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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" ID-PMC="PMC6070582" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-106-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" ID-PubMed="30072843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326005" ModsDocID="1314-2003-106-1" checkinTime="1532592511837" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, Gloria E., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Baden, Maria &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2018" docId="06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 106: 1-223" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 106" docPubDate="2018-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" docTitle="Solanum pygmaeum Cav., Icon. 5: 23, tab. 439. 1799" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668138996586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tsarkinen@rbge.org.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Poczai, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 7, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baden, Maria</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK- 5230 Odense M, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2018-07-25</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>106</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>223</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-106-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1326005</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="146692543" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
12.
<taxonomicName LSID="06F2EC80-94E0-AEBA-59B5-B24C6CAEF697" authority="Cav., Icon. 5: 23, tab. 439. 1799" authorityName="Cav., Icon. 5: 23, tab. 439." authorityYear="1799" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum Cav., Icon. 5: 23, tab. 439. 1799</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Solanum pygmaeum. A Habit B Flowering branch C Calyx D Dissected calyx, adaxial surface E Flower F Dissected flower G Stamen, dorsal view H Stamen, ventral view I Gynoecium J Fruit K Seed (A-K Bernardello 476). Drawing by L. Ribulgo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218740" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 37</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Solanum pygmaeum A Habit B Flowering branch C Dissected flower D Developing fruits (A-D Chiarini 1341). Photos by F. Chiarini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218741" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 38</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum subsp. var. var. hastatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" subSpecies="var." variety="hastatum">Solanum pygmaeum Cav. var. hastatum</taxonomicName>
Bonte ex Aellen, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 50: 236. 1940.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Argentina. Buenos Aires: Pergamino, J.A. de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
, 14 Jan 1925,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L.R. Parodi 6107</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BAA [BAA00004675]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum subsp. var. var. integrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" subSpecies="var." variety="integrifolium">Solanum pygmaeum Cav. var. integrifolium</taxonomicName>
Bonte ex Aellen, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 50: 236. 1940.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Switzerland. Basel-Stadt: Basel, Hof der
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aktienmühle">Aktienmuehle</normalizedToken>
, Feb 1939,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Aellen 3201</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P03933622]; isolectotype: P [P03933624]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum subsp. var. var. sinuatodentatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" subSpecies="var." variety="sinuatodentatum">Solanum pygmaeum Cav. var. sinuatodentatum</taxonomicName>
Bonte ex Aellen, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 50: 237. 1940, as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sinuato-dentatum”">&quot;sinuato-dentatum&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Switzerland. Basel-Stadt: Basel, Hof der
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aktienmühle">Aktienmuehle</normalizedToken>
, Feb 1939,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Aellen 3202</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P04477345]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001035970], P [P03933623]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum subsp. var. var. latifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" subSpecies="var." variety="latifolium">Solanum pygmaeum Cav. var. latifolium</taxonomicName>
Bonte ex Aellen, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 50: 237. 1940.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Hungary.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Györ">Gyoer</normalizedToken>
: Oelfabrik, 1915 and 1918,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
S.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(syntypes; no duplicates located, at BP?); Germany. Neuss: Oelfabrik, 1915,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Bonte s.n.</emphasis>
(syntype; no duplicates located); Germany. Emmerich: mit Oelfrucht, 1929,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Scheuermann s.n.</emphasis>
(syntype; no duplicates located).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. V. Morton" authorityYear="1976" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum subsp. var. var. suspensum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" subSpecies="var." variety="suspensum">Solanum pygmaeum Cav. var. suspensum</taxonomicName>
C.V.Morton, Revis. Argentine Sp.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
138. 1976.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Argentina.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
: Alta
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, barrio de la ciudad de
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Stuckert 4713</emphasis>
(holotype: G [n.v.]; isotypes: CORD [CORD00004273, CORD00004274]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. V. Morton" authorityYear="1976" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum deterrimum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deterrimum">Solanum deterrimum</taxonomicName>
C.V.Morton, Revis. Argentine Sp.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
138. 1976.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">Solanum pygmaeum</taxonomicName>
Type. Argentina. Buenos Aires: Sierra de la Ventana, 23 Feb 1944,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
H.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ruíz">Ruiz</normalizedToken>
de Huidrobo 1332
</emphasis>
(holotype: A [00077613]; isotypes: NY [00139129], S [acc. # 12-27773], SI [SI003308, SI003307]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="L. Nee" country="Argentina" location="Buenos Aires" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Buenos Aires" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
: &quot;in Pampas de
<collectingRegion country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires">Buenos Ayres</collectingRegion>
esquina de Ballesteros&quot;, Sep,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>
L.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Née">Nee</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
, s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2007.v64.i2.175" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="195 - 203" refId="B197" refString="Knapp, S, 2007. Lectotypification of Cavanilles' names in Solanum (Solanaceae). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 64 (2): 195 - 203, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2007.v64.i2.175" title="Lectotypification of Cavanilles' names in Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2007.v64.i2.175" volume="64" year="2007">Knapp 2007</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 200: MA [MA-476361!]; isolectotype: G [G00357891])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Perennial small upright herbs up to 30 cm tall, subwoody at base, perennating via underground rhizomes. Stems decumbent or ascending, delicate, terete or somewhat angled with ridges, not markedly hollow; new growth pubescent with simple, appressed, uniseriate, translucent, eglandular trichomes, these 1-6-celled, 0.2-0.5 mm long or nearly glabrous; older stems glabrous or glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 1.0-5.0 cm long, 0.5-3 cm wide, ovate to narrowly elliptic, pale green, concolorous, without smell; adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent along leaf lamina and margins with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem; abaxial surface sparsely pubescent with similar trichomes but the pubescence denser along the midrib; major veins 3-4 pairs; base attenuate, decurrent on the petiole; margins sinuate to entire; apex acute to obtuse; petioles 0.5-1.7 cm long, with scattered simple, appressed, uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stem. Inflorescences 1-3 cm long, generally internodal, simple or rarely furcate, umbelliform to sub-umbelliform, with (2-)4-6 flowers clustered at the tip, glabrous or with scattered simple, appressed, uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stem; peduncle (1.3-)1.5-2.6 cm long, delicate; pedicels 6-13 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced ca. 0-2.5 mm apart. Buds globose to broadly ovoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube but only halfway exserted beyond the elongate and reflexed calyx lobes before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube (0.5-)1.7-2.0(-2.2) mm long, conical, the lobes 1.5-1.8 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, narrowly elliptic with long-acuminate to acute apices, glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes like those on stem. Corolla 9-16 mm in diameter, white to pale lilac with a yellow-green central portion near the base, stellate, lobed 1/2 way to the base, the lobes 5.0-6.7 mm long, ca. 3.0-3.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, glabrous to sparsely pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem but shorter. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1.0-1.2 mm long, adaxially pubescent with tangled uniseriate 4-9-celled eglandular trichomes to 0.5 mm long; anthers (3.0-)3.5-3.8 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, oblong-ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style ca. 6.3 mm long, densely pubescent with (1-)2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower 4/5, exserted 1-2 mm beyond the anther cone; stigma capitate to clavate, bilobed, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a subglobose berry, 8-10 mm in diameter, greyish-green at maturity, the pericarp opaque and glaucous; fruiting pedicels 12-15 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base and at the apex, deflexed and often somewhat curved, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 1.5-2 mm long, appressed against the berry. Seeds&gt;50 per berry, 1.8-2.0 mm long, 1.2-1.4 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells irregularly quadrate in outline. Stone cells 6-8, the 2 apical ones 1.5-2 mm in diameter, usually very closely paired, the rest equatorial and 1-1.2 mm in diameter, pale whitish-brown. Chromosome number:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2n</emphasis>
=2x=24 (one individual with n=18 and chromosomal anomalies with supernumerary bivalents or univalents not segregating;
<bibRefCitation author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 297" refId="B250" refString="Moscone, EA, 1992. Estudios sobre cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261 - 297" title="Estudios sobre cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina." volume="31" year="1992">Moscone 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326091" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218740" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 37" startId="F37">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 37.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Flowering branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Calyx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Dissected calyx, adaxial surface
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Dissected flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
Stamen, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
Stamen, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
Gynoecium
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
Fruit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
Seed (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-K</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bernardello 476</emphasis>
). Drawing by L. Ribulgo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326093" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218741" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 38" startId="F38">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 38.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Flowering branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Dissected flower
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Developing fruits (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chiarini 1341</emphasis>
). Photos by F. Chiarini.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Distribution of Solanum pygmaeum in its non-native range in the Old World." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218742" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39</figureCitation>
). Native to central and coastal Argentina; a few specimens known from Europe arriving as seeds through wool shipments but these are not usually established as permanent populations.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326095" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218742" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 39" startId="F39">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 39.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its non-native range in the Old World.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Grows in sandy and clay soils, along rail road tracks and road sides; between 100 and 1,000 m elevation in its native range, but brought only sporadically to Europe and North America via wool shipments and trade to ports at sea level and has not naturalised widely.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded in Old World.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B176" refString="IUCN, 2016. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in its native range and can be assigned a preliminary status of LC (Least Concern; Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Preliminary conservation assessments for the Old World members of the Morelloid clade. For details, see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO (Extent of Occurrence) only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The conservation status of species known to be introduced in the Old World has been assessed considering native range only and is discussed under each species treatments." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558">7</tableCitation>
). Populations from the Old World are relatively ephemeral. Within the native range in South America,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pygmaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
still has a relatively large EOO of 700,962 km2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pygmaeum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pygmaeum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only occasionally collected in Europe, usually associated with wool waste. It is a plant that spreads by underground stems, so it is surprising that it has not become established; we include the species here so that old herbarium specimens can be identified and so that the species can be spotted if it does become established as climate changes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The species is easy to distinguish from all other morelloids occurring in Europe by its large flowers (anthers&gt; 3mm long), narrowly elliptic calyx lobes (1.5-1.8 mm long) and rhizomatous habit. Leaves are quite variable in size, but are usually narrowly elliptic, less often wider in the lower half.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
We have selected the P duplicates that were part of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Société">&quot;Societe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="cénomane">cenomane</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’exsicccata”">d'exsicccata&quot;</normalizedToken>
as the lectotypes of var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum var. integrifolium" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" variety="integrifolium">Solanum pygmaeum integrifolium</taxonomicName>
and var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum var. sinuatodentatum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" variety="sinuatodentatum">Solanum pygmaeum sinuatodentatum</taxonomicName>
because they are well-preserved and have both flowers and young fruits. The lectotype we have selected for var.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum var. hastatum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" variety="hastatum">Solanum pygmaeum hastatum</taxonomicName>
is in an Argentinian herbarium (see best practice as outlined in
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, GF" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1549 - 1551" refId="B340" refString="Smith, GF, Figueiredo, E, 2011. Responsible species description: A change of attitude is needed to facilitate and improve access to biological material. Taxon 60: 1549 - 1551" title="Responsible species description: A change of attitude is needed to facilitate and improve access to biological material." volume="60" year="2011">Smith and Figueiredo 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and we have been unable as yet to trace original material of var.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonte ex Aellen" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pygmaeum var. latifolium" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pygmaeum" variety="latifolium">Solanum pygmaeum latifolium</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="France">France</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="France" name="Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Provence-Alpes-Côte">Provence-Alpes-Cote</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Azur">d'Azur</normalizedToken>
</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyères">Hyeres</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fleming 306</emphasis>
(BM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1929-09-12" country="United Kingdom" location="Hayle" municipality="Phillack Towans" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cornwall">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
. England
</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion country="United Kingdom" name="Cornwall">Cornwall</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Phillack Towans</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:A53C1876FE3BA8EA421A309532608E84" country="United Kingdom" municipality="Phillack Towans" name="Hayle" stateProvince="Cornwall">Hayle</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1929-09-12">12 Sep 1929</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1920-09-09" country="United Kingdom" county="Foggitt" location="Winchmore Hill" municipality="Greater London" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCounty>Foggitt</collectingCounty>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(BM);
<collectingMunicipality>Greater London</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:E4D310DC8BB0FB6A1EEB1C8C832887F7" country="United Kingdom" county="Foggitt" municipality="Greater London" name="Winchmore Hill">Winchmore Hill</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1920-09-09">9 Sep 1920</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1950-08-22" country="United Kingdom" county="Herb. Hall" location="Edgware" municipality="Greater London" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCounty>Herb. Hall</collectingCounty>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(BM);
<collectingMunicipality>Greater London</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:56C85C95B08D3BC0110F0928BF3DADE5" country="United Kingdom" county="Herb. Hall" municipality="Greater London" name="Edgware">Edgware</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1950-08-22">22 Aug 1950</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1945-08-14" country="United Kingdom" county="Hill" location="Southall" municipality="Greater London" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCounty>Hill</collectingCounty>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(BM);
<collectingMunicipality>Greater London</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:9C20D438E9FD2D6337384D604EFCC7AF" country="United Kingdom" county="Hill" municipality="Greater London" name="Southall">Southall</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1945-08-14">14 Aug 1945</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1947-09-03" country="United Kingdom" location="Hanwell" municipality="Greater London" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kent">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="United Kingdom" name="Kent">Kent</collectingRegion>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(BM);
<collectingMunicipality>Greater London</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:03F7719CB982B537D8C9A4BB9F83BD99" country="United Kingdom" municipality="Greater London" name="Hanwell" stateProvince="Kent">Hanwell</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1947-09-03">3 Sep 1947</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1945-08-18" country="United Kingdom" location="Middlesex" municipality="Sandwith" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kent">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="United Kingdom" name="Kent">Kent</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingMunicipality>Sandwith</collectingMunicipality>
3423
</emphasis>
(K);
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:1EC31E2672AB0045B0B880689B3F0CD5" country="United Kingdom" municipality="Sandwith" name="Middlesex" stateProvince="Kent">Middlesex</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1945-08-18">18 Aug 1945</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lousley 4710</emphasis>
(BM); Hayle Towans, West
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1929-09-21" country="United Kingdom" location="Cornwall" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cornwall">
<collectingRegion country="United Kingdom" name="Cornwall">Cornwall</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingDate value="1929-09-21">21 Sep 1929</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Melville</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Smith 2922</emphasis>
(BM, K);
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1921-09-03" country="United Kingdom" location="Blickling" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Norfolk">
<collectingRegion country="United Kingdom" name="Norfolk">Norfolk</collectingRegion>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:06F2EC8094E0AEBA59B5B24C6CAEF697:7B63BC1750A23895811E0D257A1B30A6" country="United Kingdom" name="Blickling" stateProvince="Norfolk">Blickling</location>
,
<collectingDate value="1921-09-03">3 Sep 1921</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Robinson s.n.</emphasis>
(BM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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