971 lines
114 KiB
XML
971 lines
114 KiB
XML
<document id="2352B1E4E5AAD03EF84316975B3F2B32" ID-CLB-Dataset="7713" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2011n4a7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="03becb1a-f3c9-410a-997c-37416648bc7d" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4597129" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615471060325" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu & Fortelius, Mikael" docDate="2011" docId="03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.33.4.709-728.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 33 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7" docStyle="DocumentStyle:114CCA64FC7D8BA2E5ECF0ED28D0D884.3:Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="114CCA64FC7D8BA2E5ECF0ED28D0D884" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2011-2012.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hipparion de Christol 1832" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="716" masterDocId="FFC1F27BB6373C080D25FFEAFF805A35" masterDocTitle="Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran)" masterLastPageNumber="728" masterPageNumber="709" pageNumber="713" updateTime="1698933105959" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="364009219189DF77726E0824F601172A">
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<mods:title id="87DBCCFBAD58F38135CFC07D79DE8E40">Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="C8D4A28333C73B6CEC3D607B8D3C36D7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="286C150D972C61D5BE97BA3BB3FDF130">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="31D0E817813A5FE267D83B41193234E0">Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FE0F1BB1E22E550D63C070AE43AE1476">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="03FC4366A0B1AD3869AAEB32FBDB3C8B">Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A249E81EB5EC52FBD0764A400F428BB6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FFEDAF4FB00A6DB7C5D9AE1111896E80">Zhang, Zhaoqun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A6CDCDF2D22ECE47C63B35F4CB1503CD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AA95CEF95236B9AA027728B998802C36">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4D26F5970B68A60020E6F879E4516410">Watabe, Mahito</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="B46960A13DF2667AA7B95E5BCCB434EE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="63AEF2239D5588B1427278BEFEDD294B">Kaakinen, Anu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="439234B90A6562F4FB63D2D0F7AC20B4">Fortelius, Mikael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3979ABC3B1CA3A16690DF51CA14BA7F3">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3D2390D6A14ABE6A83F096D04DD7F110">
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<mods:date id="714F6834C7A7363F68CC68B1BFE7AE15">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B027D81302F19A1415628673DF8DFD87">2011-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="37B141F2803D97AECDAE00CBC999FB34">33</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="304C89A8A4F5AB64DBBC5690D70287BB">http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a7</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="4258B24F257B6AB376B6AA9141FA4038">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A49C73A6903A999C223AE5EC89596564" type="DOI">10.5252/g2011n4a7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FEB84DFA69F891F23B5A692C4302FAE7" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0562436698BF43EECCD43C10E0111899" type="Zenodo-Dep">4597129</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4608715" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180584425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4608715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F88A03B6333C0F0C0CFA89FB175ECA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
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<subSubSection id="C34B689EB6333C0C0C0CFA89FF375FDB" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0C0CFA89FE3A5FA8" blockId="4.[297,508,1379,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
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<heading id="D0A68C79B6333C0C0C0CFA89FE3A5FA8" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6333C0C0C0CFA89FE1C5F48" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[297,412,1379,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B925E707B6333C0C0C0CFA89FE1C5F48" bold="true" box="[297,412,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Hipparion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0C57FA69FE335FA8" box="[370,435,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0DADFA56FF375FDB" blockId="4.[136,669,1468,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
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||
LOCALITY. — Quarry 2, Ivand district, north of Tabriz,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3467B85B6333C0C0DADFA3DFF335FDB" box="[136,179,1495,1518]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B689EB6333C0C0DADF9ECFE7A5C0D" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0DADF9ECFE7A5C0D" blockId="4.[136,669,1542,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
|
||
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Skull (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40A3D0B6333C0C0C91F9ECFDAE5C2B" box="[436,558,1542,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">HMNH-IV</collectionCode>
|
||
1) and mandible (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40A3D0B6333C0C0DE3F9CAFEBE5C0D" box="[198,318,1568,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">HMNH-IV</collectionCode>
|
||
2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0C7AF9CAFE195C0D" box="[351,409,1568,1592]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D30EAEB6333C0C0C86F9CAFE6B5C0D" box="[419,491,1568,1592]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[137,145,242,259]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of Hipparion sp. large from the Ivand locality, NW Iran. Bold numbers refer to measurements; question mark (?) indicates uncertainty. Skull (HMNH-IV1): 1, muzzle length: prosthion-middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of P2; 2, palatal length: middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of P2-anterior border to the choanae; 3, length from the anterior border of the choanae to the vomer; 6, basilar length: basion-prosthion; 7, length of the premolars; 8, length of the molars; 9, length of the teeth row; 10, choanal length;12, maximal breadth of the choanae;13, palatal breadth between P4 and M1; 14, minimal muzzle breadth; 15, muzzle breadth: distance between the posterior border of the I3s; 18, frontal breadth: distance between the most external points of the posterior borders of the orbits; 25, facial height:height of the skull in front of P2; 28, anteroposterior diameter of the orbit; 29, dorsoventral diameter of the orbit; 30, length of the naso-incisival notch: prosthion-posterior end of the narial opening; 31, cheek length: posterior end of the narial opening-anterior border of the orbit; 32, distance between the orbit and the preorbital fossa; 33, maximal length of the preorbital fossa; 34, distance between the back of the preorbital fossa and the infraorbital foramen; 35, height of the preorbital fossa: perpendicular to its maximal length; 36, distance between the preorbital fossa and the facial crest; 37, height of the back of the infraorbital foramen above the alveolar border; 38, height of the back of the preorbital fossa above the alveolar border. Mandible (HMNH-IV2): 1, maximal length: posterior point of the articular condyle-anterior point situated between the i1s; 2, muzzle length: middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of p2 to a point situated between the i1s; 3, length of the premolars; 4, length of the molars;5, length of the tooth row; 7, muzzle breadth: breadth at the posterior borders of i3; 10, depth of the jaw behind m3; 11, depth of the jaw between p4 and m1; 12, depth of the jaw in front of p2; 13, symphysial length; 14, minimal breadth of the symphysis. Upper right (HMNH-IV1) and lower right (HMNH-IV2) teeth: 2, occlusal length;3, protocone length (in upper teeth) and preflexid length (in lower teeth); 4, occlusal breadth (in upper teeth) and double-knot length (in lower teeth); 5, postflexid length; 6, anterior occlusal breadth. Facial morphology of Hipparion sp. large (HMNH-IV1): terms after Bernor et al. (2003)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6B9DB6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" tableUuid="DF2E6B9DB6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34B689EB6333C0E0DADF98BFB8F5F88" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="715" pageId="4" pageNumber="713" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0DADF98BFE995C4C" blockId="4.[136,671,1633,1722]" box="[136,281,1633,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0DADF96AFC1E5E14" blockId="4.[136,671,1633,1722]" lastBlockId="4.[697,1235,238,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
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||
The skull is quite long and belongs to a large adult male (large canines present). The muzzle is elongated and broad, even though the application of extra material in fixing the broken snout has made the muzzle artificially longer (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0E5AFEC4FC3E5B7D" box="[895,958,302,328]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). The narial opening and nasal area have been damaged during excavation and subsequently restored, so details of this area are missing. The POF is very well preserved on the right side and partially filled with sediment on the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0FE4FE26FC8D5BD3" box="[705,781,460,486]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig.2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).The POF is far from the orbit,sub-triangular in shape, relatively large and deep, and antero-posteriorly oriented. There is no posterior pocketing. The anterior rim of the POF is well expressed and appears above the medial part of P3. The posterior border of the POF is located above the anterior part of M2. The ventral rim of the POF is not straight, features undulation, and is above the line of the lower border of the orbit.The infra-orbital foramen is at the anteroventral border of the fossa, placed slightly inferiorly. The orbit is round and its anterior border is situated close to the posterior border of M3. The facial crest is very strong and is far from the alveoli and the ventral border of the POF. The anterior border of the facial crest is situated above the medial part of P4.The palate is elongated and wide. The choanae, although filled with sediment, are well preserved. They are wide and their anterior border is situated at the level of contact between M2 and M3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0FF7FBCCFBD65F0B" blockId="4.[697,1235,238,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
|
||
The upper tooth row is long and complete at both sides, including P2-4, M1-3. All the teeth are moderately worn and the enamel morphology is visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0FE1FB6FFC995EAA" box="[708,793,1157,1183]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The protocone is elliptical and flattened lingually, especially in the molars. The enamel plication is rich (mean plication is 20) with deep plis. The hypocone is elliptical with relatively deep distal hypoconal grooves. The plicabaline is strong, short and single or long and double/multiple.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6333C0C0FF4FAA9FBF35C8F" blockId="4.[697,1235,238,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">
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||
The mandible is elongated with a narrow snout and cup. The symphysis is short and narrow.The condyle and coronoid processes and the ascending ramus, though not preserved,have been restored (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0978FA48FB165F89" box="[1117,1174,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig.2</figureCitation>
|
||
E-G). The tooth row is long and the teeth are large and wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6333C0C0FE5FA08FC955FC9" box="[704,789,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" captionTargetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" captionTargetId="figure-235@6.[136,1232,237,1091]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Hipparion sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran: A-C, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (A), ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D, right tooth row in occlusal view; E-G, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views; H, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (A-C, E-G). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="713">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The parastylid is relatively well developed and closed. The metaconid is elliptical to round and the metastylid is rounded. The entoconid is elliptical to round. The ectoflexid is V- or U-shaped and moderately deep and narrow, reaching the middle of the tooth; only in m1 it reaches the linguaflexid. A plicabalinid is present in some of the teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6B9DB6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE" ID-Table-UUID="DF2E6B9DB6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6B9DB6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" targetBox="[137,1215,726,1444]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6323C0D0DACFF18FBCC58AE" blockId="5.[135,1234,242,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0C9CFF18FD8A5B36" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[441,522,242,259]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C9CFF18FD8A5B36" box="[441,522,242,259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. large from the Ivand locality, NW Iran. Bold numbers refer to measurements; question mark (?) indicates uncertainty.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C89FEE3FE585B2F" bold="true" box="[428,472,265,282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Skull</emphasis>
|
||
(HMNH-IV1):
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F6EFEE3FDD55B2F" bold="true" box="[587,597,265,282]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">1</emphasis>
|
||
, muzzle length: prosthion-middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of P2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DE5FEF5FF4A5B05" bold="true" box="[192,202,287,304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">2</emphasis>
|
||
, palatal length: middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of P2-anterior border to the choanae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D091FFEF5FBC45B05" bold="true" box="[1082,1092,287,304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">3</emphasis>
|
||
, length from the anterior border of the choanae to the vomer;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F26FEDCFD8D5B72" bold="true" box="[515,525,310,327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">6</emphasis>
|
||
, basilar length: basion-prosthion;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E0EFEDCFCB55B72" bold="true" box="[811,821,310,327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the premolars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D092BFEDCFB985B72" bold="true" box="[1038,1048,310,327]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">8</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the molars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DACFEA7FF135B6B" bold="true" box="[137,147,333,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">9</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the teeth row;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C7EFEA7FEF05B6B" bold="true" box="[347,368,333,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10</emphasis>
|
||
, choanal length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0CDFFEA7FD8F5B6B" bold="true" box="[506,527,333,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12</emphasis>
|
||
, maximal breadth of the choanae;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E0DFEA7FCBD5B6B" bold="true" box="[808,829,333,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">13</emphasis>
|
||
, palatal breadth between P4 and M1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0954FEA7FB065B6B" bold="true" box="[1137,1158,333,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14</emphasis>
|
||
, minimal muzzle breadth;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C35FE89FEA55B41" bold="true" box="[272,293,355,372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">15</emphasis>
|
||
, muzzle breadth: distance between the posterior border of the I3s;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E68FE89FCE25B41" bold="true" box="[845,866,355,372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">18</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal breadth: distance between the most external points of the posterior borders of the orbits;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F1EFE90FDD05BBE" bold="true" box="[571,592,378,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">25</emphasis>
|
||
, facial height:height of the skull in front of P2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0EF5FE90FC655BBE" bold="true" box="[976,997,378,395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">28</emphasis>
|
||
, anteroposterior diameter of the orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DFDFE7BFF6D5B97" bold="true" box="[216,237,401,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">29</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsoventral diameter of the orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F3CFE7BFDAE5B97" bold="true" box="[537,558,401,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">30</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the naso-incisival notch: prosthion-posterior end of the narial opening;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DADFE4DFF1D5B8D" bold="true" box="[136,157,423,440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">31</emphasis>
|
||
, cheek length: posterior end of the narial opening-anterior border of the orbit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E11FE4DFCC95B8D" bold="true" box="[820,841,423,440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">32</emphasis>
|
||
, distance between the orbit and the preorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0D9AFE54FF545BFA" bold="true" box="[191,212,446,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">33</emphasis>
|
||
, maximal length of the preorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F06FE54FDB85BFA" bold="true" box="[547,568,446,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">34</emphasis>
|
||
, distance between the back of the preorbital fossa and the infraorbital foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DADFE3FFF1D5BD3" bold="true" box="[136,157,469,486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">35</emphasis>
|
||
, height of the preorbital fossa: perpendicular to its maximal length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FEAFE3FFD645BD3" bold="true" box="[719,740,469,486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">36</emphasis>
|
||
, distance between the preorbital fossa and the facial crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DADFE01FF1D5BC9" bold="true" box="[136,157,491,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">37</emphasis>
|
||
, height of the back of the infraorbital foramen above the alveolar border;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E26FE01FC985BC9" bold="true" box="[771,792,491,508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">38</emphasis>
|
||
, height of the back of the preorbital fossa above the alveolar border.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C34FDE8FEE35826" bold="true" box="[273,355,514,531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
(HMNH-IV2):
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0CFCFDE8FE635826" bold="true" box="[473,483,514,531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">1</emphasis>
|
||
, maximal length: posterior point of the articular condyle-anterior point situated between the i1s;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DEEFDF3FF55581F" bold="true" box="[203,213,537,554]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">2</emphasis>
|
||
, muzzle length: middle of the line connecting the anterior borders of p2 to a point situated between the i1s;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0970FDF3FBDF581F" bold="true" box="[1109,1119,537,554]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">3</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the premolars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DC0FDC5FF6F5875" bold="true" box="[229,239,559,576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">4</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the molars;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C80FDC5FE2F5875" bold="true" box="[421,431,559,576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">5</emphasis>
|
||
, length of the tooth row;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F59FDC5FD065875" bold="true" box="[636,646,559,576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7</emphasis>
|
||
, muzzle breadth: breadth at the posterior borders of i3;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D096AFDC5FBE45875" bold="true" box="[1103,1124,559,576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10</emphasis>
|
||
, depth of the jaw behind m3;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C2CFDACFE9E5862" bold="true" box="[265,286,582,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">11</emphasis>
|
||
, depth of the jaw between p4 and m1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F7EFDACFDF05862" bold="true" box="[603,624,582,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12</emphasis>
|
||
, depth of the jaw in front of p2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E54FDACFC065862" bold="true" box="[881,902,582,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">13</emphasis>
|
||
, symphysial length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0908FDACFBC25862" bold="true" box="[1069,1090,582,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14</emphasis>
|
||
, minimal breadth of the symphysis.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C38FDB7FE01585B" bold="true" box="[285,385,605,622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Upper right</emphasis>
|
||
(HMNH-IV1)
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0CC8FDB7FDF2585B" bold="true" box="[493,626,605,622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">and lower right</emphasis>
|
||
(HMNH-IV2)
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FFBFDB7FC8C585B" bold="true" box="[734,780,605,622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">teeth</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E30FDB7FC9F585B" bold="true" box="[789,799,605,622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">2</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E8AFDB7FC39585B" bold="true" box="[943,953,605,622]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">3</emphasis>
|
||
, protocone length (in upper teeth) and preflexid length (in lower teeth);
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C92FD99FE4158B1" bold="true" box="[439,449,627,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">4</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal breadth (in upper teeth) and double-knot length (in lower teeth);
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0909FD99FBB658B1" bold="true" box="[1068,1078,627,644]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">5</emphasis>
|
||
, postflexid length;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DADFD60FF1258AE" bold="true" box="[136,146,650,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">6</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior occlusal breadth.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C53FD60FD9B58AE" bold="true" box="[374,539,650,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Facial morphology</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0F13FD60FD0758AE" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[566,647,650,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F13FD60FD0758AE" box="[566,647,650,667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. large (HMNH-IV1): terms after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6323C0D0E83FD60FBC858AE" author="BERNOR R. L. & SCOTT R. S. & FORTELIUS M. & MAN J. & SEN S." box="[934,1096,650,667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" pagination="220 - 281" refId="ref10480" refString="BERNOR R. L., SCOTT R. S., FORTELIUS M., KAPPEL- MAN J. & SEN S. 2003. - Equidae (Perissodactyla), in FORTELIUS M., KAPPELMAN J., SEN S. & BERNOR R. L. (eds), The Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey. Columbia University Press, New York: 220 - 281." type="book chapter" year="2003">
|
||
Bernor
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0EC1FD60FB8758AE" box="[996,1031,650,667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6323C0D0DAFFD3CFB265F91" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<table id="F951C9B5B632C3F70DACFD3CFB3F5F91" box="[137,1215,726,1444]" gridcols="9" gridrows="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFD3CFB3F58DF" box="[137,1215,726,746]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFD3CFE1058DF" box="[137,400,726,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DAFFD3CFEF958DF" bold="true" box="[138,377,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Skull (HMNH-IV1) 1</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FD3CFD3358DF" box="[421,691,726,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C92FD3CFD2458DF" bold="true" box="[439,676,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">2 3 6 7</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFD3CFC8358DF" box="[718,771,726,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FC6FD3CFD6F58DF" bold="true" box="[739,751,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">8</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFD3CFCCD58DF" box="[798,845,726,746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E0BFD3CFCBA58DF" bold="true" box="[814,826,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">9</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFD3CFC1458DF" box="[873,916,726,746]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E56FD3CFC0B58DF" bold="true" box="[883,907,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FD3CFC5E58DF" box="[948,990,726,746]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E98FD3CFC5558DF" bold="true" box="[957,981,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFD3CFBA958DF" box="[1023,1065,726,746]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D092DFD3CFBA058DF" bold="true" box="[1032,1056,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">13</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFD3CFBF858DF" box="[1098,1144,726,746]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0976FD3CFBEB58DF" bold="true" box="[1107,1131,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FD3CFB3F58DF" box="[1173,1215,726,746]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D09BAFD3CFB3758DF" bold="true" box="[1183,1207,726,746]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">15</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFD04FB3F5937" box="[137,1215,750,770]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFD04FE105937" box="[137,400,750,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">165?</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FD04FD335937" box="[421,691,750,770]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">120> 90> 400 84</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFD04FC835937" box="[718,771,750,770]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">75.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFD04FCCD5937" box="[798,845,750,770]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">157</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFD04FC145937" box="[873,916,750,770]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">> 90</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FD04FC5E5937" box="[948,990,750,770]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">46</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFD04FBA95937" box="[1023,1065,750,770]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">65</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFD04FBF85937" box="[1098,1144,750,770]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">42.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FD04FB3F5937" box="[1173,1215,750,770]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">68</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFCF8FB3F5913" box="[137,1215,786,806]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFCF8FE105913" box="[137,400,786,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C39FCF8FEFE5913" bold="true" box="[284,382,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">18 25</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FCF8FD335913" box="[421,691,786,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C94FCF8FD2A5913" bold="true" box="[433,682,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">28 29 30 31</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFCF8FC835913" box="[718,771,786,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FF8FCF8FD755913" bold="true" box="[733,757,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">32</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFCF8FCCD5913" box="[798,845,786,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E0DFCF8FCC05913" bold="true" box="[808,832,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">33</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFCF8FC145913" box="[873,916,786,806]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E57FCF8FC0A5913" bold="true" box="[882,906,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">34</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FCF8FC5E5913" box="[948,990,786,806]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E98FCF8FC555913" bold="true" box="[957,981,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">35</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFCF8FBA95913" box="[1023,1065,786,806]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D092DFCF8FBA05913" bold="true" box="[1032,1056,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">36</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFCF8FBF85913" box="[1098,1144,786,806]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0976FCF8FBEB5913" bold="true" box="[1107,1131,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">37</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FCF8FB3F5913" box="[1173,1215,786,806]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D09BAFCF8FB375913" bold="true" box="[1183,1207,786,806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">38</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFCC0FB3F590B" box="[137,1215,810,830]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFCC0FE10590B" box="[137,400,810,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">145 66</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FCC0FD33590B" box="[421,691,810,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">61.6 47.4 128 225</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFCC0FC83590B" box="[718,771,810,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">45</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFCC0FCCD590B" box="[798,845,810,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">65.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFCC0FC14590B" box="[873,916,810,830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">64</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FCC0FC5E590B" box="[948,990,810,830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">36</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFCC0FBA9590B" box="[1023,1065,810,830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">36.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFCC0FBF8590B" box="[1098,1144,810,830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">49.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FCC0FB3F590B" box="[1173,1215,810,830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFCA4FB3F5957" box="[137,1215,846,866]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFCA4FE105957" box="[137,400,846,866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DACFCA4FEE55957" bold="true" box="[137,357,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Mandible (HMNH-IV2)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FCA4FD335957" box="[421,691,846,866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C92FCA4FD245957" bold="true" box="[439,676,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">1 2 3 4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFCA4FC835957" box="[718,771,846,866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FC7FCA4FD6E5957" bold="true" box="[738,750,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">5</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFCA4FCCD5957" box="[798,845,846,866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E08FCA4FCB95957" bold="true" box="[813,825,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFCA4FC145957" box="[873,916,846,866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E57FCA4FC0A5957" bold="true" box="[882,906,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FCA4FC5E5957" box="[948,990,846,866]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E98FCA4FC555957" bold="true" box="[957,981,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">11</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFCA4FBA95957" box="[1023,1065,846,866]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D092DFCA4FBA05957" bold="true" box="[1032,1056,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFCA4FBF85957" box="[1098,1144,846,866]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0976FCA4FBEB5957" bold="true" box="[1107,1131,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">13</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FCA4FB3F5957" box="[1173,1215,846,866]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D09BBFCA4FB365957" bold="true" box="[1182,1206,846,866]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC8CFB3F594F" box="[137,1215,870,890]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FC8CFD33594F" box="[421,691,870,890]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">420? 100 81.6 70</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFC8CFC83594F" box="[718,771,870,890]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">152.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFC8CFCCD594F" box="[798,845,870,890]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">52.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFC8CFC14594F" box="[873,916,870,890]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">82</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FC8CFC5E594F" box="[948,990,870,890]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">67.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFC8CFBA9594F" box="[1023,1065,870,890]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">50</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFC8CFBF8594F" box="[1098,1144,870,890]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">70</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FC8CFB3F594F" box="[1173,1215,870,890]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">33.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC60FB3F59AB" box="[137,1215,906,926]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFC60FB3F59AB" box="[137,1215,906,926]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DACFC60FEF459AB" bold="true" box="[137,372,906,926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Upper right (HMNH-IV1)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC49FB3F5982" box="[137,1215,931,951]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFC49FB3F5982" box="[137,1215,931,951]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DACFC49FE575982" bold="true" box="[137,471,931,951]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">and Lower right (HMNH-IV2) teeth</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC56FB3F59E5" box="[137,1215,956,976]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFC56FE1059E5" box="[137,400,956,976]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C4AFC56FE0959E5" bold="true" box="[367,393,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">P2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FC56FD3359E5" box="[421,691,956,976]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C95FC56FD2D59E5" bold="true" box="[432,685,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">P3 P4 M1 M2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFC56FC8359E5" box="[718,771,956,976]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0FFCFC56FD7859E5" bold="true" box="[729,760,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">M3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFC56FCCD59E5" box="[798,845,956,976]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E02FC56FCC059E5" bold="true" box="[807,832,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">p2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFC56FC1459E5" box="[873,916,956,976]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E57FC56FC0A59E5" bold="true" box="[882,906,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">p3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FC56FC5E59E5" box="[948,990,956,976]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0E99FC56FC5559E5" bold="true" box="[956,981,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">p4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFC56FBA959E5" box="[1023,1065,956,976]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0921FC56FBA359E5" bold="true" box="[1028,1059,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">m1</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFC56FBF859E5" box="[1098,1144,956,976]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D096AFC56FBEE59E5" bold="true" box="[1103,1134,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">m2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FC56FB3F59E5" box="[1173,1215,956,976]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D09BEFC56FB3A59E5" bold="true" box="[1179,1210,956,976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">m3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC35FB3F59C1" box="[137,1215,991,1012]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFC35FE1059C1" box="[137,400,991,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C1DFC0AFEC459C1" bold="true" box="[312,324,992,1012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">2</emphasis>
|
||
32.2
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FC35FD3359C1" box="[421,691,991,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">25.7 24.1 22.7 22.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFC35FC8359C1" box="[718,771,991,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">22.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFC35FCCD59C1" box="[798,845,991,1012]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">31.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFC35FC1459C1" box="[873,916,991,1012]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">26.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FC35FC5E59C1" box="[948,990,991,1012]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">24</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFC35FBA959C1" box="[1023,1065,991,1012]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">21.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFC35FBF859C1" box="[1098,1144,991,1012]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">21.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FC35FB3F59C1" box="[1173,1215,991,1012]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">25.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFC12FB3F5E39" box="[137,1215,1016,1036]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFC12FE105E39" box="[137,400,1016,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C1DFC12FEC45E39" bold="true" box="[312,324,1016,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">3</emphasis>
|
||
8.7
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FC12FD335E39" box="[421,691,1016,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">8.7 8.7 7.9 7.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFC12FC835E39" box="[718,771,1016,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFC12FCCD5E39" box="[798,845,1016,1036]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFC12FC145E39" box="[873,916,1016,1036]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FC12FC5E5E39" box="[948,990,1016,1036]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">7</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFC12FBA95E39" box="[1023,1065,1016,1036]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFC12FBF85E39" box="[1098,1144,1016,1036]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">6.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FC12FB3F5E39" box="[1173,1215,1016,1036]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">6.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFBFAFB3F5E10" box="[137,1215,1040,1061]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFBFAFE105E10" box="[137,400,1040,1061]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C1DFBFBFEC45E10" bold="true" box="[312,324,1041,1061]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">4</emphasis>
|
||
25.7
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FBFAFD335E10" box="[421,691,1040,1061]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">25.9 25.5 22.8 22.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70FEBFBFAFC835E10" box="[718,771,1040,1061]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">20.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFBFAFCCD5E10" box="[798,845,1040,1061]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFBFAFC145E10" box="[873,916,1040,1061]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">15.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FBFAFC5E5E10" box="[948,990,1040,1061]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFBFAFBA95E10" box="[1023,1065,1040,1061]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFBFAFBF85E10" box="[1098,1144,1040,1061]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FBFAFB3F5E10" box="[1173,1215,1040,1061]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">11.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFBC3FB3F5E0B" box="[137,1215,1065,1086]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFBC3FE105E0B" box="[137,400,1065,1086]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C12FBC0FEC35E0B" bold="true" box="[311,323,1066,1086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">5</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFBC3FCCD5E0B" box="[798,845,1065,1086]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFBC3FC145E0B" box="[873,916,1065,1086]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">13.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FBC3FC5E5E0B" box="[948,990,1065,1086]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">11.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFBC3FBA95E0B" box="[1023,1065,1065,1086]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">8.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFBC3FBF85E0B" box="[1098,1144,1065,1086]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">9.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FBC3FB3F5E0B" box="[1173,1215,1065,1086]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">8.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFBA8FB3F5E63" box="[137,1215,1090,1110]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFBA8FE105E63" box="[137,400,1090,1110]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C12FBA8FEC35E63" bold="true" box="[311,323,1090,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">6</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E3BFBA8FCCD5E63" box="[798,845,1090,1110]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E4CFBA8FC145E63" box="[873,916,1090,1110]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">14.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70E91FBA8FC5E5E63" box="[948,990,1090,1110]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">11.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70EDAFBA8FBA95E63" box="[1023,1065,1090,1110]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F7096FFBA8FBF85E63" box="[1098,1144,1090,1110]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">10.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F709B0FBA8FB3F5E63" box="[1173,1215,1090,1110]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">9.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB8CFB3F5E4F" box="[137,1215,1126,1146]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB8CFB3F5E4F" box="[137,1215,1126,1146]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0DACFB8CFD235E4F" bold="true" box="[137,675,1126,1146]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
Facial morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0C40FB8CFE485E4F" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[357,456,1126,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0C40FB8CFE485E4F" bold="true" box="[357,456,1126,1146]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. large (HMNH-IV1)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB6EFB3F5EAD" box="[137,1215,1156,1176]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB6EFE105EAD" box="[137,400,1156,1176]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Relationship of lacrimal</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FB6EFB3F5EAD" box="[421,1215,1156,1176]" colspan="8" colspanRight="7" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Long preorbital bar (POB) with the anterior edge of the lacrimal placed more</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB77FB3F5E84" box="[137,1215,1181,1201]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB77FB3F5E84" box="[137,1215,1181,1201]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">to the preorbital fossa (POF) than half the distance from the anterior orbital rim to the posterior rim of the</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB5DFB3F5EFE" box="[137,1215,1207,1227]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FB5DFD335EFE" box="[421,691,1207,1227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">fossa.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB25FB3F5ED6" box="[137,1215,1231,1251]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB25FE105ED6" box="[137,400,1231,1251]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Nasolacrimal fossa</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FB25FBF85ED6" box="[421,1144,1231,1251]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Nasomaxillary fossa sharply reduced compared to nasolacrimal fossa.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB0DFB3F5ECE" box="[137,1215,1255,1275]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB0DFD335ECE" box="[137,691,1255,1275]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Orbital surface of lacrimal bone With foramen.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFB15FB3F5F26" box="[137,1215,1279,1299]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFB15FE105F26" box="[137,400,1279,1299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">POF morphology</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FB15FC5E5F26" box="[421,990,1279,1299]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Subtriangular shaped and antero-posteriorly oriented.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFAFDFB3F5F1E" box="[137,1215,1303,1323]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFAFDFE105F1E" box="[137,400,1303,1323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Fossa posterior pocketing</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FAFDFCCD5F1E" box="[421,845,1303,1323]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Not pocketed, but with a posterior rim.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFAC5FB3F5F76" box="[137,1215,1327,1347]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFAC5FE105F76" box="[137,400,1327,1347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Fossa medial depth</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FAC5FC5E5F76" box="[421,990,1327,1347]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Moderate depth, 10-15 mm in the deepest place.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFAADFB3F5F6E" box="[137,1215,1351,1371]" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFAADFD335F6E" box="[137,691,1351,1371]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">POF medial wall morphology Without internal pits.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFA8AFB3F5F41" box="[137,1215,1376,1396]" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFA8AFC5E5F41" box="[137,990,1376,1396]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Fossa peripheral border outline Strong, strongly delineated around entire periphery.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFA92FB3F5FB9" box="[137,1215,1400,1420]" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFA92FE105FB9" box="[137,400,1400,1420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Anterior rim morphology</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB632C3F70C80FA92FD335FB9" box="[421,691,1400,1420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Present.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B632C3F70DACFA7AFB3F5F91" box="[137,1215,1424,1444]" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB632C3F70DACFA7AFB3F5F91" box="[137,1215,1424,1444]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Placement of infraorbital foramen Inferior to or encroaching upon anteroventral border of the preorbital fossa.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6323C0D0DADFA09FEA55FCF" blockId="5.[134,670,1507,1722]" box="[136,293,1507,1533]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">COMPARASION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6323C0D0DADF9EBFB505C8F" blockId="5.[134,670,1507,1722]" lastBlockId="5.[698,1233,1506,1722]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">
|
||
The hipparion skull from Ivand (HMNH-IV1) has been compared to several species of hipparionine horses, from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions. The bivariate plots of the POB width (distance between the anterior rim of the orbit and the posterior rim of the POF) against the P2-orbit distance, which serve as a useful measure of skull (face) length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6323C0D090BF9EBFB435C2E" author="FORSTEN A." box="[1070,1219,1537,1563]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" pagination="686 - 704" refId="ref10855" refString="FORSTEN A. 1983. - The preorbital fossa as a taxonomic character in some Old World Hipparion. Journal of Paleontology 57 (4): 686 - 704." type="journal article" year="1983">Forsten 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), appear in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6323C0D0E00F9CBFC005C0E" box="[805,896,1569,1595]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1094,1111]" captionTargetBox="[164,673,293,1034]" captionTargetId="graphics-255@8.[217,659,300,1009]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Preorbital bar (POB) width plotted against the P2-ORBIT distance, comparing Hipparion sp. large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality with: A, several other species from the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, Hipparion species from Maragheh (NW Iran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597139/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
. Here, Ivand skull clusters with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0F9FF9A8FB8F5C69" authority="Gromova, 1952" authorityName="Gromova" authorityYear="1952" box="[698,1039,1601,1628]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F9FF9A8FCD25C6E" box="[698,850,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">H. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6323C0D0E7EF9ABFB8F5C69" author="GROMOVA V." box="[859,1039,1601,1628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref11085" refString="GROMOVA V. 1952. - [Gippariony (rod Hipparion) po materialam Taraklii, Pavlodara i drugim]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 36: 1 - 478 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1952">Gromova, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Grebeniki,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0F9EF98BFC705C4F" authority="Hensel, 1862" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[699,1008,1632,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F9EF98BFCCC5C4F" box="[699,844,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">H. brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
Hensel, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6323C0D0F98F96BFCAA5CAF" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[701,810,1665,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6323C0D0F98F96BFCAA5CAF" box="[701,810,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. large from Samos (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6323C0D0938F96AFBF15CAF" box="[1053,1137,1664,1690]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1094,1111]" captionTargetBox="[164,673,293,1034]" captionTargetId="graphics-255@8.[217,659,300,1009]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Preorbital bar (POB) width plotted against the P2-ORBIT distance, comparing Hipparion sp. large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality with: A, several other species from the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, Hipparion species from Maragheh (NW Iran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597139/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="714">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The results of a similar plot show the distinction, based
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6313C0E0FB3FBCAFD3B5E04" blockId="6.[662,699,1056,1073]" box="[662,699,1056,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">D, H</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6B9DB6313C0E0DADFB87FE585EF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4597133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597133/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" startId="6.[136,147,1133,1150]" targetBox="[151,1224,253,1044]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6313C0E0DADFB87FE585EF7" blockId="6.[136,1234,1133,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0DF2FB87FEA85E4B" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" box="[215,296,1133,1150]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DF2FB87FEA85E4B" box="[215,296,1133,1150]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. large, Ivand locality, NW Iran:
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0F65FB87FDE25E4B" bold="true" box="[576,610,1133,1150]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
, skull (HMNH-IV1) in left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0E48FB87FCFA5E4B" bold="true" box="[877,890,1133,1150]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">A</emphasis>
|
||
), ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0EEFFB87FC575E4B" bold="true" box="[970,983,1133,1150]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0966FB87FBD15E4B" bold="true" box="[1091,1105,1133,1150]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E09B6FB87FB215E4B" bold="true" box="[1171,1185,1133,1150]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">D</emphasis>
|
||
, right tooth row in occlusal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0C49FB6EFE0E5EA0" bold="true" box="[364,398,1156,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">E -G</emphasis>
|
||
, mandible (HMNH-IV2) in left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0FE0FB6EFD515EA0" bold="true" box="[709,721,1156,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">E</emphasis>
|
||
), dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0E3BFB6EFCA95EA0" bold="true" box="[798,809,1156,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">F</emphasis>
|
||
) and right lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0EE4FB6EFC4F5EA0" bold="true" box="[961,975,1156,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">G</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0936FB6EFBA15EA0" bold="true" box="[1043,1057,1156,1173]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H</emphasis>
|
||
, left tooth row in occlusal view. Broken lines on the fossil specimens delineate extra material used erroneously in restoration (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0935FB70FBB25E9E" bold="true" box="[1040,1074,1178,1195]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E091BFB70FBE05E9E" bold="true" box="[1086,1120,1178,1195]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">E -G</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bars: A-C, 80 mm; D, H, 30 mm; E-G, 75 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6313C0E0DADFAEEFEB65FC8" blockId="6.[134,671,1284,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">
|
||
on this criterion, of the Ivand skull from those of other known hipparion species in Maragheh (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6313C0E0DB7FAA9FF6A5F68" box="[146,234,1347,1373]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1094,1111]" captionTargetBox="[164,673,293,1034]" captionTargetId="graphics-255@8.[217,659,300,1009]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Preorbital bar (POB) width plotted against the P2-ORBIT distance, comparing Hipparion sp. large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality with: A, several other species from the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, Hipparion species from Maragheh (NW Iran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
), including “
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CA0FAAEFE1B5F68" box="[389,411,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H</emphasis>
|
||
”.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0C9DFAAEFD195F6B" authority="Bernor, 1985" authorityName="Bernor" authorityYear="1985" box="[440,665,1347,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gettyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0C9DFAAEFE725F68" box="[440,498,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">gettyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0CD9FAAEFD195F6B" author="BERNOR R. L." box="[508,665,1347,1374]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="173 - 269" refId="ref10190" refString="BERNOR R. L. 1985. - Systematic and evolutionary relationships of the hipparionine horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian age). Palaeovertebrata 15 (4): 173 - 269." type="journal article" year="1985">Bernor, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; “
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DB6FA8EFF305F48" box="[147,176,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0DE1FA89FEF05F48" authorityName="Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya" authorityYear="1991" box="[196,368,1379,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DCAFA89FEF05F48" box="[239,368,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">moldavicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0CA4FA8EFD9B5FAB" authority="Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991 b" authorityName="Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CA4FA8EFDA85F48" box="[385,552,1379,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H. moldavicum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0F15FA89FF405FA8" author="GROMOVA V." pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref11085" refString="GROMOVA V. 1952. - [Gippariony (rod Hipparion) po materialam Taraklii, Pavlodara i drugim]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 36: 1 - 478 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1952">Gromova, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DEDFA69FF7C5FA9" box="[200,252,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0C26FA69FD9B5FAB" author="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H." box="[259,539,1411,1438]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="55 - 125" refId="ref11808" refString="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H. 1991 b. - Cranial skeletons of Hipparion (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Maragheh (Turolian, Late Miocene), NW Iran. Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University 56 (1 - 2): 55 - 125." type="journal article" year="1991">Watabe & Nakaya 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0F15FA69FE0B5F89" authority="Gervais, 1849" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prostylum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0F15FA69FF6C5F89" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Hipparion prostylum</emphasis>
|
||
Gervais, 1849
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0CE7FA49FF405FE8" authority="Bernor, 1985" authorityName="Bernor" authorityYear="1985" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CE7FA49FE575F89" box="[450,471,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CC1FA48FDC75F89" box="[484,583,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">campbelli</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0F68FA49FF405FE8" author="BERNOR R. L." pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="173 - 269" refId="ref10190" refString="BERNOR R. L. 1985. - Systematic and evolutionary relationships of the hipparionine horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian age). Palaeovertebrata 15 (4): 173 - 269." type="journal article" year="1985">Bernor, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0DEBFA29FEA95FC8" authority="Gabunia, 1959 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991 b" authorityName="Watabe & Nakaya" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urmiense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DEBFA29FECB5FE9" box="[206,331,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H. urmiense</emphasis>
|
||
Gabunia, 1959
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CD2FA29FDAB5FE9" box="[503,555,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0F15FA28FEA95FC8" author="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H." pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="55 - 125" refId="ref11808" refString="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H. 1991 b. - Cranial skeletons of Hipparion (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from Maragheh (Turolian, Late Miocene), NW Iran. Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University 56 (1 - 2): 55 - 125." type="journal article" year="1991">Watabe & Nakaya 1991b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6313C0E0DBAF9EBFB8F5F88" blockId="6.[134,671,1284,1723]" lastBlockId="6.[697,1234,1284,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">
|
||
The large-sized skull from Ivand (HMNH-IV1), as the logarithmic ratio diagram shows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6313C0E0F0DF9CBFDF95C0E" box="[552,633,1569,1595]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[136,147,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[141,1217,290,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-240@10.[136,1232,230,1338]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Logarithmic ratio diagrams comparing the skull of Hipparion sp. Large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality to: A, H. brachy pus Hensel, 1862, H. cf. proboscideum, and H. giganteum Gromova, 1952 from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, “H.î gettyi Bernor, 1985, “H.î aff. moldavicum (H. moldavicum Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991b), H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 and H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 from Maragheh, NW Iran. Standard, H. primigenium Meyer, 1833, Höwenegg (Bernor et al. 1997)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597143/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), is comparable in its basic dimensions and morphology to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0DEAF98BFED45C4F" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[207,340,1632,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0DEAF98BFED45C4F" box="[207,340,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">H. brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0CD1F98AFD115C4E" author="KOUFOS G. D." box="[500,657,1632,1659]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="327 - 363" refId="ref11447" refString="KOUFOS G. D. 1987 b. - Study of the Pikermi hipparions. Part II: Comparisons and odontograms. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e ser., 9, section C, 3: 327 - 363.`" type="journal article" year="1987">Koufos 1987b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Hadjidomovo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0C00F96AFE755CAF" author="HRISTOVA L. & KOVACHEV D. & SPASSOV N." box="[293,501,1664,1690]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="77 - 84" refId="ref11276" refString="HRISTOVA L., KOVACHEV D. & SPASSOV N. 2003. - Hipparion brachypus Hensel, 1862 from the Late Miocene of Hadjidimovo, Southwestern Bulgaria. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie bulgare des Sciences 56 (2): 77 - 84." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Hristova
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0CA3F96BFE375CAF" box="[390,439,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Akkaşdaği (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0DA8F94AFE2B5C8E" author="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D." box="[141,427,1696,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="633 - 705" refId="ref11495" refString="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D. 2005. - Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey, in SEN S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, Late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4): 633 - 705." type="journal article" year="2005">Koufos & Vlachou 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the Ivand skull has a longer muzzle (M1), which is indeed an artifact of incorrect restoration, and a wider snout (M15).
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6313C0E0E34FAA9FCFB5F68" box="[785,891,1347,1373]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[136,147,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[141,1217,290,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-240@10.[136,1232,230,1338]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Logarithmic ratio diagrams comparing the skull of Hipparion sp. Large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality to: A, H. brachy pus Hensel, 1862, H. cf. proboscideum, and H. giganteum Gromova, 1952 from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, “H.î gettyi Bernor, 1985, “H.î aff. moldavicum (H. moldavicum Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991b), H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 and H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 from Maragheh, NW Iran. Standard, H. primigenium Meyer, 1833, Höwenegg (Bernor et al. 1997)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597143/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
shows that the large-sized skull from the Ivand locality is not comparable in size and morphology to any of the hipparionine horses from Maragheh (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0E56FA48FB825F88" author="BERNOR R. L." box="[883,1026,1442,1469]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="173 - 269" refId="ref10190" refString="BERNOR R. L. 1985. - Systematic and evolutionary relationships of the hipparionine horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian age). Palaeovertebrata 15 (4): 173 - 269." type="journal article" year="1985">Bernor 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B689EB6313C0E0FF7FA29FB505C8F" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6313C0E0FF7FA29FB505C8F" blockId="6.[697,1234,1284,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6313C0E0FF7FA29FC255FE9" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[722,933,1474,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6313C0E0FF7FA29FC255FE9" box="[722,933,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="715">Hipparion brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by large size, an elongated skull with a relatively wide muzzle, and a deep narial opening. The preorbital fossa is oval, antero-posteriorly oriented, well-marked, deeply posteriorly pocketed, and situated far from the orbit. The upper cheek teeth also show rich enamel plication with deep plis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E090FF96AFB4B5CAF" author="KOUFOS G. D." box="[1066,1227,1664,1690]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="197 - 252" refId="ref11400" refString="KOUFOS G. D. 1987 a. - Study of the Pikermi hipparions. Part I: Generalities and taxonomy. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e ser., 9, section C, 2: 197 - 252." type="journal article" year="1987">Koufos 1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6313C0E0F99F94AFC635C8E" author="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D." box="[700,995,1696,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="715" pagination="633 - 705" refId="ref11495" refString="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D. 2005. - Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey, in SEN S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, Late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4): 633 - 705." type="journal article" year="2005">Koufos & Vlachou 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Vlachou & Koufos
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6B9DB6303C0F0DACFF18FE985B72" ID-Table-UUID="DF2E6B9DB6303C0F0DACFF18FE985B72" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2E6B9DB6303C0F0DACFF18FE985B72" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" targetBox="[138,632,386,1360]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6303C0F0DACFF18FE985B72" blockId="7.[135,669,242,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0CE9FF18FF665B2F" authority="Kaup, 1829" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0CE9FF18FD1D5B36" box="[460,669,242,259]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Deinotherium giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
Kaup,1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0C28FEE3FE0A5B2F" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1845" box="[269,394,265,282]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhinocerotinae">Rhinocerotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet.postcranials from the Ivand locality (NW Iran). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0CBAFEF5FE475B05" bold="true" box="[415,455,287,304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">proc</emphasis>
|
||
, process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0F07FEF5FDBB5B05" bold="true" box="[546,571,287,304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">art</emphasis>
|
||
, articularis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DACFEDCFF315B72" bold="true" box="[137,177,310,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">prox</emphasis>
|
||
, proximalis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6303C0F0DAFFE68FDF85F65" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<table id="F951C9B5B630C3F70DAFFE68FDF85F65" box="[138,632,386,1360]" gridcols="2" gridrows="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE68FDF85BA3" box="[138,632,386,406]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<th id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE68FDF85BA3" box="[138,632,386,406]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0DAFFE68FE075BA3" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[138,391,386,406]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFE68FE075BA3" bold="true" box="[138,391,386,406]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Deinotherium giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE70FDF85B9B" box="[138,632,410,430]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE70FDF85B9B" box="[138,632,410,430]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFE70FED95B9B" bold="true" box="[138,345,410,430]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Ulnae (HMNH-IV135)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE58FDF85BF3" box="[138,632,434,454]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE58FE775BF3" box="[138,503,434,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal width at proc. coronoideus</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FE58FDF85BF3" box="[577,632,434,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">250</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE20FDF85BEB" box="[138,632,458,478]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE20FE775BEB" box="[138,503,458,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FE20FDF85BEB" box="[577,632,458,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">330</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE08FDF85BC3" box="[138,632,482,502]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE08FE775BC3" box="[138,503,482,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Length of the incisura trochlearis</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FE08FDF85BC3" box="[577,632,482,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">130</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFE10FDF8583B" box="[138,632,506,526]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFE10FE77583B" box="[138,503,506,526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width at the proc. olecrani</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FE10FDF8583B" box="[577,632,506,526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">110</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFDF9FDF85812" box="[138,632,531,551]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFDF9FDF85812" box="[138,632,531,551]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFDF9FEE55812" bold="true" box="[138,357,531,551]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Radius (HMNH-IV115)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFDC1FDF8580A" box="[138,632,555,575]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFDC1FE77580A" box="[138,503,555,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal width at caput radii</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FDC1FDF8580A" box="[577,632,555,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">120</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFDA9FDF85862" box="[138,632,579,599]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFDA9FE775862" box="[138,503,579,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal depth at caput radii</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FDA9FDF85862" box="[577,632,579,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">80</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFDB6FDF85845" box="[138,632,604,624]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFDB6FDF85845" box="[138,632,604,624]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFDB6FED05845" bold="true" box="[138,336,604,624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Tibia (HMNH-IV119)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD9EFDF858BD" box="[138,632,628,648]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD9EFE7758BD" box="[138,503,628,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal width</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FD9EFDF858BD" box="[577,632,628,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">270</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD66FDF85895" box="[138,632,652,672]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD66FE775895" box="[138,503,652,672]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FD66FDF85895" box="[577,632,652,672]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">160</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD4EFDF8588D" box="[138,632,676,696]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD4EFE77588D" box="[138,503,676,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Depth of the medial facies art. prox.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FD4EFDF8588D" box="[577,632,676,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">160</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD56FDF858E5" box="[138,632,700,720]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD56FE7758E5" box="[138,503,700,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Depth of the lateral facies art. prox.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FD56FDF858E5" box="[577,632,700,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD3FFDF858DC" box="[138,632,725,745]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD3FFDF858DC" box="[138,632,725,745]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFD3FFE0A58DC" bold="true" box="[138,394,725,745]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Calcaneus (HMNH-IV118)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFD07FDF85934" box="[138,632,749,769]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFD07FE775934" box="[138,503,749,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum height</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FD07FDF85934" box="[577,632,749,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">230</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFCEFFDF8592C" box="[138,632,773,793]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFCEFFE77592C" box="[138,503,773,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum width</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FCEFFDF8592C" box="[577,632,773,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">150</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFCF7FDF85904" box="[138,632,797,817]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFCF7FE775904" box="[138,503,797,817]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Height of the medial facet</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FCF7FDF85904" box="[577,632,797,817]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFCDFFDF8597C" box="[138,632,821,841]" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFCDFFE77597C" box="[138,503,821,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width of the medial facet</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FCDFFDF8597C" box="[577,632,821,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFCA7FDF85954" box="[138,632,845,865]" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFCA7FE775954" box="[138,503,845,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Height of the lateral facet</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FCA7FDF85954" box="[577,632,845,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">50</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC8FFDF8594C" box="[138,632,869,889]" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC8FFE77594C" box="[138,503,869,889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width of the lateral facet</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC8FFDF8594C" box="[577,632,869,889]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">40</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC94FDF859A7" box="[138,632,894,914]" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC94FDF859A7" box="[138,632,894,914]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFC94FEFD59A7" bold="true" box="[138,381,894,914]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Unciform (HMNH-IV117)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC7CFDF8599F" box="[138,632,918,938]" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC7CFE77599F" box="[138,503,918,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum height</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC7CFDF8599F" box="[577,632,918,938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">150</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC44FDF859F7" box="[138,632,942,962]" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC44FE7759F7" box="[138,503,942,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Dorsal height</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC44FDF859F7" box="[577,632,942,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">80</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC2CFDF859EF" box="[138,632,966,986]" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC2CFE7759EF" box="[138,503,966,986]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum width</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC2CFDF859EF" box="[577,632,966,986]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">140</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC34FDF859C7" box="[138,632,990,1010]" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC34FE7759C7" box="[138,503,990,1010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC34FDF859C7" box="[577,632,990,1010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">170</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFC1CFDF85E3F" box="[138,632,1014,1034]" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFC1CFE775E3F" box="[138,503,1014,1034]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Diagonal depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FC1CFDF85E3F" box="[577,632,1014,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">210</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFBE5FDF85E16" box="[138,632,1039,1059]" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFBE5FDF85E16" box="[138,632,1039,1059]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFBE5FEF95E16" bold="true" box="[138,377,1039,1059]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Metapod (HMNH-IV114)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFBCDFDF85E0E" box="[138,632,1063,1083]" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFBCDFE775E0E" box="[138,503,1063,1083]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal width</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FBCDFDF85E0E" box="[577,632,1063,1083]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">90</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFBD5FDF85E66" box="[138,632,1087,1107]" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFBD5FE775E66" box="[138,503,1087,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width of the facies art. prox.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FBD5FDF85E66" box="[577,632,1087,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">50</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFBBDFDF85E5E" box="[138,632,1111,1131]" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFBBDFE775E5E" box="[138,503,1111,1131]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Depth of the facies art. prox.</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FBBDFDF85E5E" box="[577,632,1111,1131]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB85FDF85EB6" box="[138,632,1135,1155]" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB85FE775EB6" box="[138,503,1135,1155]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Minimum width of the diaphysis</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FB85FDF85EB6" box="[577,632,1135,1155]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB79FDF85E92" box="[138,632,1171,1191]" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB79FDF85E92" box="[138,632,1171,1191]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DAFFB79FEE45E92" bold="true" box="[138,356,1171,1191]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0DAFFB79FEA55E92" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1845" box="[138,293,1171,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhinocerotinae">Rhinocerotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB41FDF85E8A" box="[138,632,1195,1215]" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB41FDF85E8A" box="[138,632,1195,1215]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Femur (HMNH-IV137)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB29FDF85EE2" box="[138,632,1219,1239]" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB29FE775EE2" box="[138,503,1219,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum length</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FB29FDF85EE2" box="[577,632,1219,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">> 450</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB31FDF85EDA" box="[138,632,1243,1263]" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB31FE775EDA" box="[138,503,1243,1263]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width at third trochanter</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FB31FDF85EDA" box="[577,632,1243,1263]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">140</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFB19FDF85F32" box="[138,632,1267,1287]" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFB19FE775F32" box="[138,503,1267,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Proximal width</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FB19FDF85F32" box="[577,632,1267,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">150</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFAE1FDF85F2A" box="[138,632,1291,1311]" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFAE1FE775F2A" box="[138,503,1291,1311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Maximum proximal depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FAE1FDF85F2A" box="[577,632,1291,1311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">160</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFACEFDF85F0D" box="[138,632,1316,1336]" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFACEFE775F0D" box="[138,503,1316,1336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Distal depth</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FACEFDF85F0D" box="[577,632,1316,1336]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">140</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35613957B630C3F70DAFFAD6FDF85F65" box="[138,632,1340,1360]" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70DAFFAD6FE775F65" box="[138,503,1340,1360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Width of the condyles</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0502BB630C3F70F64FAD6FDF85F65" box="[577,632,1340,1360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">90</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B689EB6303C0F0DADFA48FB175ECA" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6303C0F0DADFA48FCEA5832" blockId="7.[135,670,1442,1722]" lastBlockId="7.[697,1234,238,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
2009). Ivand skull (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6303C0F0C56FA48FE4D5F89" box="[371,461,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[136,147,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[141,1217,290,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-240@10.[136,1232,230,1338]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Logarithmic ratio diagrams comparing the skull of Hipparion sp. Large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality to: A, H. brachy pus Hensel, 1862, H. cf. proboscideum, and H. giganteum Gromova, 1952 from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, “H.î gettyi Bernor, 1985, “H.î aff. moldavicum (H. moldavicum Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991b), H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 and H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 from Maragheh, NW Iran. Standard, H. primigenium Meyer, 1833, Höwenegg (Bernor et al. 1997)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597143/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) also partially resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0DC1FA29FEF65FE9" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[228,374,1475,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0DC1FA29FEF65FE9" box="[228,374,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Grebeniki,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3467B85B6303C0F0F10FA28FD1D5FE9" box="[565,669,1474,1500]" name="Moldova" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Moldavia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0DABFA08FEC25FC9" author="GROMOVA V." box="[142,322,1505,1532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref11085" refString="GROMOVA V. 1952. - [Gippariony (rod Hipparion) po materialam Taraklii, Pavlodara i drugim]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 36: 1 - 478 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1952">Gromova 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0C7EFA0EFDB95FCE" authorityName="Gromova" authorityYear="1952" box="[347,569,1506,1531]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0C7EFA0EFDB95FCE" box="[347,569,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Hipparion giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a large hipparion with a single, elliptical, and deep POF with strong posterior pocketing, located far from the orbit and facial crest. Nevertheless, the large-sized skull from Ivand has a sub-triangular POF which lacks posterior pocketing. Ivand skull is also comparable to a large-sized skull from Samos (AMNH 22838), described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F097AFF05FC655B1D" authority="(Sondaar 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Sondaar" baseAuthorityYear="1971" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscideum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F097AFF05FBF45B3D" box="[1119,1140,239,264]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0980FF05FCA95B1D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">proboscideum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0E1CFEE4FC5C5B1D" author="SONDAAR P. Y." box="[825,988,270,296]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="417 - 441" refId="ref11674" refString="SONDAAR P. Y. 1971. - The Samos Hipparion. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B 74: 417 - 441." type="journal article" year="1971">Sondaar 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This specimen from Samos features more facial height than does the large skull from Ivand. Unlike the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA85B7B6303C0F0961FEA4FBF35B5D" box="[1092,1139,334,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">type</typeStatus>
|
||
skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0F98FE84FB955BB2" authority="Studer, 1911" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1911" box="[701,1045,365,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proboscideum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0F98FE84FD515BB2" box="[701,721,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0FC7FE87FCF45BB2" box="[738,884,365,391]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">proboscideum</emphasis>
|
||
Studer, 1911
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMNH 22838 bears a single and deep POF (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F093BFE67FB445B92" author="SONDAAR P. Y." box="[1054,1220,397,423]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="417 - 441" refId="ref11674" refString="SONDAAR P. Y. 1971. - The Samos Hipparion. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B 74: 417 - 441." type="journal article" year="1971">Sondaar 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which makes it morphologically similar to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0F9BFE27FCCC5BD3" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[702,844,460,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0F9BFE27FD525BD3" box="[702,722,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0FC7FE26FCCC5BD3" box="[738,844,460,486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skull from Akkaşdaği (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0979FE26FCDE5832" author="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D." pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="633 - 705" refId="ref11495" refString="KOUFOS G. D. & VLACHOU T. D. 2005. - Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey, in SEN S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkasdagi, Late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4): 633 - 705." type="journal article" year="2005">Koufos & Vlachou 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6303C0F0FF7FDE6FBC55E95" blockId="7.[697,1234,238,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
Based on the bivariate plots and log ratio diagrams (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6303C0F0E2BFDC1FCD55870" box="[782,853,555,581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[136,147,1094,1111]" captionTargetBox="[164,673,293,1034]" captionTargetId="graphics-255@8.[217,659,300,1009]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 3. — Preorbital bar (POB) width plotted against the P2-ORBIT distance, comparing Hipparion sp. large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality with: A, several other species from the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, Hipparion species from Maragheh (NW Iran)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597139/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2790B6303C0F0E41FDC1FCF55870" box="[868,885,555,581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[136,147,1348,1365]" captionTargetBox="[141,1217,290,1306]" captionTargetId="figure-240@10.[136,1232,230,1338]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Logarithmic ratio diagrams comparing the skull of Hipparion sp. Large (HMNH-IV1) from the Ivand locality to: A, H. brachy pus Hensel, 1862, H. cf. proboscideum, and H. giganteum Gromova, 1952 from localities in the eastern Mediterranean and northern Black Sea regions; and B, “H.î gettyi Bernor, 1985, “H.î aff. moldavicum (H. moldavicum Gromova, 1952 sensu Watabe & Nakaya 1991b), H. campbelli Bernor, 1985 and H. prostylum Gervais, 1849 from Maragheh, NW Iran. Standard, H. primigenium Meyer, 1833, Höwenegg (Bernor et al. 1997)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4597143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4597143/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), the hipparion skull from the Ivand locality likely belongs to a large-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F09B8FDA6FC8058B1" authorityName="de Christol" authorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F09B8FDA6FC8058B1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0E56FD81FB8E58B0" box="[883,1038,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0E56FD81FB8458B1" authorityName="Gromova" authorityYear="1952" box="[883,1028,619,644]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">H. giganteum</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F092BFD81FB1858B0" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[1038,1176,619,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F092BFD81FBA358B1" box="[1038,1059,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0915FD81FB1858B0" box="[1072,1176,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage (“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0FDBFD60FC175891" box="[766,919,650,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0FDBFD60FC175891" box="[766,919,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Hippotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0E88FD60FB965891" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[941,1046,650,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0E88FD60FB965891" box="[941,1046,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F090EFD60FB445891" box="[1067,1220,650,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hippotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F090EFD60FB445891" box="[1067,1220,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Hippotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0F9EFD41FCAD58F1" authorityName="Gromova" authorityYear="1952" box="[699,813,683,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0F9EFD41FCAD58F1" box="[699,813,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0EBDFD41FC4F58F1" box="[920,975,683,708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0EFFFD41FB4258F0" author="BERNOR R. L. & KOUFOS G. D. & WOODBURNE M. & FORTELIUS M." box="[986,1218,682,709]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="307 - 338" refId="ref10356" refString="BERNOR R. L., KOUFOS G. D., WOODBURNE M. & FORTELIUS M. 1996 b - The evolutionary history and biochronology of European and southeastern Asian Late Miocene and Pliocene hipparionine horses, in BERNOR R. L., FAHLBUSCH V. & MITTMANN H. W. (eds), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York: 307 - 338." type="book chapter" year="1996">
|
||
Bernor
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0916FD41FBEC58F1" box="[1075,1132,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), previously unknown from the cranial material in NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3467B85B6303C0F0E34FD00FCBF5931" box="[785,831,746,772]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(i.e. the Maragheh area). We refrain from classifying this specimen at the species level because of some differences in its facial morphology, such as the shape of the POF and lack of posterior pocketing, and its inaccurately restored muzzle. The occurrence of large hipparions (similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0FD8FC42FC0959F4" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[765,905,935,961]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0FD8FC42FC0959F4" box="[765,905,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H. brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in Maragheh was previously evidenced by the presence of medium to large, robust third metapodials (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0EE2FC0DFB4C5E34" author="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H." box="[967,1228,999,1025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="11 - 53" refId="ref11758" refString="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H. 1991 a. - Phylogenetic significance of the postcranial skeletons of the hipparions from Maragheh (Late Miocene), NW Iran. Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University 56 (1 - 2): 11 - 53." type="journal article" year="1991">Watabe & Nakaya 1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tobien in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0E09FBEDFB835E15" author="BERNOR R. L. & SOLOUNIAS N. & SWISHER III C. C. & VAN COUVERING J." box="[812,1027,1030,1057]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="137 - 154" refId="ref10266" refString="BERNOR R. L., SOLOUNIAS N., SWISHER III C. C. & VAN COUVERING J. 1996 a - The correlation of three classical " Pikermian " mammal faunas (Maragheh, Samos, and Pikermi) with the European MN unit system, in BERNOR R. L., FAHLBUSCH V. & MITT- MANN H. W. (eds), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York: 137 - 154." type="book chapter" year="1996">
|
||
Bernor
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0EA5FBEDFC345E15" box="[896,948,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). Some of these robust metapodials were assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0967FBCDFB495E75" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1849" box="[1090,1225,1062,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prostylum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0967FBCDFB495E75" box="[1090,1225,1062,1088]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H. prostylum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even though they showed greater similarity to the metapodials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0EBEFB8CFBAC5E4A" authorityName="Hensel" authorityYear="1862" box="[923,1068,1125,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachypus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925E707B6303C0F0EBEFB8CFBAC5E4A" box="[923,1068,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">H. brachypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Pikermi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC046E4B6303C0F0FE0FB6FFC615EAA" author="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H." box="[709,993,1157,1183]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" pagination="11 - 53" refId="ref11758" refString="WATABE M. & NAKAYA H. 1991 a. - Phylogenetic significance of the postcranial skeletons of the hipparions from Maragheh (Late Miocene), NW Iran. Memoirs of the Faculty of Sciences, Kyoto University 56 (1 - 2): 11 - 53." type="journal article" year="1991">Watabe & Nakaya 1991a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE3B15B6303C0F0FD1FB0EFB175ECA" blockId="7.[739,1193,1252,1311]" box="[756,1175,1252,1279]" pageId="7" pageNumber="716">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514096B6303C0F0E63FB0FFB175ECA" authority="Owen, 1845" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1845" box="[838,1175,1252,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">RHINOCEROTIDAE Owen, 1845</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |