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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297076" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d761ab0e-723a-44d8-9d9e-9f30c15bc9a5" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905218515" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. &amp; Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="2A654A30C9955A11BEF0468567B9ADD8" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Perissodactyla.629-636.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="480A38997F5422864D51F74D30DA44C2" lastPageNumber="630" masterDocId="480A38997F5422864D51F74D30DA44C2" masterDocTitle="Order Perissodactyla" masterLastPageNumber="636" masterPageNumber="629" pageNumber="630" updateTime="1716777735950" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="B22EAE132E4F6A3390E3ACBFD776536A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C761C24CDDC45DCE3C023CD3855B0B67">
<mods:title id="E8CD87174620A48E69851F4F594E7BE0">Order Perissodactyla</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="31FE1277328C5AA361823DA99F442826" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C795D44F7ADEEED0EC1260066B83EF15">
<mods:roleTerm id="3326C83A6E4A5003650D7A412CA20676">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8C2DB8DA0C80DBBFCA2B822EA288B29A">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="307C97C3EEB6AA5F028EA25F7985F45B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F1D06F5BB74BC243B5FB02E8D1EBD7C7">
<mods:roleTerm id="E974FE553C14EF77C9514FF0EDAF4606">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="96219EB064707978FD0C9BFC16FD3D5A">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="8380B44CE1BBB50839D13A4F93CB1A36">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9F1561E1D1655D776096FB8A87974C98">2005</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="65DEF42D2DD185D0E7E26A4097265ECD">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="15123DF25B26C70646B98428E6BEA25B">Baltimore</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="DE0B079745ACF1D7B8061498A9458D38">
<mods:title id="21A6B395EFABBF311A70B2972033AA50">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="5D196F351FACB22C9044E6D8C0732545">
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<mods:start id="DE05EB02AEE197028D72FA0CAF0D219E">629</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="E8B48BD910C2B022EFBA2D98630255F4">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="BCAA0FBBFDC178C5A598763D178D95DD" type="ISBN">0-8018-8221-4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3070F077476FF0A660CF613BF92C8BBE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="2A654A30C9955A11BEF0468567B9ADD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11330549" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231535929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11330549" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A654A30C9955A11BEF0468567B9ADD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A654A30C9955A11BEF0468567B9ADD8" lastPageNumber="630" pageNumber="630" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14100015">
<subSubSection id="A1855D7CD7586455655F9273D2C1AE12" pageNumber="630" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F740263E6B23DD529AAF6BAD75E65144" pageNumber="630">
<taxonomicName id="1E2B71951A218FFDF66C39C0EC9ECCD6" ID-CoL="7TKN2" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="97C3163AF88AD75B709A56E11C278BB3" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus caballus</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1758
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50E70AA8CF57726A2274BEE7C3ED9928" pageNumber="630" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="34C26EF2C24CC5E69141E23F8A66B0BE" pageNumber="630">
<treatmentCitation id="EB6A9D6D161C37EA36E223DE452C343D" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" page="73" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus" title="Equus caballus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="E41AF62605B737803D4C4DB1AFE64F99" ID-CoL="7TKN2" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="8EBE7EC8B0112AA9EBF50C9EC532D06F" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus caballus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1A4B2B2AC1FAFE9A16E43AB2800A93AB" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibCitation id="B8A498524CB4E9CF721D509940812E8F" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="630" pagination="73" title="Equus caballus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 73</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C695B0AD131891781962EA6AEE9C2015" pageNumber="630" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B7F6842D5B4DBB9A755B94DE3DE52805" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="678FCC101540EC8395192C13A32349D7" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="1A625B71AFFAC5F789D801EC332E3088" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867303324" country="Sweden" pageNumber="630">
&quot;Habitat in Europa&quot; (=
<collectingCountry id="68976C50EE4BC0AD6EA156C239BD3229" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
?); based on domestic horses.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67C33DE0D3EE9FDDC761D11DCE895A74" pageNumber="630" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="62B9D358D3A36341755A1B1E5674F864" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="1CFCF06E0074A1A6BCF93C89112CDF4B" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="94223CF1633967D95ABEAAAB996485B1" language="eng" pageNumber="630">Horse</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D9CB6652B30138C6403A9C5D733B86C5" pageNumber="630" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="CFE63E9AC63CF209DDFFD761A7248E84" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="22538BB824FC1932C2407AD99191E38A" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Subspecies:</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3F831E6DD52735F994C0669B6C5FFC69" pageNumber="630">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="A4BD89EE6FAA406E437528C298B7FA1D" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="caballus">
<emphasis id="E3FBC2A230BC72B9EC5A9F65FA789645" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="CA26F2D2CCC687F577DF1D3D86762C03" italics="true" pageNumber="630">caballus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9A6CE0E73AF250B6BB6B5C4FF0E30C3B" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2372CCE34B3A7D5EEE6A83D9D6DC0D78" pageNumber="630">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="CFA8D14F29F2BF8F0A6C9295ADAB22BD" authority="Boddaert 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="ferus">
<emphasis id="2E09759764738F378CED55AA077CEB61" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="24D61FDBD63EADA31ABCDC16EBDA0FAB" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33A5F4B8358EA768F47316714805D485" author="Boddaert, P." refId="ref34353" refString="Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp." year="1785">Boddaert 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="92FD0C1DF9C8440F5ED29AE96D641C2F" pageNumber="630">
Subspecies
<taxonomicName id="D7E0B05D9B0FC53C64E1BD84CAA3C32C" authority="Poliakov 1881" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageNumber="630" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="caballus" subSpecies="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="9F0C41016B05F588F61F17F83E821407" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus caballus</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="902BFF584B321F130867A7BA3A9DDADC" italics="true" pageNumber="630">przewalskii</emphasis>
Poliakov 1881
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D1F9F1ED529E089388C73BAAF85CB80" pageNumber="630" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="539D737AB65E7C6BBE458EB49C1CC7B4" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="5237D8B66409C1C163AD7AEB1EE61073" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Distribution:</emphasis>
In the late 18th Century, from
<collectingCountry id="59E8CE3209FD5D6945D47E56D290A0FA" name="Poland">Poland</collectingCountry>
and Russian Steppes east to Turkestan and
<collectingCountry id="B75AABA8BFEB0234D56B8C7D1A5833EB" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
; wild population survived (at least until recently) in SW
<collectingCountry id="EDD127F429CCE06424D74A36320C1AC5" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
and adjacent
<collectingRegion id="BC80A6E43D3F61D5F72B200061280F8A" country="China" name="Gansu">Gansu</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="E3410B31AD364264AA75BF2FC9DEC235" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur">Sinkiang</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="4C19287F8D2CAC2901C09DE087C42C24" country="China" name="Nei Mongol">Inner Mongolia</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="E69C84554E1972EA418586CD4C29CFD2" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
); reintroduced into
<collectingCountry id="898E5D346C5C948D115A828272CFB23C" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
. Domesticated worldwide; feral in
<collectingCountry id="97F9928E44BFF863AD4218CBEE58335A" name="Portugal">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="829AB5AD1EE718B7614E8E5155AF599F" name="Spain">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="B32BA035FB7A113C3267BECFE7821D3A" name="France">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="043F9E02FC18BBC18973BA27AE739FF0" name="Greece">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E9B53FC81FF2F004676A517883AFC896" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7F916CC39C0EBC04A35DE7394724B54B" name="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, Lesser Sundas (
<collectingCountry id="DD52ED3018ABDF921F8F6CAB8AD800CB" name="Indonesia">Flores</collectingCountry>
and Rintja),
<collectingCountry id="FC1A72792761B32E9725B6275D25486F" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="362A153557D8E743A215370FD3DCB9BE" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E69A5C716B48366BD13DC5757892AF9B" name="Colombia">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Hispaniola,
<collectingCountry id="F84E24E549113A4B50EE3CB9BC95907B" name="Canada">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="43832A01811F101F5442B5AE294F3030" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
(incl. Hawaiian Isls), Galapagos and probably other oceanic islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="77E29A5A10B63576B6CC0B3DF484382C" pageNumber="630" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="4D9ACD869BDCD63BA59B37B55218E819" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="4FE1A5DDF2B5C07BB574289FA2C45BD5" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="196D14A4536A6E6CAAB3F529EF8309EC">CITES</collectionCode>
– Appendix I as
<taxonomicName id="03AB440813BED96BAE7953AE063D685E" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="E64B6EBF5BAB6D09731E527995D2FF88" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="717F85F95AEE5F1DA7FA920F1817F126" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<collectionCode id="81AF0F88611D9E8C8FD3CA73A3DF145F" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
– Endangered as
<taxonomicName id="870E671BACD3EA22551A86FECAF559DE" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="C7439DAC300222926CE0BC3A59360E46" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectionCode id="88076A1B04B609CED171B0264269C954">IUCN</collectionCode>
– Extinct in the Wild as
<taxonomicName id="FF48FD7C9089C833614364748699D0F9" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="7EC1E60299A37701046370C4D286677A" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="4EA85183051C6B50AA31AB8126871371" italics="true" pageNumber="630">
E. f.
<taxonomicName id="A0ABBE56887232DCEDB62C2A27C8FC6B" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">przewalskii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E7E6A4451A4EC18EA12F8782E5FA186D" pageNumber="630" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BADBDF83859A9FE3C5CD79CC44152C9" pageNumber="630">
<emphasis id="FC523DB4A3ACC99BA59C555DD303FC15" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="630">Discussion:</emphasis>
Reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="935C983FCC638FD1EF0413026999F159" author="Bennett, D. &amp; R. S. Hoffman" refId="ref27565" refString="Bennett, D., and R. S. Hoffman. 1999. Equus caballus. Mammalian Species, 628: 1 - 14." year="1999">Bennett and Hoffman (1999</bibRefCitation>
, Mammalian Species, 628). Recent caballine horses have been assigned to two different species,
<taxonomicName id="1775D60B638F5E0C3ADBD36F2F73E656" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="45A768ABCF5DE96EA08583CADBF76E40" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or
<taxonomicName id="0FF8C432A1749A46761987EEF5EAEC4C" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="CCD7377D6D315383684F7A5598657924" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="F9F358AA815941F0548EE3E764B7194C" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="482E78F939E6FF5ABC644B6C341B521B" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but many authors now include
<taxonomicName id="EF88C008C48EC1C7093E1306ACFD9357" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="37422C9BCDAD352A6B42E18BBFD7BE65" italics="true" pageNumber="630">przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="2B0D3CD9B11508FEB82BB090F70CDA30" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="3467921312FF3C5F2FA1FCCCF56F9A90" italics="true" pageNumber="630">caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="8D45445623CA22ACA8E1B6F64FE66616" author="Corbet, G. B." refId="ref67548" refString="Corbet, G. B. 1978 c. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, 314 pp." year="1978">
Corbet (1978
<emphasis id="006EEE8C680EFF168006723EF62B4A27" italics="true" pageNumber="630">c</emphasis>
:194)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B7D76008501813BBAF357ECEB086248A" author="Groves, C. P." refId="ref131047" refString="Groves, C. P. 1974 a. Horses, asses and zebras in the wild. David and Charles, Newton Abbot and London, 192 pp." year="1974">
Groves (1974
<emphasis id="7A12B39BD99F49880543ED967A24EC48" italics="true" pageNumber="630">a</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3EAEFF9AA2D6912D415B8ADE8B3B44B2" author="Bennett, D. K." refId="ref27532" refString="Bennett, D. K. 1980. Stripes do not a zebra make, part 1: A cladistic analysis of Equus. Systematic Zoology, 29: 272 - 287." year="1980">Bennett (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="4A3B98E145E44D0A5E62A120D582082A" author="Bennett, D. &amp; R. S. Hoffman" refId="ref27565" refString="Bennett, D., and R. S. Hoffman. 1999. Equus caballus. Mammalian Species, 628: 1 - 14." year="1999">Bennett and Hoffman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FCC6453E459F584CA85619A614090E6D" author="Gromov, I. M. &amp; G. I. Baranova" refId="ref130250" refString="Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian)." year="1981">Gromov and Baranova (1981:333-334)</bibRefCitation>
continued to recognize two species,
<taxonomicName id="8AAF88B54B87E68DC796C180E5079F94" authorityName="Antonius" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gmelini">
<emphasis id="CA918700580C71AAC88B3CFC3D9B6B06" italics="true" pageNumber="630">gmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="8CECF908DE6086CC2B4DDAF3384EDA99" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="F15BA5A441A2C06DCE149E0257959CA2" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="26F42B9D3DEE1348A5B3EFDB05968F02" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="80D13F791FBBEB6CBD709A0C8B38B6FD" italics="true" pageNumber="630">przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="341CC295A46F5C2753B0427BD161E9B1" author="Groves, C. P." refId="ref130897" refString="Groves, C. P. 1971 b. Request for a declaration modifying Article 1 so as to exclude names proposed for domestic animals from Zoological Nomenclature. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 7: 269 - 272." year="1971">
Groves (1971
<emphasis id="CE75B52FFE2B4AE86D17BFB693AB46DB" italics="true" pageNumber="630">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="2771294EC9E0EE8B9B5FBA192FFCB42C" author="Corbet, G. B." refId="ref67548" refString="Corbet, G. B. 1978 c. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, 314 pp." year="1978">
Corbet (1978
<emphasis id="111C13E056FA3D68A2D3EE05E07EB5D2" italics="true" pageNumber="630">c</emphasis>
:194)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName id="56CEAE43313A8C152C3BEBA925DFB619" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="E7EEC61D2669575D1EF8F55C36DF2B00" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the Tarpan) replace
<taxonomicName id="5246326972484998DF328187B0D273D4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="8D48350F5DCE929B14A8099D320D3BD8" italics="true" pageNumber="630">caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, objecting to the use of specific names based on domestic animals.
<bibRefCitation id="81F27A646BDC4A51F9CF0FBE2697719F" author="Gentry, A. &amp; J. Clutton-Brock &amp; C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that majority usage be confirmed by adoption of the first available specific name based on a wild population for the wild taxon, in this case deemed to be
<taxonomicName id="16E6C58C13370B49E14FA4BC7AB71E1F" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="88D5FF8D95C0AE928586DFE4ABEA73B7" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It has not been demonstrated that most authors have termed wild horses
<taxonomicName id="754BBC1EFADA767B4AED5C77BF71C7F2" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="0C6F8051929A5781939359AFAC8531FC" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="42C2E1201F9C6FE80CF68CD4DAE1B8B5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="479797BBE8577826C02A4E889E0EBFDC" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="E59710CDCD404EA53B415C6B2885C831" italics="true" pageNumber="630">
E. c.
<taxonomicName id="61E2ABEF72F95417EE392EE5255680F0" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">ferus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
or other names.
<bibRefCitation id="6318E3AB1450F9C16F2475793793252B" author="Azzaroli, A." refId="ref16832" refString="Azzaroli, A. 1984. On some verteberate remains of middle Pleistocene age from the Upper Valdarno and Val di Chiana, Tuscany. Palaeontographica Italica, 73: 104 - 115." year="1984">Azzaroli (1984)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C50D42365325421D16CDB43A1C1AC549" author="Bennett, D. &amp; R. S. Hoffman" refId="ref27565" refString="Bennett, D., and R. S. Hoffman. 1999. Equus caballus. Mammalian Species, 628: 1 - 14." year="1999">Bennett and Hoffman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="2E2C30961E4BB43D8A5CA0853F600D83" author="Forsten, A." refId="ref107319" refString="Forsten, A. 1988. The small caballoid horse of the upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 105: 161 - 176." year="1988">Forsten (1988)</bibRefCitation>
are among those who have used the name
<taxonomicName id="EAFB6C2E09B3F2DFEFFEF01897731461" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="9AA78443F5067A8FDA6CA678470D8CF2" italics="true" pageNumber="630">caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the species. The case is complicated by the very much wider use of
<taxonomicName id="599DFA83B23DC5F899CDCBCB3B780519" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="1C984FF220233F590B5010C3DECF4F26" italics="true" pageNumber="630">przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a name for wild horses, though
<taxonomicName id="B6FAB4992E56A3AF8B882BF3C1EDE288" authorityName="Poliakov" authorityYear="1881" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="przewalskii">
<emphasis id="23EA13E6E5B0A3B21975D73E5DB95F67" italics="true" pageNumber="630">przewalskii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly treated as a species separate from
<taxonomicName id="064806D9783BBC170B5D28995CF3B2BF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="1A4B29CD200DEB6F6BB1550EAD92365B" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="3F457B259AEE67804AA18713B2F216BF" author="Gentry, A. &amp; J. Clutton-Brock &amp; C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary power to rule that the name for the wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. The Commission has ruled in favor of the proposal (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003). It has stipulated that
<taxonomicName id="73E90E8066E433CC90AF8BEDBFF71A8D" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="EBE4B6BB4EF92712F19470D91633C5AE" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not invalid but has not specified explicitly what name is to be used for the species by those who consider
<taxonomicName id="528DED9FFCDDF84F388A0A7A410680DF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="08F74A5433FE3916D59169D17FD5EB7D" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="14A18E0C87841C0662CE0B2E6D496B01" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="05AB79D7E861BE8EACCCB087E4C7932C" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be conspecific (see
<bibRefCitation id="E8BE2FEBE51485F34844379DE580CE89" author="Bock, W. J." refId="ref34305" refString="Bock, W. J. 1997. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54: 124 - 125." year="1997">Bock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Material evidence that
<taxonomicName id="257165BAAC04EA6E17F73DA8ABED766E" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="6E0B88AEADD7BDBEC9C80DCEA8049823" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct form of wild horse is limited to osteological material of
<specimenCount id="D0604D31C232221F0CCCBB0A1C0B1273" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
and it has not been reliably identified with Pleistocene or Holocene local populations (
<bibRefCitation id="80DFCB16F5622D82D94F136853E656EE" author="Forsten, A." refId="ref107319" refString="Forsten, A. 1988. The small caballoid horse of the upper Pleistocene and Holocene. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 105: 161 - 176." year="1988">Forsten, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Its status as a wild rather than a feral form is disputed (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="2DE8742D56DA6F8EE552EC5BE28B31BE" author="Epstein, H." refId="ref96100" refString="Epstein, H. 1971. The origin of the domestic animals of Africa. Africana Publishing Corporation, New York. 2 vol., 573 + 719 pp." year="1971">Epstein, 1971</bibRefCitation>
) and it is not regarded as ancestral to domestic horses by
<bibRefCitation id="16A5DB65F8B66549D61E90A18B3BDB58" author="Kuz'mina, I. E." refId="ref202188" refString="Kuz'mina, I. E. 1997. Loshadi severnoi evrazii ot pliotsena do sovremennosti. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, 273: 1 - 223." year="1997">Kuz'mina (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. Accordingly
<taxonomicName id="BF4A50F12572823EADD8ACBBB9EAD443" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="549EFB6AC5CADAB50B629945F46EEFF5" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here treated as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="A41BE1918B5478F54D6C0BE0FA7416C4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
<emphasis id="DA11E560ACEE171A7DCBE83A3EACFAD4" italics="true" pageNumber="630">E. caballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The systematics of
<taxonomicName id="DB0973DF18D274E4F57C15767B7A9DE6" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="6CDFDC48335BCFAD67746D0881F61A67" italics="true" pageNumber="630">ferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
needs to be more thoroughly reviewed.
<taxonomicName id="928DB003FB31D46979DFEDA56AC2ECE2" authority="Boddaert, 1785" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
<emphasis id="C7EFC07F0B86BF30E820362BD649D868" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus ferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="94B609C80ACDE4A1E7459626920E2252" author="Boddaert, P." refId="ref34353" refString="Boddaert, P. 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp." year="1785">Boddaert, 1785</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="5A4D235A317451DB504242499511519B" authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="asinus" subSpecies="ferus">
<emphasis id="C792F3F494C54BB1248B1B9D8CC8F78F" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus asinus ferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33C4620C7D125EB1C2CC587E82241A9B" author="Erxleben, J. C. P." refId="ref96470" refString="Erxleben, J. C. P. 1777. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia. Weygandianis, Lipsiae, 636 pp." year="1777">Erxleben, 1777</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="79D03BD398C44A62169F0A89A8320C58" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemionus">
<emphasis id="04632CC6D82B487D1558F03C154AC2BC" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Equus hemionus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), cited also by
<bibRefCitation id="A13E23536D1FD5EBF5C622F2C92203F4" author="Kerr, R." refId="ref183257" refString="Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; class I: Mammalia. London, J. Murray &amp; R. Faulder, 664 pp." year="1792">Kerr (1792)</bibRefCitation>
and G. Fischer [von Waldheim] (1814), which can however be regarded as a nomen oblitum. The next published name,
<emphasis id="C3E0CC15E8F9A41E743C7C4E8E5BCF66" italics="true" pageNumber="630">equiferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D071FA3686E2A780ABCB2FCFE6CEDCCE" author="Pallas, P. S." refId="ref271664" refString="Pallas, P. S. 1811 [1831]. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. [ICZN Opinion 212 -- dates of volumes: 1 &amp; 2: 1811; 3: 1814]. Petropoli, in officina Caes. acadamiae scientiarum. 3 vol. [official date of publ for vol 1 - 1811 impress], 1: 1 - 568." year="1811">Pallas, 1811</bibRefCitation>
is available, contrary to
<bibRefCitation id="7F098FC01FDC18B44C7C7D33CC30A3FA" author="Heptner, V. G. &amp; A. A. Nasimovich &amp; A. G. Bannikov" refId="ref148101" refString="Heptner, V. G., A. A. Nasimovich, and A. G. Bannikov. 1961. Mlekopitayushchie Sovetskovo Soyuza: Parnokopytnie i Neparnokopytnie. [Mammals of the Soviet Union: Even-toed and odd-toed ungulates]. Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1: 1 - 776 (in Russian)." year="1961">Heptner et al. (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. It is listed by
<bibRefCitation id="F64F91509E8136260A8176E734127CB1" author="Pallas, P. S." refId="ref271664" refString="Pallas, P. S. 1811 [1831]. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. [ICZN Opinion 212 -- dates of volumes: 1 &amp; 2: 1811; 3: 1814]. Petropoli, in officina Caes. acadamiae scientiarum. 3 vol. [official date of publ for vol 1 - 1811 impress], 1: 1 - 568." year="1811">Pallas (1811:510)</bibRefCitation>
as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="489516D1F730F64E99EE81BD2D85EB82" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caballus">
EQUUS
<emphasis id="36CD84AB1BEE2F34EE8FDD64072D31B6" italics="true" pageNumber="630">Caballus …</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
b. Equiferus&quot; in his synonymy, that is as an infraspecific category, now regarded as a nominal subspecies. For domesticated horses, Desmarest (1822) employed 25 subspecific names and
<bibRefCitation id="5DBA5F8091B198372FB91C0F74D201DC" author="Fitzinger, L. J." refId="ref102706" refString="Fitzinger, L. J. 1858, 1859. Versuch uber die Abstammung des zahmen Pferdes und seiner Racen. Situngsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 31: 131 - 212, 391 - 465, 35: 273 - 344." year="1858">Fitzinger (1858</bibRefCitation>
, 1859, 1860) used 160 names for species, subspecies and infrasubspecific categories. Most of these names have been ignored but the specific and subspecific names are available and take part in synonymy. Only those that have been used elsewhere as junior or senior synonyms are cited above, under &quot;synonymy&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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