex saussurei), 39. San Cristobal Shrew (Sorex cristobalensis), 40. McCarthy's Shrew (Sorex mccarthyi), 41. Salvin’s Shrew (Sorex salvini), 42. Sclater’s Shrew (Sorex sclateri), 43. Pale-toothed Shrew (Sorex stizodon)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870999/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">26.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1479,1747,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1406,2349,805,922]" box="[1479,1747,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<vernacularName box="[1479,1747,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Arctic Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1798,2050,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1406,2349,805,922]" box="[1798,2050,805,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1798,2050,805,843]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">
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<emphasis box="[1798,2050,805,843]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Sorex arcticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1406,2349,805,922]" box="[1407,2348,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1483,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1492,1704,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Musaraigne nordique</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1724,1815,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1823,2027,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Arktische Spitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2048,2139,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2149,2348,859,880]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Musarafa del Artico</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1406,2349,805,922]" box="[1407,2067,899,920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1654,899,920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1664,1863,899,920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Black-backed Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1876,2067,899,920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Saddle-back Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[2019,2515,969,998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[2017,2612,969,1392]" box="[2019,2515,969,998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2019,2174,969,998]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2187,2511,969,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">Sorex arcticus Kerr, 1792</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[2017,2612,969,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<materialsCitation country="Canada" location="Hud- son Bay" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ontario">
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“
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C:B031AD99A022874EF667A88E1A10FBF4" country="Canada" name="Hud- son Bay" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" stateProvince="Ontario">Hudson Bay</location>
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”
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<collectingRegion box="[2149,2262,1004,1037]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Ontario</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2278,2386,1004,1037]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[2017,2612,969,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2021,2196,1043,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">Sorex arcticus</taxonomicName>
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is currently included in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2021,2117,1087,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">arcticus</taxonomicName>
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group in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName box="[2459,2524,1087,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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along with
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<taxonomicName box="[2096,2296,1122,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maritimensis">S. maritimensis</taxonomicName>
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, which was originally included in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2195,2326,1162,1195]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arcticus">S. arcticus</taxonomicName>
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as a subspecies. Additional research is needed to validate subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870911/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" targetBox="[1405,1996,976,1390]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[2017,2612,969,1392]" box="[2020,2420,1280,1313]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2020,2420,1280,1313]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="10.[2017,2612,969,1392]" lastBlockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<taxonomicName authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2021,2344,1324,1353]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="arcticus" subSpecies="arcticus">S.a.arcticusKerr,1792—Canada,fromCYukonEtoEQuebecandStoNWNorthDakota,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<taxonomicName authority="H. H. T. Jackson, 1925" authorityName="H. H. T. Jackson" authorityYear="1925" box="[1409,1942,1446,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="arcticus" subSpecies="laricorum">S. a. laricorum H. H. T. Jackson, 1925</taxonomicName>
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— NC USA (most of North Dakota, NE South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and NW Michigan).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1658,1525,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 68-89 mm, tail 36-48 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 13— 16 mm; weight 5-13 g. The Arctic Shrew is medium-sized. Pelageis tricolored, being dark brown to black on back, pale dusky brown on sides, and whitish on belly; dorsum, sides, and venter are sharply demarcated from each other. Pelage is paler in summer and darker and thicker in winter. Feet are dark; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length and indistinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below.Juveniles are significantly darker, with brown venter and sides. Tooth ridges (except for on unicuspids as in other members of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName box="[2483,2548,1792,1825]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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) are pigmented dark red, and there are five unicuspids gradually getting smaller from first to fifth, which is significantly smaller than the fourth. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 (females) or 29 (males) and FN = 38.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1520,1958,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Grass-sedge marshes, wet meadows, and various other moist areas in boreal forests; less common butstill present in tamarack-spruce bogs and cedar swamps. The Arctic Shrew seems to compete with the Masked Shrew (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2236,2375,2029,2062]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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) where they are sympatric, and as the population of one species increases, the other decreases.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1661,2108,2141]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diets of Arctic Shrews consist almost exclusively of various insects, but larval larch sawflies (Pristiphora erichsonii) tend to be a major component seasonally, making up ¢.70% of diets in August-November. They rely on various other insects, including grasshoppers, throughoutthe rest of the year when food is scarce, becoming more opportunistic. They feed primarily terrestrially but will occasionally climb branches and shrubs tojump on prey from above. Two subadults were seen attacking grasshoppers by climbing up branches to jump on them in the morning when temperatures were low (6°C) and grasshoppers were sluggish; 33 of 37 attacks were successful. They occasionally eat various aquatic insect larvae because they reside close to streams and bogs. Captive individuals ate dead voles,fly pupae, and mealworms. Estimated minimal metabolic rate is 4-7 kcal/day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1544,2502,2535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Reproduction of Artic Shrews occurs February—August in Wisconsin but becomes more restricted in northern regions, although they generally breed from midwinter to mid-summer. They are promiscuous, and males abandon their home ranges during the breeding season to mate with as many females as possible. Gestation lasts c.3 weeks, and lactation lasts c.4 weeks. Litters have 4-9 young (average seven), and females average c.3 litters/year. First young generally start appearing in traps in July, and young born earlier in the season can breed in the same season they were born. Maximum longevity is c.18 months, which might be shorter than other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[2542,2608,2777,2810]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1643,2817,2850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Arctic Shrews are active throughout the day; they are least active from 06:00 h to 10:00 h and most active throughout the night. They switch between activity and resting throughout the day and generally sleep during rest periods. They are terrestrial and use vision to hunt and navigate. They build small globular nests aboveground but under logs, rocks, or other large objects with space under them.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1410,2130,3014,3047]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Arctic Shrews are solitary except when mating and rearing young (which is done only by the female). During the first month of life, mortality rate is ¢.50% and about one-seventh of all mortality occurs in the first month after young leave the nest. About 80% of mortality occurs before young reach sexual maturity, with only 15-20% breeding in the next season. Densities were estimated at 8-6 ind/ha in October in Wisconsin and 4-1-5-1 ind/ha in July and 7-3-7-8 ind/ha in September in south-eastern Manitoba; they generally are 1-4 ind/ ha. Home ranges have been recorded at c.1 ha, although this varies throughout the year and probably over their distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="403" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[1408,2615,1399,3480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1411,1759,3368,3401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="403">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Arctic Shrew has a wide distribution, is considered common, and seems to face no major conservation threats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="404" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[156,1362,301,410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="404">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[158,310,301,326]" pageId="11" pageNumber="404">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Baird et al. (1983), Buckner (1964, 1966, 1970), Cassola (2016k), Clough (1963), Fumagalli et al. (1996), Jackson (1928), Junge & Hoffmann (1981), Junge et al. (1983), Kirkland & Schmidt (1996), Kozlovsky (1971), Perry et al. (2004), Volobouev (1989), Volobouev & van Zyll de Jong (1988), van Zyll de Jong (1983).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |